英语二级笔译2003-2011年真题及部分参考答案
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2003年12月英语二级笔译实务试题
Section 1: English – Chinese Translation (英译汉)
This section consists of two parts, Part A — “Compulsory Translation” and Part B — “Choice of Two Translations” consisting of two sections “Topic I” and “Topic 2”. For the passage in Part A and your choice of passage in Part B, translate the underlined portions, including titles, into Chinese. Above your translation of Part A, write “Compulsory Translation” and above your translation from Part B, write “Topic I” or “Topic 2” (60 points, 100 minutes) Part A Compulsory Translation (必译题) （30 points） Nowhere to Go
For the latest on the pursuit of the American Dream in Silicon Valley, all you have to do is to talk to someone like “Nagaraj” (who didn’t want to reveal his real name). He’s an Indian immigrant who, like many other Indian engineers, came to America recently on an H-1B visa, which allows skilled workers to be employed by one company for as many as six years. But one morning last month, Nagaraj and a half dozen other Indian workers with H-1Bs were called into a conference room in their San Francisco technology-consulting firm and told they were being laid off. The reason: weakening economic conditions in Silicon Valley, “It was the shock of my lifetime,” says Nagaraj.
This is not a normal bear-market sob story. According to federal regulation, Nagaraj and his colleagues have two choices. They must either return to India, or find another job in a tight labor market and hope that the Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) allow them to transfer their visa to the new company. And the law doesn’t allow them to earn a pay-check until all the paperwork winds its way through the INS bureaucracy. “How am I going to survive without any job and without any
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income?” Nagaraj wonders.
Until recently, H-1B visas were championed by Silicon Valley companies as the solution to the region’s shortage of programmers and engineers. First issued by the INS in 1992, they attract skilled workers from other countries, many of whom bring families with them, lay down roots and apply for the more permanent green cards. Through February 2000, more than 81,000 worker held such visas but with the dot-com crash, many have been getting laid off. That’s causing mass consternation in U.S. immigrant communities. The INS considers a worker “out of status” when he loses a job, which technically means that he must pack up and go home. But because of the scope of this year’s layoffs, the U.S. government has recently backpedaled, issuing a confusing series of statements that suggest workers might be able to stay if they qualify for some exceptions and can find a new company to sponsor their visa. But even those loopholes remain nebulous. The result is thousands of immigrants now face dimming career prospects in America, and the possibilities that they will be sent home. “They are in limbo. It is the greatest form of torture,” says Amar Veda of the Silicon Valley-based Immigrants Support Network.
The crisis looks especially bad in light of all the heated visa rhetoric by Silicon Valley companies in the past few years. Last fall the industry won a big victory by getting Congress to approve an increase in the annual number of H-1B visas. Now, with technology firms retrenching, demand for such workers is slowing. Valley heavyweights like Intel, Cisco and Hewlett-Packard have all announced thousands of layoffs this year, which include many H-1B workers. The INS reported last month that only 16,000 new H-1B workers came to the United States in February down from 32,000 in February of last year.
Last month, acknowledging the scope of the problem, the INS told H-1B holders not
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to panic,” and that there would be a grace period for laid-off workers before they had to leave the United States. INS spokeswomen Eyleen Schmidt promises that more specific guidance will come this month. “We are aware of the cutbacks,” she says. “We’re trying to be as generous as we can be within the confines of the existing law.”
Part B Choice of Two Translations (二选一题) （30 points） Topic 1 (选题一)
What Is the Force of Gravity?
If you throw a ball up, it will come down again. What makes it come down? The ball comes down because it is pulled or attracted towards the Earth. The Earth exerts a force of attraction on all objects. Objects that are nearer to the Earth are attracted to it with a greater force than those that are further away. This force of attraction is known as the force of gravity. The gravitational force acting on an object at the Earth’s surface is called the weight of the object.
All the heavenly bodies in space like the moon, the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects. The bigger and heavier a body is, the greater is its force of gravity. Thus, since the moon is a smaller body than Earth, the force it exerts on an object at its surface is less than that exerted by the Earth on the same object on the Earth’s surface. In fact, the moon’s gravitational force is only one-sixth that of the Earth. This means that an object weighing 120 kilograms on Earth will only weigh 20 kilograms on the moon. Therefore on the moon you could lift weights which are six times heavier than the heaviest weight that you can lift on Earth.
The Earth’s gravitational force or pull keeps us and everything else on Earth from floating away to space. To get out into space and travel to the moon or other planets we have to overcome the Earth’s gravitational pull.
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Entry into Space
How can we overcome the Earth’s gravitational pull? Scientists have been working on this for a long time. It is only recently that they have been able to build machines powerful enough to get out of the Earth’s gravitational pull. Such machines are called space rockets. Their great speed and power help them to escape from the Earth’s gravitational pull and go into space. Rockets
The powerful space rocket works along the same lines as a simple firework rocket. The firework rocket has a cylindrical body and a conical head. The body is packed with gunpowder which is the fuel. It is a mixture of chemicals that will burn rapidly to form hot gases.
At the base or foot of the rocket there is an opening or nozzle. A fuse hangs out like a tail from the nozzle. A long stick attached along the body serves to direct the rocket before the fuse is lighted.
When the gunpowder burns, hot gases rush out of the nozzle. The hot gases continue to rush out as long as the gunpowder burns. When these gases shoot downwards through the nozzle the rocket is pushed upwards. This is called jet propulsion. The simple experiment, shown in the picture, will help you to understand jet propulsion.
Topic 2 （选题二） Basketball Diplomacy
CHINA”S TALLEST SOLDIER never really expected to live the American Dream. But Wang Zhizhi, a 7-foot-1 basketball star from the People’s Liberation Army, is making history as the first Chinese player in the NBA. In his first three weeks in America the 23-year-old rookie has already cashed his first big NBA check, preside over
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“Wang Zhizhi Day” in San Francisco and become immortalized on his very own trading cards. He’s even played in five games with his new team, the Dallas Mavericks, scoring 24 points in just 38 minutes. Now the affable Lieutenant Wang is joining the Mavericks on their ride into the NBA playoffs and he is intent on enjoying every minute. One recent evening Wang slipped into the hot tub behind the house of Mavericks assistant coach Donn Nelson. He leaned back, stretched out and pointed at a plane moving across the star-filled sky. In broken English, he started singing his favorite tune: I believe I can fly. I believe I can touch the sky.”
Back in China, the nation’s other basketball phenom, Yao Ming , can only dream of taking flight. Yao thought he was going to be the first Chinese player in the NBA. The 7-foot-5 Shanghai sensation is more highly touted than Wang: the 20-year-old could be the No.1 overall pick in the June NBA draft. But as the May 13 deadline to enter the draft draws near, Yao is still waiting for a horde of business people and apparatchiks to decide his fate. Last week, as Wang scored 13 points in the Dallas season finale, Yao was wading through a stream of bicycles on a dusty Beijing street.
Yao and Wang are more than just freaks of nature in basketball shorts. The twin towers are national treasures, symbols of China’s growing stature in the world. They’re also emblematic of the NBA’s outsize dreams for conquering China. The NBA, struggling at home, sees salvation in the land of 1.3 billion potential hoop fans. China, determined to win the 2008 Olympics and join the World Trade Organization, is eager to make its mark on the world on its own terms. The two-year struggle to get these young players into the NBA has been a cultural collision this one far removed from U.S.-China bickering over spy planes and trade liberalization. If it works out, it could be in basketball parlance the ultimate give-and-go. “This is just like Ping-Pong diplomacy,” says Xia Song, a sport-marketing executive who represents Wang. “Only with a much bigger ball.”
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Two years ago it looked more like a ball and chain. Wang’s Army bosses were miffed when the Mavericks had the nerve to draft their star back in 1999. Nelson remembers flying to Beijing with the then owner Ross Perot Jr. son of the eccentric billionaire to hammer out a deal with the stone-faced communists of the PLA. “You could hear them thinking: ‘What is this NBA team doing, trying to lay claim to our property? Nelson recalls. “We tried to explain that this was an honor for Wang and for China.” There was no deal. Wang grew despondent and lost his edge on court.
This year Yao became the anointed one. He eclipsed Wang in scoring and rebounding, and even stole away his coveted MVP award in the Chinese Basketball Association league. It looked as if his Shanghai team a dynamic semicapitalist club in China’s most open city would get its star to the NBA first.
Then came the March madness. Wang broke out of his slump to lead the Army team to its sixth consecutive CBA title scoring 40 in the final game. A day later the PLA scored some points of its own by announcing that Wang was free to go West. What inspired the change of heart? No doubt the Mavericks worked to build trust with Chinese officials (even inviting national- team coach Wang Fei to spend the 1999-2000 season in Dallas). There was also the small matter of Chinese pride. The national team stumbled to a 10th-place finish at the 2000 Olympics, after placing eighth in 1996. Even the most intransigent cadre could see that the team would improve only if it sent its stars overseas to learn from the world’s best players.
Section 2: Chinese-English Translation （汉译英）
This section consists of two parts, Part A — “Compulsory Translation” and Part B —“Choice of Two Translations” consisting of two sections “Topic 1” and “Topic 2”. For the passage in Part A and your choice of passage in Part B, translate the underlined portions, including titles, into English. Above your translation 第 6 页 共 137 页
of Part A, write “Compulsory Translation” and above your translation from Part B, write “Topic 1” or “Topic 2” (40 points, 80 minutes)
Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（20 points）
中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵” ，一切社会的发展和进步，都取决于人的发展和进步，取决于人的尊严的维护和价值的发挥。中国共产党领导人民进行革命、建设和改革，就是要实现全中国人民广泛的自由、民主和人权。今天中国所焕发出来的巨大活力，是中国人民拥有广泛自由、民主的生动写照。中国在公元一世纪人口就已达到过六千万左右，众多人口的衣食住行，几千年来一直是中国历代政府所要解决的首要人权问题。今天的中国是一个有十二亿多人口的发展中大国，仍然必须首先保障最广大人民的生存权和发展权，不然一切其他权利都无从谈起。中国确保十二亿多人的生存权和发展权，这是对世界人权进步事业的重大贡献。
Part B Choice of Two Translation （二选一题） （20 points） Topic 1 （选题一） 艾滋病
艾滋病是一种威胁生命的疾病，它侵袭人体内的自然免疫系统，破坏人体的自卫能力。 艾滋病本身并不致命，但是，由于人体的免疫系统遭到破坏，病人几乎没有能力低于其他许多疾病的侵袭，例如，肺炎、癌症、致盲性疾病和精神错乱。
艾滋病毒存在于人的体液中。这种病毒可以通过性生活或共用静脉注射器传播，也可以通过血制品传播，并且可以从患艾滋病的孕妇身上传播给她的妊娠婴儿。
有关艾滋病传播的许多说法是错误的。与艾滋病患者一起工作或上学不会传染上艾滋病，触摸他们用过的饮水杯或其他东西也不会传染上艾滋病。专家们说：没有人因为与艾滋病患者一起生活、照料艾滋病患者或触摸艾滋病患者而染上艾滋病。
Topic 2 （选题二） 时间之谜
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如果你能够看懂时钟，你就可以知道一天的时间。但是谁也不知道，时间本身究竟是什么。时间是看不到、摸不着、听不见的，我们只能记录时间消逝的办法才知道时间的存在。虽然我们成功的测量了时间的分分秒秒，但时间仍然是宇宙间及其神秘的现象之一。
思考时间的一个方法是设想一个没有时间的世界。那样，就不可能有运动了，因为时间和运动是不可分开的。一个没有时间的世界只有在没有变化的情况下才能存在。因为时间和变化是联系在一起的。当某件事发生变化时，你知道时间已经流逝。在现实世界里，变化是永无止境的，有一些变化，如月食，只发生在瞬间，而另一些变化则反复出现，比如日出和日落。人们一直注意那些反复出现的自然现象，在人们开始计算这些现象时，他们就开始测定时间了。 参考译文
Section 1: 汉译英 （60分）
Part A 必译题 （30分） [参考译文] 无家可归
这不是正常的有市场疲软而引发的悲剧故事。根据联邦政府的规定，纳加拉吉和他的同事有两个选择：要么立即回印度，要么在供过于求的劳动市场找到一份新工作，然后寄希望与移民规划局把他们的签证转到他们的新公司去。在法律上，他不能有收入，除非他办完移民局所有的手续之后。“没有工作，没有收入，我怎么生存呀？” 纳加拉吉愁眉不展。 不久前，H-1B签证还是硅谷各公司解决当地程序员和工程师短缺问题的香饽饽。H-1B签证始于1992年，移民局希望通过签发这种签证来吸引其他国家的熟练工人来美工作。他们中的许多人带着妻儿，落地生根，并申请有永久居住权的绿卡。截止到2000年2月，大约有8.1万名工人持有这种签证。但随着网络经济的崩溃，许多人遭到解雇。这导致了在美国移民社区的很大不安。当一个工人丢了饭碗，移民局就认为他“没有身份乐”，在理论上，你可以认为他必须卷起行李回家了。由于今年工人被解雇幅度太大，美国政府近来有所让步，宣布了一系列模糊不清的政策，暗示如果他们符合某些特例并能找到一个公司为他们担保签证的话，他们还可以留下来。这一政策的结果就是数以千计的移民在美国面临着暗淡的不确定的前景，甚至被突然遣送回家。“他们生活在地狱的边缘，这也许是最痛苦的。”坐
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落在硅谷的移民互助网络组织的阿玛·维达这样认为。
在过去的几年里，硅谷的公司对这种H-1B的作用大肆吹捧，导致现在的情况更加糟糕。不久前，它们刚刚成功说服国会增加每年的H-1BQ签证的签发数量。但现在技术公司的紧缩使这一需求减慢。今年，硅谷的大公司如英特尔﹑思科和惠普都宣布裁员上千人，其中有许多H-1B签证持有者。移民局上个月声称今年2月份有大约16，000名H-1B工人来到美国，大大低于去年2月份的32，000人。
上个月，了解到问题的严重性的美国移民局通知H-1B签证持有者“不要惊慌”，在他们被迫离开美国之前，会有一个宽限期。移民局的女发言人埃仑·史密斯表示：“我们对裁员很清楚，这个月将有更多的导向性的政策出台。我们将在现有法律允许的范围里采取更宽容的政策。”
Part B 二选一题 （30分） 选题一 [参考译文] 什么是重力？
假如你把一个球往上抛，它还会掉下来。球为什么会掉下来呢？球掉下来是因为球被吸引或拉向地球。地球对所有物体都施加吸引力。离地球较近的物体所受的吸引力，比远离地球的物体所受的吸引力大。这种吸引力通常叫做重力。作用于地球表面上物体的引力，叫做物体的重量。
空间所有的天体，如月球﹑行星和星星，对物体也都有吸引力。物体越大﹑越重，其引力也就越大。既然月球比地球小，因此，月球对月球表面上一物体施加的力，将比地球对地球表面上同一物体施加的力要小。实际上，月球的引力只有地球引力的六分之一。这就是说，地球上一个重120公斤的物体，在月球上会只重20公斤。因此，在月球上你能举起的重量，将是你在地球上所能举起的最大重量的六倍。
地球的引力或拉力，使我们和地球上别的任何东西都不致漂浮到空间中。要飞向空间并到月球或其他行星去旅游，就必须克服地球的引力。
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进入空间
怎么才能克服地球的引力呢？科学家们为此进行了长期的研究。直到最近，他们才能够制造出足以克服地球引力的强有力的机器。这种机器就称为宇宙火箭。宇宙火箭的巨大速度和强大的动力，帮助它挣脱地球的引力而进入空间。 火箭
强大的宇宙火箭的工作原理和简单的烟火火箭是一样的。烟火火箭有一圆柱形壳体和一锥形头部。壳体内充填黑色火药作为燃料。它是一种化学品的混合物，能迅速燃烧形成炽热的气体。
火箭的底部有一个通道，即喷口。从喷口伸出一根尾巴似的引信。沿壳体装着一根长棍，用以在引信点着以前确定火箭发射的方向。
当黑色火药燃烧时，炽热的气体，即燃气从喷口急速排出。只要黑色火药还在燃烧，燃气就不断急速排出。当这些燃气通过喷口往下喷出时，火箭就被向上推进。这就叫做喷气推进。图中所示的简单实验，可以帮助你了解喷气推进。 选题二 [参考答案]
篮球外交
姚和王不仅仅是篮球队员中的奇人。这两座塔是国家的财富，是中国在世界上地位提高的象征。他们也是NBA梦想征服中国的象征。NBA，还在国内争斗的时候，就看到了在13亿潜在篮球迷的国土上的前景。中国——志在夺取2008年奥运会主办权和加入世界贸易组织——正急于在世界上留下标记，当然是按照自己的条件。两年来，让这些年轻球员加盟NBA的斗争已经演变成一场文化冲突——这种冲突被美中之间关于侦察飞机和贸易自由化的争吵大大淡化了。如果成功的话，它可能是——用一句篮球术语来说——最终的二人配合。“这就像乒乓外交，”夏松，一个代表王的体育市场经理人说，“只不过球个大些。”
两年前，这件事情更像是锁链。当小牛队早在1999年要挑选他们的明星时，王所在部队的头头们非常恼火。尼尔森仍记得与当时（小牛队）的拥有人罗斯·小皮劳特——那个
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行为古怪的亿万富翁的儿子——一块飞往北京，同面孔古板的人民解放军干部敲定一项交易的情景。“你能听见他们所想的：‘这个NBA球队在干什么，想对我们的财产提出要求吗？’” 尼尔森回忆道。“我们试图解释这对王和中国都是一件光荣的事。”交易没达成。王变得十分沮丧，失去了场上锋芒。
这年，姚成为选定球员。他在得分和挣抢蓝板球方面超过了王，甚至在中国篮球协会联赛中夺走了他垂涎已久的MVP（最有价值球员）奖。表面看来，似乎他所在的上海队——一个中国最开放城市中充满活力的半资本主义俱乐部——将首先把它的球星送进NBA。
后来，3月巅峰来临。王打破消沉，率领八一队连续第六次摘取联赛桂冠——他在决赛中独得40分。一天以后，人民解放军宣布王可以自由地去西方，又为自己赢了不少分。是什么因素导致了这种变化？毫无疑问，与小牛队致力于与中国官员建立信任的努力密不可分（甚至邀请国家队教练王飞在达拉斯度过1999-2000赛季）。当然还有一些小小的中国人的自尊心因素。国家队在2000年奥运会结束时踉踉跄跄地挤到第10位，而在1996年列第8位。即使是最顽固的干部也会明白，只有把自己的球星派到海外向世界最优秀的球员学习，才能提高球队的水平。 Section 2: 汉译英（40分） Part A 必译题（20分） [参考译文]
The Chinese nation has always valued human dignity and value. Even in the ancient days, our ancestors came up with the idea of people being most important, believing that “man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters.” Progress and development of a society hinge on human progress and development and depend on how well human dignity is maintained and how much human value is realized. The Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people in carrying out revolution, development and reform precisely for the purpose of ensuring the entire Chinese people broad freedoms, democracy and human rights. The immense vitality displayed by China today is a vivid reflection of the broad freedoms and democratic rights enjoyed by the Chinese people. China’s population reached around 60 million as
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early as in the first century. For several thousand years, to meet the people’s need for food, clothes, housing and transport has all along been the primary human rights challenge for successive governments in Chinese history. In today’s China, which is a large developing country with a population of over 1.2 billion, top priority should still be given to ensuring the greatest possible majority of its people the rights to subsistence and development. Otherwise, there would be no other rights to speak of. To have been able to ensure our people these rights is in itself a major contribution to the progress of the world human rights cause. Part B 二选一题（20分） 选题一 [参考译文]
AIDS
AIDS is a life-threatening sickness that arracks the body’s natural defense system against disease. It can destroy the body’s ability to protect itself. AIDS itself does not kill. But because the body’s defense system is damaged, the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases, such as pneumonia, cancer, blindness and mental disorders.
The AIDS virus is carried in a person’s body fluids. The virus can be passed sexually or by sharing instruments used to take intravenous drugs. It also can be passed in blood products or from a pregnant woman with AIDS to her developing baby. Many stories about the spread of AIDS are false. You cannot get AIDS by working or attending school with someone who has the disease. You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or other objects used by such persons. Experts say no one has gotten AIDS by living with, caring for or touching an AIDS patient. 选题二 [参考译文]
MYSTERY OF TIME
If you can read a clock, you can know the time of day. But no one knows what
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time itself is. We cannot see it. We cannot touch it. We cannot hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For all our success in measuring the tiniest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe. One way of thinking about time is to imagine a world without time. Then there could be no movement, because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes. For time and change are linked. When something changes, you know time has passed. In the real world, changes never stop. Some changes happen only once in a while, like an eclipse of the moon. Others happen repeatedly, like the rising and setting of the sun. People have always noted natural events that repeat themselves. When people began to count such events, they began to measure time.
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2004年5月英语二级笔译实务试题
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）（60 point）
This section consists of two parts: Part A “Compulsory Translation” and Part B “Optional Translations” which comprises “Topic 1” and “Topic 2”. Translate the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into Chinese. Write “Compulsory Translation” above your translation of Part A and write “Topic 1” or “Topic 2” above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 100 minutes. Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（30 points）
The first outline of The Ascent of Man was written in July 1969and the last foot of film was shot in December 1972. An undertaking aslarge as this, though wonderfully exhilarating, is not entered lightly. It demands an unflagging intellectual and physical vigour, a total immersion, which I had to be sure that I could sustain with pleasure; for instance, Ihad to put off researches that I had already begun; and I ought to explai-n what moved me to do so.
There has been a deep change in the temper of science in the last20 years: the focus of attention has shifted from the physical to the life sciences. As a result, science is drawn more and more to the study of in-dividuality. But the interested spectator is hardly aware yet how far-reaching the effect is in changing the image of man that science moulds. Asa mathematician trained in physics, I too would have been unaware, had not a series of lucky chances taken me into the life sciences in middle age. I owe a debt for the good fortune that carried me into two seminal fields of science in one lifetime; and though I do not know to whom the debt is due, I conceived The Ascent of Man in gratitude to repay it.
The invitation to me from the British Broadcasting Corporation was to present the development of science in a series of television programmes to match those of Lord Clark on Civilisation. Television is an admirable medium- for
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exposition in several ways: powerful and immediate to the eye, able to take the spectator bodily into the places and processes that are described, and conversational enough to make him conscious that what he witnesses are not events but the actions of people. The last of these merits is to my mind the most cogent, and it weighed most with me in agreeing to cast a personal biography of ideas in the form of television essays. The point is that knowledge in general and science in particular does not consist of abstract but of man-made ideas, all the way from its beginnings to its modern and idiosyncratic models. Therefore the underlying concepts that unlock nature must be shown to arise early and in the simplest cultures of man from his basic and specific faculties. And the development of science which joins them in more and more complex conjunctions must be seen to be equally human: discoveries are made by men, not merely by minds, so that they are alive and charged with individuality. If television is not used to make these thoughts concrete, it is wasted.
Part B Optional Translations （二选一题）（30 points） Topic 1 （选题一）
It’s not that we are afraid of seeing him stumble, of scribbling a mustache over his career. Sure, the nice part of us wants Mike to know we appreciate him, that he still reigns, at least in our memory. The truth, though, is that we don’t want him to come back because even for Michael Jordan, this would be an act of hubris so monumental as to make his trademark confidence twist into conceit. We dont want him back on the court because no one likes a show-off. The stumbling? That will be fun.
But we are nice people, we Americans, with 225 years of optimism at our backs. Days ago when M.J. said he had made a decision about returning to the NBA in September, we got excited. He had said the day before, I look forward to playing, and hopefully I can get to that point where I can make that decision. Its O.K., to have some doubt, and its O.K. to have some nervousness. A Time/CNN poll last week has Americans, 2 to 1, saying they would like him on the court ASAP.
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And only 21 percent thought that if he came back and just completely bombed, it would damage his legend. In fact only 28 percent think athletes should retire at their peak.
Sources close to him tell Time that when Jordan first talked about a comeback with the Washington Wizards, the team Jordan co-owns and would play for, some of his trusted advisers privately tried to discourage him. But they say if they try to stop him, it will only firm up his resolve, says an NBA source. The problem with Jordans return is not only that he cant possibly live up to the storybook ending he gave up in 1998 earning his sixth ring with a last-second championship-winning shot. The problem is that the motives for coming back needing the attention, needing to play even when his 38-year-old body does not violate the very myth of Jordan, the myth of absolute control. Babe Ruth, the 20th centurys first star, was a gust of fat bravado and drunken talent, while Jordan ended the century by proving the elegance of resolve; Babes pointing to the bleachers replaced by the charm of a backpedaling shoulder shrug. Jordan symbolized success by not sullying his brand with his politics, his opinion or superstar personality. To be a Jordan fan was to be a fan of classiness and confidence.
To come back when he knows that playing for Wizards wont get him anywhere near the second round of the play-offs, when he knows that he wont be the league scoring leader, thats a loss of control.
Jordan does not care what we think. Friends say that he takes articles that tell him not to come back and tacks them all on his refrigerator as inspiration. So why bother writing something telling him not to come back? He is still Michael Jordan.
Topic 2 （选题二）
Even after I was too grown-up to play that game and too grown-up to tell my mother that I loved her, I still believed I was the best daughter. Didn’t I run all the way up to the terrace to check on the drying mango pickles whenever she
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asked?
As I entered my teens, it seemed that I was becoming an even better, more loving daughter. Didnt I drop whatever I was doing each afternoon to go to the corner grocery to pick up any spices my mother had run out of?
My mother, on the other hand, seemed more and more unloving to me. Some days she positively resembled a witch as she threatened to pack me off to my second uncles home in provincial Barddhaman a fate worse than death to a cool Calcutta girl like me if my grades didnt improve. Other days she would sit me down and tell me about Girls Who Brought Shame to Their Families. There were apparently, a million ways in which one could do this, and my mother was determined that I should be cautioned against every one of them. On principle, she disapproved of everything I wanted to do, from going to study in America to perming my hair, and her favorite phrase was over my dead body. It was clear that I loved her far more than she loved me that is, if she loved me at all.
After I finished graduate school in America and got married, my relationship with my mother improved a great deal. Though occasionally dubious about my choice of a writing career, overall she thought Id shaped up nicely. I thought the same about her. We established a rhythm: Shed write from India and give me all the gossip and send care packages with my favorite kind of mango pickle; Id call her from the United States and tell her all the things Id been up to and send care packages with instant vanilla pudding, for which shed developed a great fondness. We loved each other equally or so I believed until my first son, Anand, was born.
My sons birth shook up my neat, organized, in-control adult existence in ways I hadnt imagined. I went through six weeks of being shrouded in an exhausted fog of postpartum depression. As my husband and I walked our wailing baby up and down through the night, and I seriously contemplated going AWOL, I wondered if I was cut out to be a mother at all. And mother love what was that all about? Then one morning, as I was changing yet another diaper, Anand grinned up at me with
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his toothless gums. Hmm, I thought. This little brown scrawny thing is kind of cute after all. Things progressed rapidly from there. Before I knew it, Id moved the extra bed into the babys room and was spending many nights on it, bonding with my son.
Section 2: Chinese- English Translation（汉译英）（40 point）
This section consists of two parts: Part A “Compulsory Translation” and Part B “Optional Translations” which comprises “Topic 1” and “Topic 2”.Translation the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into English. Write “Compulsory Translation” above your translation of Part A and write “Topic 1” or “Topic 2” above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 80 minutes. Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（30 points）
奥林匹克运动的生命力和非凡魅力在于在奥林匹克运动中居核心地位的奥林匹克精神。体育的目的在于追求人类身心全面发展，并在此基础上促进社会的 发展和进步。现代奥林匹克运动的创始人顾拜旦（Pieere de Coubertin）认为体育是全人类的一项伟大事业。他将奥林匹克运动的目标设定为促进不同国家、不同文化之间的相互理解，从而促进和维护世界和平，推进人类文明。这一理想使奥林匹克运动得以经百年而不衰。作为全世界奥林匹克大家庭成员的一个盛大聚会，奥林匹克运动已经成为促进世界和平、进步与发展的一只重要社会力量。
Part B Optional Translations （二选一题）（20 points） Topic 1（选题一）
近年来，中国经济保持快速发展，为世界经济发展注入了活力。实践证明了中国在加入世贸组织之前的预言：中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展需要中国。未来 20 年，在全面建设小康社会的进程中，中国一定会对世界经济的发展和实现全人类的共同进步做出历史性的贡献。为此，中国将继续扩大外贸，大力实施西部大开发战略，进一步改善投资环境，为外商提供更大的商机。同时，中国将引导和支持更多有比较优势的企业对外投资，开展平等互利、形式多样的经济技术合作。中国将进一步加强双边、多边和区域经济合作，实现世界各国各地区的共同发展。
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Topic 2 （选题二）
移动电话正在成为 21 世纪一个主要的技术领域。在几年之内，移动电话将会发展成为多功能的通信工具，除了语音之外，还可以传输和接收视频信号、静止图像、数据和文本。个人通信的新纪元即将到来。
在一定程度上多亏了无线网络的发展，电话正在与个人电脑和电视融合起来。不久之后，配有高分辨率显示屏的轻巧手机便可以与卫星连接。人们可以随时随地通话，收发电子邮件或者参加视像电话会议。这种手机也许还会吸收电脑的许多主要功能。移动通信工具有望带来一些互联网所能提供的新服务，如股票交易、购物及预订戏票和飞机票。 电信革命已在全球范围内展开。不久之后，用一台装置就可以收到几乎任何形式的电子通信信号。最有可能的是一部三合一手机。在家里它可以用作无绳电话，在路上用作移动电话，在办公室里用作内部通话装置。有些专家甚至认为移动视像电话将超过电视，成为主要的视频信息来源。 参考译文
Section 1: 英译汉 （60分）
Part A （必译题）（30分）
《人类的进程》一书的提纲初稿是1969年7月完成的，影片的最后一部分是在1972年12月拍摄的。像这样大的一个项目，虽然异常精彩，令人激动，却并不是轻易上马的。它要求我保持旺盛的脑力和体力，专心致志地投入工作。我必须确保持之以恒，并从中得到乐趣；比方说，我不得不停下已经开始的研究工作；我还应当说明一下，究竟是什么促使我承担这项工作的。
二十年来，科学的发展趋势发生了深刻的变化：关注的焦点已经从自然科转移到生命科学。结果，便把科学越来越吸引到个体特征的研究上来。然而感兴趣的旁观者几乎没有意识到此事对于改变科学塑造的人的形象产生了多么深远的影响。我是一个研究数学的人，以前学过物理学，若不是中年有幸有几次机会涉足生命科学，我也不会有所认识。我应当感谢我交的好运，是它使我在一生中参与了两个启发性的科学领域。尽管我并不知道应该向谁表示感谢，我编写了《人类的进程》一书，以表示我的感激之情。
英国广播公司邀请我做的是通过一套电视节目来表现科学的发展过程，以与克拉克勋爵制作的关于文明的电视节目相匹配。通过电视来进行解说有几大好处：它有力、直观，
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能使观众身临其境或亲身参与所描述的过程，它的语言亲切，能使观众觉得他所看到的是人们的行动而不是事件。这些优点之中，我认为最后一点最为突出，它是一股最大的动力促使我同意以电视散文的方式从个人的角度来讲述各种思想的发展史。重要的是知识总体，尤其是科学知识不是由抽象的思想构成的，而是由人的思想构成的，自有知识开始直到现代千奇百怪的模式莫不是如此。所以介绍打开自然界之门的基本思想，必须表现出它们很早就已产生，而且是产生在人类最淳朴的文化之中，产生于人类基本的、具体的感官之中。同时还必须表现出使种种思想形成越来越复杂的结合体的科学的发展也同样是人类的贡献：种种发现都是人的产物，而不仅仅是头脑的产物，因此它们都是有生气的，而且具有个人的特色。如果电视未能把这些思想表现得很具体，那岂不是浪费！
Part B 二选一题 （30分） 选题一 [参考译文]
不是因为我们害怕看到他会因失误而给他辉煌的生涯画上遗憾的一笔。从善意的角度说，我们想让迈克知道，我们仍然欣赏他，至少在我们的记忆中，他仍然是英雄。事实上，我们不想让他重返球场，即使他是迈克尔·乔丹。我们觉得这是个贸然之举，我们不想看到自信的商标蜕变成一种自负的象征。我们不想让他重返球场，因为没有人喜欢卖弄。失误呢？那将会很有趣。
但是我们是有着225年乐观历史的美国人，我们都是好心人。当乔丹几天前宣布他将在九月重返NBA时，我们曾为之一振。宣布的前一天，他说过：“我盼望能打球，并希望事情能如愿以偿。有些人怀疑，有些人紧张，都属正常。”《时代》周刊和美国有线新闻网上周做的一项民意调查表明，每两个美国人当中就有一个人希望乔丹尽快重返赛场。只有21%的人们认为，如果他的重返导致一场彻底失败，将会损害他的传奇。事实上只有28%的人认为运动员应该在他的运动巅峰时期引退。
与乔丹关系密切的人告诉《时代》周刊，当乔丹第一次谈到重返它与其他人共同拥有的华盛顿奇才队并为之效力时，一些他最信任的顾问试图私下打消他的愿望。“但他们说，如果试图阻止他，只能鉴定他的决心，”一位NBA人士如是说。
乔丹复出所产生的问题不仅仅在于他不可能重现1998年的神话，那一年，他以一个精
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彩的最后一秒投篮，使球队赢得了冠军，也为自己赢得了第六只金指环。问题是他重返的动机——他需要人们的关注，需要在38岁体力不支时，仍然打球。这一切都有悖于他所创造的神话——一个展示绝对控制力的神话。如果说二十世纪的第一个球星巴比·鲁斯是一个身材魁梧肥胖的鲁莽之夫和酒鬼天才，乔丹则证明了刚毅所能带来的优雅风度，并以此结束了二十世纪。巴比对观众的颐指气使被乔丹无奈耸肩的魅力所取代。乔丹代表着成功，因为他的名字没有被他的政治倾向、他的观点或是他的超级明星个性所玷污。乔丹迷就是典雅和自信迷。
明明知道加盟奇才队他将不可能进入联赛第二轮赛事，明明知道他将与联赛最佳投手无缘，他的重返赛场就是一种失控。
乔丹并不在乎我们在想什么。他的朋友说：他把所有奉劝他不要复出的文章都贴在冰箱上作为激励。那么，我们为什么还要喋喋不休地告诉他不要复出呢？他依然是迈克尔·乔丹。 选题二 [参考译文]
即使我长大些，不再适合做这样的游戏，不再对母亲说我爱她，我仍然相信自己是世上最好的女儿。难道不是吗？每当母亲吩咐，我不是总一路跑着到阳台去查看晒在那儿的腌芒果？
当我步入少年，我好像变成了一个更乖更可爱的女儿。难道不是吗？每天下午，当妈妈需要新的调料，我不是总放下手头的工作去街角的杂货店帮她买？
另一方面，我的母亲对我的爱却好像越来越少。有时她活像个巫婆，因为她威胁如果我的学习成绩还没有起色，就要把我送到远在巴哈马乡下的二叔家——这对于像我这样心高气奥德加尔各答女孩而言，将是比死亡更悲惨的命运。有时她又会让我坐着听她讲有关“带给家庭耻辱的女孩”的故事。显然一个人会面对许多变坏的可能，因此母亲决心让我对每个可能都保持警惕。基本上，她对我想做的每一件事都持反对意见，从去美国学习到烫头发。她的口头禅是“除非我死了”。很明显，我对母亲的爱远远超过了她对我的爱——如果她爱我的话。
当我结束了在美国的研究生学习并结了婚，我和母亲的关系改善了许多。虽然偶尔她还对我的当作家的选择表示怀疑，但总的来说她认为我做的事情还算不错。对于她我也这样
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认为。我们之间建立起一种循环：她从印度写信给我，告诉我各种趣闻，并寄来我最喜欢的腌芒果；我从美国打电话给她，告诉她我都忙了些什么事情，并寄去她最喜欢的香草布丁。我们的爱是对等的——至少在我的儿子阿南德出生前，我是这样认为的。
儿子的降生一下子打乱了我的平静、规律、有秩序的生活，使我措手不及。出院后的六周里，我一直被产后抑郁症的阴影包围着。 当夜里我和我的丈夫抱着哭闹不止的儿子，走来走去哄他睡觉，我开始认真考虑是否要“撤退”。我怀疑自己是否适合做母亲。母爱——究竟是什么？
有一天清晨，我在为阿南德换尿布，他突然咧开没有牙的嘴，冲我笑起来。那一刻我在想，这个褐色的瘦弱的小东西毕竟还是很可爱的。之后事情就进展得很顺利了。不知不觉之间，我已在婴儿室里添了一张床并在很多天晚上睡在那儿，陪着我心爱的宝贝。
Section 2: 汉译英 （40分）
Part A （必译题）（20分） [参考译文]
The vitality and special appeal of the Olympic Games lie in the Olympic spirit, which is the soul of the soul of the Games. The goal of sports is to pursue comprehensive physical and mental development and, on the basis of this, to accelerate social progress. Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympiad, considered sports a great undertaking of humanity. The goal of the Olympic Movement defined by him is to promote undertaking among different countries and cultures, maintain world peace and advance human civilization. This ideal has enabled the Olympic Games to thrive for more than a century. The Olympic Games have been a grand gathering of members of the Olympic family throughout the world, and the Olympic Movement has become a major social force to promote world peace, progress and development.
Part B 二选一题 （30分）
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选题一 [参考译文]
In recent years, China’s economy has maintained rapid development, injecting vigor into global economic growth. Facts have confirmed the prediction made by China before its WTO accession: China’s development cannot be sustained without the world, and world development needs China. In the coming 20 years, China is bound to make historic contributions to global economic development and to the common progress of mankind, while building a well-off society in an all-round way. To achieve this, China will continue to expand foreign trade, energetically implement its west development strategy, further improve its investment environment, and provide overseas investors with greater business opportunities. Meanwhile, it will guide and support competitive enterprises to invest overseas and carry out diverse forms of economic and technological cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. China will further intensify bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation, so as to achieve common development in all countries and regions in the world. 选题二 [参考译文]
The cell phone is becoming one of the major technologies of the 21st century. Within a few years, it will become a multi-functional communicator of transmitting and receiving not only sound, but also video, still images, data and text. A new era of personal communication is on the way.
Thanks in part to the growth of wireless networks, the telephone is converging with the personal computer and the television. Soon light-weight phones outfitted with high-resolution screens will be connected to satellites. People can talk, send and receive e-mail, or take part in video conferences anytime, anywhere. These phones might also absorb many of the key functions of computers. Mobile devices are expected to be ideal for some of the new services that are available via the Internet, such as trading stocks, shopping and booking theater and airline tickets.
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The telecommunication revolution is developing around the globe. It will soon be possible to receive almost all forms of electronic communication through a single device. A three-in-one phone is most likely. It can serve as a cordless at home, a cell phone on the road and an intercom at work. Some experts even suggest that cell videophones could overtake television as the major source of visual information.
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2004年11月二级笔译实务试题
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation （英译汉）（ 60 point ）
This section consists of two parts: Part A \"Compulsory Translation\" and Part B \"Optional Translations\" which comprises \"Topic 1\" and \"Topic 2\". Translate the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into Chinese. Write \"Compulsory Translation\" above your translation of Part A and write \"Topic 1\" or \"Topic 2\" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 100 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题） （30 points）
Until recently, scientists knew little about life in the deep sea, nor had they reason to believe that it was being threatened. Now, with the benefit of technology that allows for deeper exploration, researchers have uncovered a remarkable array of species inhabiting the ocean floor at depths of more than 660 feet, or about 200 meters. At the same time, however, technology has also enabled fishermen to reach far deeper than ever before, into areas where bottom trawls can destroy in minutes what has taken nature hundreds and in some cases thousands of years to build. Many of the world's coral species, for example, are found at depths of more than 200 meters. It is also estimated that roughly half of the world's highest seamounts - areas that rise from the ocean floor and are particularly rich in marine life - are also found in the deep ocean.
These deep sea ecosystems provide shelter, spawning and breeding areas for fish and other creatures, as well as protection from strong currents and predators. Moreover, they are believed to harbor some of the most extensive reservoirs of life on earth, with estimates ranging from 500,000 to 100 million species inhabiting these largely unexplored and highly fragile ecosystems.
Yet just as we are beginning to recognize the tremendous diversity of life in these areas, along with the potential benefits newly found species may hold for human society in the form of potential food products and new medicines, they are at risk of being lost forever. With enhanced ability both to identify where these
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species-rich areas are located and to trawl in deeper water than before, commercial fishing vessels are now beginning to reach down with nets the size of football fields, catching everything in their path while simultaneously crushing fragile corals and breaking up the delicate structure of reefs and seamounts that provide critical habitat to the countless species of fish and other marine life that inhabit the deep ocean floor.
Because deep sea bottom trawling is a recent phenomenon, the damage that has been done is still limited. If steps are taken quickly to prevent this kind of destructive activity from occurring on the high seas, the benefits both to the marine environment and to future generations are incalculable. And they far outweigh the short-term costs to the fishing industry.
Part B Optional Translations （二选一题）（ 30 points ） Topic 1 （选题一）
Most of the world's victims of AIDS live - and, at an alarming rate, die - in Africa. The number of people living with AIDS in Africa was estimated at 26.6 million in late 2003. New figures to be published by the United Nations Joint Program on AIDS （ UNAIDS ）， the special UN agency set up to deal with the pandemic, will probably confirm its continued spread in Africa, but they will also show whether the rate of spread is constant, increasing or falling.
AIDS is most prevalent in Eastern and Southern Africa, with South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya having the greatest numbers of sufferers; other countries severely affected include Botswana and Zambia. AIDS was raging in Eastern Africa - where it was called \"slim\years after its emergence was established in the eastern Congo basin; however, the conflicting theories about the origin of AIDS are highly controversial and politicized, and the controversy is far from being settled.
Measures being taken all over Africa include, first of all, campaigns of public awareness and device, including advice to remain faithful to one sexual partner and to use condoms. The latter advice is widely ignored or resisted owing to natural
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and cultural aversion to condoms and to Christian and Muslim teaching, which places emphasis instead on self-restraint.
An important part of anti- AIDS campaigns, whether organized by governments, nongovernmental organizations or both, is the extension of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). In addition, medical research has found a way to help sufferers, though not to cure them.
Funds for anti- AIDS efforts are provided by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a partnership between governments, civil society, the private sector and affected communities around the world; the fund was launched following a call by the UN Secretary-General in 2001. However, much more is needed if the spread of the pandemic is to be at least halted. Topic 2 （选题二）
As a leader of a least developed country, I speak from experience when I say that poverty is too complex a phenomenon, and the strategies for fighting it too diverse and dependent on local circumstances, for there is no single silver bullet in the war on poverty.
We have learned the hard way over the years. We have experimented with all kinds of ideas.
Yet a report recently released by the World Economic Forum shows that barely a third of what should have been done by now to ensure the world meets its goals to fight poverty, hunger and disease by 2015 is done. I am now convinced that the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations in 2000 can only be attained through a global compact, anchored in national policies that take into account local circumstances.
Aid and trade are both necessary, but they are not enough on their own. Neither is good governance enough in itself. Above all, nothing can move without the direct participation of local communities. I fear that we lecture too much. This is not the best way.
I will give an example of how such a compact worked in Tanzania to achieve universal
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basic schooling.
In the mid-1990s, almost all indicators for basic education were in free fall. The gross enrollment rate had fallen from 98 percent in the early 1980s to 77.6 percent in 2000. The net enrollment rate had likewise fallen, from over 80 percent to only 58.8 percent.
Then several things happened. We decided at the top political level that basic education would be a top priority, and adopted a five-year Primary Education Development Plan to achieve universal basic education by 2006 - nine years ahead of the global target.
Good governance produced more government revenues, which quadrupled over the last eight years. In 2001, we received debt relief under the World Bank's enhanced HIPC （ heavily indebted poor countries ） Initiative. Subsequently, more donors put aid money directly into our budget or into a pooled fund for the Primary Education Development Program （ PEDP ） .
The government's political will was evidenced by the fact that over the last five years the share of the national budget going to poverty reduction rose by 130 percent. We abolished school fees in primary schools.
Then we ensured that all PEDP projects are locally determined, planned, owned, implemented and evaluated. This gave the people pride and dignity in what they were doing. After only two years of implementing PEDP, tremendous successes have been achieved.
Section 2: Chinese- English Translation （汉译英）（ 40 point ）
This section consists of two parts: Part A \"Compulsory Translation\" and Part B \"Optional Translations\" which comprises \"Topic 1\" and \"Topic 2\".Translation the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into English. Write \"Compulsory Translation\" above your translation of Part A and write \"Topic 1\" or \"Topic 2\" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 80 minutes.
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Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题） （ 20 points ）
进入新世纪，国际形势继续发生深刻复杂的变化。世界多极化和经济全球化灾曲折中发展。科技进步日新月异，我们既面临着必须抓住的发展机遇，也面临着必须认真应付的严峻挑战，尽管当今世界还存在着这样那样的矛盾和利益冲突，不确定、不稳定因素有所增加，但和平与发展仍是当今时代的主题，世界要和平、国家要发展、人民要合作是不可阻挡的历史潮流。
当前亚洲形势总体稳定，和平、发展、合作已成为前进中亚洲的主流。经过共同努力，亚洲有关国家摆脱了金融危机的阴影，战胜了非典和禽流感疫情的冲击，经济结构调整取得成效，产业升级换代步伐加快，区域合作方兴未艾，抗御风险能力不断增强。亚洲仍然是全球最具发展活力的地区之一，也继续是全球贸易的重要增长点之一。我们对亚洲的发展前景充满信心。
Part B Optional Translations （二选一题） （ 20 points ） Topic 1 （选题一）
中国目前已经建成 1.9 万公里公路。自 1990 年以来，中国每年都要新增 3700 公里公路。到 2020 年公路网将连接中国所有重要城市。中国公路里程将仅次于美国，达到 55000 公里。
高速公路网将带来深远的影响。城市带将形成；人们的生活方式将会发生变化；枢纽城市的经济增长率将迅速上升，因为便利的交通条件将吸引更多的投资者。
许多国际开发商支持这种看法。世界银行和亚洲开发银行正用巨额贷款支持中国开展公路建设。它们认为公路建设对于缓解贫困至关重要。自上世纪末，亚洲开发银行已减少它在中国经济发达的东部地区的公路投资，而将重点转向较为贫困的西部地区。
在公路建设中，中国也很重视支线公路建设，因为支线公路可以使小城镇充分利用附近干线公路建设带来的发展机遇。 Topic 2 （选题二）
长期以来西方人一直怀疑由草药制成的中成药是否有效。在过去的几年内，中国传统医药在世界范围内经历了严格的科学审查。
为证明和提高传统治疗方法的效益，中国大陆投入了巨资在这方面进行艰苦研究。香港一直在努力使自己成为世界上传统中医研究的带头人。台湾也提出它将把自己建成一个中医技术中心。
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传统中医药的研究工作在亚洲以外地区的大学和其他机构也蓬勃开展。这些揭开传统医学秘密的研究工作可能会为中西医都大感头疼的疾病患者带来福音。
尽管在理论上中西医之间还存在着分歧，一些对中医药感兴趣的著名国际制药公司已开始在中国实施小规模的研究项目。一批新药已在亚洲各地接受试验。
参考译文
Section 1: 英译汉 （ 60 分） Part A （必译题）（ 30 分）
前不久，科学家们对深海生物还知之甚少，也不太相信它们正受到威胁。现在，随着深海探测技术的发展，研究人员发现 660 多英尺，即 200 米深的海底生存着大量多种多样的物种。但与此同时，渔业人员也可以依靠技术到达以前更深的地方，进行海底拖网捕捞，而此种深海捕捞则可在几分钟内就把大自然几百年乃至几千年的一切毁灭。
例如，世界上的许多种珊瑚在二百多米深的海底才能找到。此外，据估计世界上一些最高的海底山约有一半位于深海海底。这些海底隆起的地方，海洋生物特别丰富。
这些深海生态系统为鱼类和其它生物提供生存、产卵、繁殖的场所，俄保护它们免遭大海流和猎食者的侵袭。此外，据信这些深海生态系统蕴藏着世界上最丰富的生命宝库，估计有五十万至一亿种生物生活在这些大体上未经勘探极脆弱的生态系统中。
当我们现在刚刚开始认识这些地区极其丰富的生物多样性，并发现这些新物种可能为人类社会带来好处时--如新食品和新药品，这些地区却面临着永远消失的危险。由于确定物种丰富地区的能路增强，由于拖网捕涝能到达比过去更深的区域，商业渔船可把足球场大小的拖网撒入海中，碰上什么捕捞什么，同时损坏了脆弱的珊瑚，破坏礁石和海底山的脆弱结构，而正是这些东西为生活在深海海底的无数鱼类和其它海洋生物提供了赖以生存的场所。
因为深海海底拖网捕捞是最近才出现的一种现象，它所造成的损害还是有限的。如能赶紧采取措施防止这些在公海上的破坏活动，它为海洋环境和子孙后代带来的好处将是无法估量的。这些好处将远远超过渔业短期内需承担的花费。 Part B 二选一题 （ 30 分） 选题一
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世界上大多数艾滋病患者生活在非洲，并以惊人的速度大批死亡。据估计， 2003 年底非洲的艾滋病患者达到 2660 万人。联合国联合防治艾滋病计划署是联合国为对付艾滋病而设立的专门机构，该机构将要公布的最新数字可能证实艾滋病还在非洲继续蔓延，但同时也可以说明它蔓延的速度是维持不变，或在加快，还是在放慢。
艾滋病最猖獗的地区是非洲的东部和南部，在南非、津巴布韦和肯尼亚患者人数最多，疫情严重的国家还包括博茨瓦纳和赞比亚。 1981 年艾滋病的出现在世界上得到确认，没过几年，这种病就在非洲东部流行起来--当地人管它叫\"瘦病\"，因为患者的容貌是日渐消瘦。关于这种病毒的发源地，一种说法是发源于东刚果盆地；然而关于艾滋病来源的说法不一，很有争议，且带有浓厚的政治色彩；这场争论至今还远未结束。
整个非洲都在采取措施，最主要的是提高公众意识和防范手段，包括建议忠实于一个性伴侣和使用避孕套。人们一般不愿使用避孕套，因为不习惯，还有文化方面的原因，同时它也不符合基督教和伊斯兰教的教义，它们更强调自我约束。
在防治艾滋病的活动中，重要的一项就是提倡\"自愿就医检查\"，这项活动，有的市政府组织的，有的是民间组织的，也有的是政府和民间共同组织的。此外，医学研究也找到了一种办法，虽然不能治愈，也可对患者有所帮助。
\"全球预防艾滋病、肺结核、疟疾基金会\"是世界各国政府部门、市民社会、私人企业和患者群体的一个协作机构，是应联合国秘书长的号召，于 2001 年发起成立的。这一机构为防治艾滋病的各项活动提供资金。然而，即便只是为了制止艾滋病的蔓延，这也是远远不够的。 选题二
作为一个最不发达国家的领导人，就切身体验而言，我认为贫穷是一个非常复杂的现象，战胜贫穷的方法也是多种多样的，而且在很大程度上取决于当地的情况，因此也就没有一件特别有效的法宝。
许多年来，我们吃过不少苦头。我们对各种不同的主张进行了试验。
然而，世界经济论坛不久前发表的一份报告称，全世界应在 2015 年完成的战胜贫穷、饥饿和疟疾的目标，至今只勉强完成了应完成的三分之一。现在我确信，要实现联合国于 2000 年确定的各项新前年发展目标，必须要有一项全球协议。该协议必须基于符合当地情况的国家政策。
援助和贸易都是必要的，但光靠它们还是不够的。只靠善治也是不够的。事实上，没有地
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方社会力量的直接参与，任何事情都不可能取得进展。我担心的是我们说得太多。这可不是上策。
我想举一个例子来说名义向全球协议是怎么在坦桑尼亚运作，以实现普及基础教育的。 二十世纪九十年代中期，基础教育几乎各项指标都大幅下滑。毛入学率从八十年代初的 98% 下降到 2000 年的 77.6% 。净入学率也从 80% 以上下降到只有 58.8% 。
随后发生了几件事情。最高政治领导层决定将基础教育列为最优先发展的项目，并通过了\"小学教育五年发展计划\"，规定于 2006 年普及基础教育，比全球的规定目标提前九年。 善治使国库日渐充实，政府收入八年来翻了两番。 2001 年，我们接受了世界银行为重债穷国进一步免除债务的安排。随后还有捐助者直接把钱划入我们的预算，或捐给小学教育发展计划设立的合作基金。
政府的政治决心从以下情况可以得到验证：五年来，国家预算中用于消除贫穷的部分增加了 130% 。我们还取消了小学的学费。
此外，我们还保证所有涉及小学教育发展计划的项目都由地方来确定、规划、拥有、执行和评估。这就使得人们为自己的所作所为感到骄傲，感到光彩。小学教育发展计划只实行了两年，就取得了巨大的成功。 Section 2: 汉译英 （ 40 分） Part A （必译题）（ 20 分）
In the new century, the international situation has continued to undergo profound and complicated changes. World multipolarization and economic globalization are progressing amid twists and turns. Science and technology are advancing with each passing day. We have before us both development opportunities that we must seize and grave challenges that we must deal with seriously. Despite the widespread conflicts and clashes of interests and increasing numbers of factors of uncertainty and instability in the world today, peace and development remain the overriding themes of the times. The world needs peace, countries desire development and people want cooperation. This has become an irresistible trend of history.
At present, Asia, on the whole, enjoys stability, with peace, development and cooperation becoming the mainstream of an advancing Asia. With concerted efforts, relevant Asian countries have freed themselves from the shadow of the financial
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crisis, overcome the impact of SARS and bird flu, succeeded in economic restructuring, quickened the tempo of industrial upgrading and transformation, promoted a robust regional cooperation, and increased the capacity to tide over potential risks. Asia has retained its position as one of the world's most dynamic regions and a key growth point in global trade. We are full of confidence in the future of Asia's development. Part B 二选一题 （ 30 分） 选题一
Up to now, China has built 19,000km of highways. Since 1990, some 3,700km of highways have been added each year. By 2020, highway networks will connect all major Chinese cities, and the total length of China's highways will be 55.000km, second only to that of the United States. The impact of highway networks will be huge. Urban belts will emerge; people's lifestyles will change; and the economic growth rate of interchange cities will surge, as the convenient transportation facilities will attract more investors.
Many international developers share this view. Both the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank are lending heavily to support China's road expansion. They believe highway construction is vital for poverty alleviation. Since the late 1990s, the Asian Development Bank has reduced its road investment in China's economically developed eastern areas and shifted its focus to the relatively poor western region. During its highway construction, China pays great attention to the building of feeder roads, as they can help smaller towns make full use of the development opportunities brought about by the construction of nearby trunk highways. 选题二
For a long time, Westerners have been skeptical about the efficacy of China's patent drugs made of medicinal herbs. In the past few years, traditional Chinese medicine has been subject to rigorous scientific scrutiny worldwide.
To prove and enhance the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine, China's mainland (the mainland of China) has poured huge amounts of money into hard research on this
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field. While Hong Kong has been endeavoring to make itself the world leader in research on traditional Chinese medicine, Taiwan has put forward a plan to transform itself into a traditional Chinese medicine technology center.
Research into traditional cures is also blossoming at universities and other institutions outside Asia. These efforts to unlock the secrets of traditional remedies could produce benefits for sufferers of diseases that have confounded both Western and traditional Chinese medicines.
Although there are still differences between Western and traditional Chinese medicines in theory, some world-known pharmaceutical companies, taking interest in traditional Chinese medicine, have launched small research projects in China. A number of new medicines have already undergone trials across Asia.
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2005年5月二级笔译实务试题
Section 1: English-Chinese Translation（英译汉）（60 point）
This section consists of two parts: Part A \"Compulsory Translation\" and Part B \"Optional Translations\" which comprises \"Topic 1\" and \"Topic 2\". Translate the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into Chinese. Write \"Compulsory Translation\" above your translation of Part A and write \"Topic 1\" or \"Topic 2\" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 100 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（30 points）
It was one of those days that the peasant fishermen on this tributary of the Amazon River dream about.
With water levels falling rapidly at the peak of the dry season, a giant school of bass, a tasty fish that fetches a good price at markets, was swimming right into the nets being cast from a dozen small canoes here.
\"With a bit of luck, you can make $350 on a day like this,\" Lauro Souza Almeida, a leader of the local fishermen's cooperative, exulted as he moved into position. \"That is a fortune for people like us,\" he said, the equivalent of four months at the minimum wage earned by those fortunate enough to find work.
But hovering nearby was a large commercial fishing vessel, a \"mother boat\" equipped with large ice chests for storage and hauling more than a dozen smaller craft. The crew on board was just waiting for the remainder of the fish to move into the river's main channel, where they intended to scoop up as many as they could with their efficient gill nets.
A symbol of abundance to the rest of the world, the Amazon is experiencing a crisis of overfishing. As stocks of the most popular species diminish to worrisome levels, tensions are growing between subsistence fishermen and their commercial rivals, who are eager to enrich their bottom line and satisfy the growing appetite for fish of city-dwellers in Brazil and abroad.
In response, peasants up and down the Amazon, here in Brazil and in neighboring
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countries like Peru, are forming cooperatives to control fish catches and restock their rivers and lakes. But that effort, increasingly successful, has only encouraged the commercial fishing operations, as well as some of the peasants' less disciplined neighbors, to step up their depredations.
\"The industrial fishing boats, the big 20- to 30-ton vessels, they have a different mentality than us artisanal fishermen, who have learned to take the protection of the environment into account,\" said the president of the local fishermen's union. \"They want to sweep everything up with their dragnets and then move on, benefiting from our work and sacrifice and leaving us with nothing.\" Part B Optional Translations (二选一题) （30 points） Topic 1 (选题一)
Ever since the economist David Ricardo offered the basic theory in 1817, economic scripture has taught that open trade-free of tariffs, quotas, subsidies or other government distortions-improves the well-being of both parties. U.S. policy has implemented this doctrine with a vengeance. Why is free trade said to be universally beneficial? The answer is a doctrine called \"comparative advantage\".
Here's a simple analogy. If a surgeon is highly skilled both at doing operations and performing routine blood tests, it's more efficient for the surgeon to concentrate on the surgery and pay a less efficient technician to do the tests, since that allows the surgeon to make the most efficient use of her own time. By extension, even if the United States is efficient both at inventing advanced biotechnologies and at the routine manufacture of medicines, it makes sense for the United States to let the production work migrate to countries that can make the stuff more cheaply. Americans get the benefit of the cheaper products and get to spend their resources on even more valuable pursuits, That, anyway, has always been the premise. But here Samuelson dissents. What if the lower wage country also captures the advanced industry?
If enough higher-paying jobs are lost by American workers to outsourcing, he calculates, then the gain from the cheaper prices may not compensate for the loss
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in U.S. purchasing power.
\"Free trade is not always a win-win situation,\" Samuelson concludes. It is particularly a problem, he says, in a world where large countries with far lower wages, like India and China, are increasingly able to make almost any product or offer almost any service performed in the United States.
If America trades freely with them, then the powerful drag of their far lower will begin dragging down U.S. average wages. The U.S. economy may still grow, he calculates, but at a lower rate than it otherwise would have. Topic 2 （选题二）
Uganda's eagerness for genuine development is reflected in its schoolchildren's smiles and in the fact that so many children are now going to school. Since 1997, when the government began to provide universal primary education, total primary enrollment had risen from 3 million to 7.6 million in 2004. Schools have opened where none existed before, although there is some way to go in reaching the poorest areas of the country.
Uganda has also made strides in secondary and higher education, to the point that it is attracting many students from other countries. At the secondary level, enrollment is above 700,000, with the private sector providing the majority if schools. For those who want to take their education further, there are 12 private universities in addition to the four publicly funded institutions, together providing 75,000 places.
Education is seen as a vital component in the fight against poverty. The battle for better health is another, although it is one that will take longer to win in a country that carries a high burden of disease, including malaria and AIDS. Here, the solutions can only arise from a combination of international support and government determination to continue spending public money on preventive care and better public health information.
Current government plants include recruiting thousands of nurses, increasing the availability of drugs and building 200 new maternity units.
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Uganda's high rate of population growth, at 3.6 percent per annum, poses a special challenge in the fight against poverty, says Finance Minister Gerald Ssendaula, who points out that the fertility rate, at 6.9 children per female, is the highest in Africa.
The government's newly revised Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) puts the \"restoration of security\" at the top of the current government agenda. This is because it estimates that Uganda has lost 3 percent of its gross domestic product each year that the conflict has persisted. Displaced people are not only a financial burden, they are unable to the economy.
The other core challenges identified by the revised PEAP are finding ways to keep the lowest income growing, improving the quality of education, giving people more control over the size of their families and using public resources transparently and efficiently. It is a document that other poor countries could learn from. Section 2: Chinese- English Translation（汉译英）（40 point）
This section consists of two parts: Part A \"Compulsory Translation\" and Part B \"Optional Translations\" which comprises \"Topic 1\" and \"Topic 2\".Translation the passage in Part A and your choice from passage in Part B into English. Write \"Compulsory Translation\" above your translation of Part A and write \"Topic 1\" or \"Topic 2\" above your translation of the passage from Part B. The time for this section is 80 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation （必译题）（20 points）
矿产资源是自然资源的重要组成部分，是人类社会发展的重要物质基础。中国是世界上最早开发利用矿产资源的国家之一。 过去50年，中国在矿产资源勘探开发方面取得巨大成就。这为中国经济的持续、快速、健康发展提供了重要保障。
中国政府高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展确定为国家战略，把保护资源作为可持续发展战略的重要内容。
中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。中国主要依靠本国的矿产资源来保障现代化建设的需要。同时，中国又积极引进国外资本和技术开发中国矿产资源，利用国外市场与国外矿产资源，并努力推动中国矿山企业和矿产品进入国际市场。
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Part B Optional Translations （二选一题）（20 points） Topic 1（选题一）
众所周知，鸟无翅膀不能飞，人无双腿不能走。但对尹小星而言，鸟无翅膀不能飞，人无双腿却能走！
1970年出生于江苏一户农民家庭的尹小星，出生仅8个月就患小儿麻痹症并发急性肺炎。虽然最终保住了命，他却再也不能站立。因为身体残疾，初中毕业后小星不得不辍学。生存的压力对他来说显得格外沉重，他贩过水果，养过鸡，还下功夫学习过中医。 在他21岁的时候，这个年轻人竟怀揣一幅地图，手持一个指南针，摇着轮椅踏上了走遍全中国的艰难路途。
近21年来小星手摇轮椅，足迹遍布31省、市、自治区，行程7万多公里，用坏了4部轮椅。他实现了徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等20多座名山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手摇轮椅走过丝绸之路，穿越塔克拉玛干（Taklimakan）大沙漠，徒手攀登上海东方明珠电视塔，圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。 Topic 2 （选题二）
长城是世界一大奇迹。现在，每年都有几百万人到长城游览。在旺季，几处最著名的景点总是让成群结队的游客挤得水泄不通。
中国人修筑城墙的历史久远，可以追溯到战国时期。历史上，中国共修过大约20座长城。在所有这些长城中，明长城最长，达到6700公里。在当时，中国技术在世界上处于领先地位，因此明长城的结构也是最复杂的。明长城的修筑是为了抵御北方游牧民族的入侵。 清朝建立后，由于它的建立者本身也是游牧民族，他们觉得没有必要继续修筑长城。不过，清政府还是颁布法令对长城进行保护，禁止拆砖。但是，岁月的流逝和连续战乱使人们易到之处遭到了严重的破坏。
十几年来，蓬勃发展的旅游业促进了长城的修缮工程。目前，多处长城已经修复，或正在修缮中。
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参考译文
Section 1: 英译汉 （60分） Part A （必译题）（30分）
在亚马逊河的这一支流上捕鱼的农民就希望遇上那天的情况。
旱季最缺水的时候，河面迅速下降，一大群鲈鱼正游进从十几只小船上撒下的网里。鲈鱼味道鲜美，能在市场上卖个好价钱。
\"要是运气不错，赶上今天这种情况，就能挣350美元，\"劳鲁?苏扎?阿尔梅达说道。他是当地渔民合作社的一位负责人。他一边兴高采烈地说着，一边摆好了架式准备干活。他说：\"对我们这样的人来说，这可是一大笔钱呀。\"因为就算一个人运气好，能找到工作，按最低工资计算，要四个月才能挣这么些钱。
然而就在不远的地方，有一只大型商业渔船在游弋，那是一只\"母船\"，备有巨大的储藏冰柜，还拖着十几只小船。船员都在船上等候，等到剩余的鱼进入主河道以后，他们就用高效率的刺网进行捕捞，能捞多少，就捞多少。
亚马逊河在世界上是物产丰富的标志，到它现在正经受一场过量捕鱼的危机。随着人们最喜爱的各种鱼类数量日渐减少，到了令人担忧的地步，靠打鱼糊口的渔民和他们商业对手之间的紧张关系也日益加剧，因为这些对手一心想着装满自己的船舱，以满足巴西乃至国外城里人越来越大的吃鱼胃口。
针对这种情况，亚马逊河沿岸的农民群众，在巴西境内也好，在秘鲁等邻国也好，纷纷成立合作社，以求控制捕鱼量，增加河湖中鱼的数量。但是，这方面的努力虽日见成效，却促使那些为商业目的而捕鱼的机构以及附近一些不大守规矩的农民加紧进行掠夺。 \"那些工业化的渔船，二、三十吨位的，他们的想法跟我们这些手工操作的渔民不一样，我们懂得考虑怎样保护环境，\"当地的渔业工会主席说道。\"他们想用拖网一网打尽，然后有上别处去打。我们出力，他们受益，弄得我们一无所有。\" Part B 二选一题 （30分） 选题一 [参考译文]
自从经济学家李嘉图于1817年提出基本理论以来，经济学方面的经典著作都说自由贸易免除关税、限额和补贴，也没有政府的其他小动作，因此会增加双方的利益。美国的政策是不遗余力地实行这一理论。为什么说自由贸易可以使大家普遍受益呢？这可以在所谓\"相对优势\"的理论中找到答案。
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打个简单的比方，假如一位外科医生，既擅长动手术，又会做常规的验血工作，要取得较好的效益，就应让她集中精力做手术，同时雇一个能力较差的技术员去搞化验，因为这样就能让这位外科医生最有效的利用自己的时间。
引申而言，虽然美国既擅长发明高级的生物技术，有精于日常的药品生产，明智的做法还是把药品生产从美国转移至生产费用更低的国家。这样，美国人就可以一方面因廉价产品获利，一方面把自己的资源用来从事更有价值的事业。这一向就是讨论问题的前提。但是现在萨缪尔森却提出了不同的看法。如果低工资国家也掌握了先进的产业，怎么办？ 据他估计，假如把过多的美国工人失去的较高工资的工作包到国外去，美国从廉价商品的获益不见得能补偿它购买力下降造成的损失。
萨缪尔森断言：\"自由贸易并不总是一种双赢的局面。\"他说，当今世界这个问题尤其突出。因为像印度和中国这样的大国，他们的工资低的多，可是他们的能力有在不断提高，美国能生产的产品，他们几乎都能生产，美国能提供的服务，他们也几乎都能够提供。 假如美国与这些国家进行自由贸易，它们低的多的工资产生的巨大影响就会把美国的平均工资往下拉。据他推算，美国的经济仍然会增长，不过比应有的增长速度要低。 选题二 [参考译文]
乌干达渴望得到真正的发展，这种愿望不仅反映在小学生的笑脸上，而且还体现在那么多孩子在上学的现实中。自1997年政府开始普及小学教育以来，小学在校总人数已从300万增至2004年的760万。过去没有学校的地方，现已开办了学校，不过要把教育发展到国内最贫困的地区，还要经过一番努力。
乌干达在发展中等教育和高等教育方面也取得了进展，甚至吸引了其他国家的许多学生前来就学。在中等教育方面，在校人数现已超过70万，大多数学校是民办的。如有学生想继续深造，除4家公立大学外，还有12家私立大学，共7.5万个名额。
人们认为教育是战胜贫困的重要一环，努力增强体质也是重要的一环。然而，乌干达饱受疾病的拖累，如疟疾、艾滋病等，增强体质绝非一日之功。在这方面，要解决问题，必须一方面靠国际援助，一方面政府要下决心，继续拨款预防疾病，并加强宣传公共卫生知识。
目前政府计划包括招聘数千名护理人员，增加药品供应，新建200所产科诊所。 财政部长杰拉尔德?森达乌拉说，乌干达人口的年增长率为百分之3.6，这样高的增长率对消除贫困构成特殊障碍。他还指出，乌干达平均每个女人生6.9孩子，这一生育率是全
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非洲最高的。
政府最近修订过的《消除贫困行动计划》将\"恢复安全\"列为政府当前的首要任务。这是因为它估计连年不断的冲突已使乌干达的国内生产总值每年下降3个百分点。流离失所的人们不仅是财政方面的负担，也不能为发展经济出力。
修订过的《消除贫困行动计划》列举的其他重大事项还包括设法不断提高最低收入，改进教育质量，帮助人们最好地控制家庭人口，透明而有效地使用公共资源等。这一文件值得其他贫困国家借鉴。 Section 2: 汉译英 （40分） Part A （必译题）（20分）[参考译文]
Mineral resources are an important part of natural resources and an important material foundation for the development of human society. China is one of the first countries in the world to develop and utilize resources.
Over the past five decades, China has made great achievements in the survey and development of its mineral resources. This has provided an important guarantee for the sustained, rapid and sound development of the Chinese economy.
The Chinese Government attaches great importance to sustainable development and the rational utilization of mineral resources. It has made sustainable development a national strategy and the protection of resources an important part of this strategy.
China is developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources. It depends mainly on the exploitation of its own mineral resources to meet the needs of its modernization program. Meanwhile, it has made energetic efforts to introduce foreign capital and technology to exploit its own resources, make use of foreign markets and foreign mineral resources, and strive to help its own mining enterprises and mineral products to enter the international market. Part B 二选一题 （30分） 选题一[参考译文]
As everyone knows, birds cannot fly without wings and a person cannot walk without legs. But for Yin Xiaoxing, while birds cannot fly without wings, a person can walk
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even without legs!
Born in 1970 into a farmer's family in Jiangsu Province, Yin Xiaoxing suffered from polio and acute pneumonia at the age of only eight months. He survived but lost the ability to stand on his feet. Because of his disability, Xiaoxing had to give up his study after junior middle school. The burden of life seemed to be especially heavy for him. He tried to make a living by selling fruits, raising chickens and taking pains to learn traditional Chinese medicine.
At the age of 21, this young man, with a map and a compass in hand, embarked on the hard journey of traveling around China in his wheelchair.
In the last 12 years, Yin Xiaoxing traveled a total of 70,000 kilometers in his wheelchair and left his footprints in 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. During this period, he wore out four wheelchairs. He left a trail of human records including climbing more than 20 famous mountains like Mont Tai, Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone, traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completing the journey from the desert to Hong Kong. 选题二[参考译文]
The Great Wall is a wonder of the world. Now, millions of people journey to the Great Wall each year, making its most popular sites besieged by hordes of tourists during busy seasons.
The Chinese have a long history of building walls, dating from the Warring States period. In history, about 20 walls were built, with the wall constructed during the Ming Dynasty being the longest, extending 6,700 km. China was the most technologically advanced nation in the world then, so the wall was also the most sophisticated in structure. It was built to ward off the invasion of nomads from the north.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, since its founders were themselves
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nomads, they did not see a need to continue with wall building. Nonetheless, the Qing government did institute a law to preserve the wall, banning the removal of bricks from it. But, the impact of time and continuous wars have left the wall greatly damaged in its most accessible sections.
Over the past 10-plus years, the booming tourist industry has stimulated the Great wall's renovation project.
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2005年11月二级笔译实务试题 【英译汉必译题】
Hans Christian Andersen was Denmark's most famous native son. Yet even after his fairy tales won him fame and fortune, he feared he would be forgotten. He need not have worried. This weekend, Denmark began eight months of celebrations to coincide with the bicentenary of his birth, and Denmark is eager that the world take note as it sets out to define the pigeon-holed writer in its own way.
The festivities began in Copenhagen on Saturday, Andersen's actual birthday, with a lively show of music, dance, lights and comedy inspired by his fairy tales before a crowd of 40,000 people -- including Queen Margrethe II and her family -- at the Parken National Stadium. The opening, called Once Upon a Time, will be followed by a slew of concerts, musicals, ballets, exhibitions, parades and education programs costing over US$40 million.
So more than in recent memory, Danes -- and, they hope, foreigners -- will be reliving the humor, pain and lessons to be found in evergreen stories like The Little Mermaid,
The Emperor's New Clothes, The Ugly Duckling, The Little Match-Seller, The Steadfast Tin Soldier, The Shadow, The Princess and the Pea and others of Andersen's 150 or so fairy tales.]
In organizing this extravaganza, of course, Denmark is also celebrating itself. After all, Andersen is still this country's most famous native son. Trumpeting his name and achievements not only draws attention to Denmark's contribution to world culture, but could also woo more foreign tourists to visit his birthplace in the town of Odense and to be photographed beside the famous bronze statue of the Little Mermaid in Copenhagen's harbor.
And Denmark has even more in mind. Local guardians of the Andersen legacy evidently feel his stories have lost ground in recent years to the likes of J.R.R. Tolkien's
Lord of the Rings and J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter. Andersen's fairy tales may remain central to the Danish identity, serving as homespun guides to the vagaries of human
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behavior, but what about the rest of the world?
\"What we really need is a rebirth of Andersen,\" noted Lars Seeberg, secretary general of the Hans Christian Andersen 2005 Foundation. \"Two centuries after his birth, he still fails to be universally acknowledged as the world-class author he no doubt was.
【英译汉二选一】 【试题1】
Independent Information and Analysis from the USA
The Gap Between Rich and Poor Widened in U.S. Capital Washington D.C. ranks first among the 40 cities with the widest gap between the poor and the rich, according to a recent report released by the D.C. Fiscal Policy Institute on July 22nd. The top 20 percent of households in D.C. have an average yearly income of $186,830, 31 times that of the bottom 20 percent, which earns only $6,126 per year. The income gap is also big in Atlanta and Miami, but the difference is not as pronounced. The report also indicates that the widening gap occurred mainly during the 1990s. Over the last decade, the average income of the top 20 percent of households has grown 36 percent, while the average income of the bottom 20 percent has only risen 3 percent.
\"I believe the concentration of the middle- to high-income families in the D.C. area will continue, therefore, the income gap between rich and poor will be hard to bridge,\" David Garrison told the Washington Observer. Garrison is a senior researcher with the Brookings Institution, specializing in the study of the social and economic policies in the greater Washington D.C. area.
The report attributed the persistent income gap in Washington to the area's special job opportunities, which attract high-income households. Especially since the federal government is based in Washington D.C., Government agencies and other government related businesses such as lobbying firms and government contractors constantly offer high-paying jobs, which contribute to the trend of increasing high-income households in the D.C. area. For example, a single young professional
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working in a law firm in D.C. can earn as much as $100,000 in his or her first year out of law school.
\"In addition, high-quality housing available in Washington D.C. is one of the main reasons why high-income families choose to live here, while middle and low-income families, if they can afford it, choose to move out of Washington D.C. to the Virginia and Maryland suburbs so that their kids can go to better schools,\" stated Garrison. \"As rich families continue to move into D.C. and middle and low-income families are moving out, the poorest families are left with nowhere to move, or cannot afford to move. This creates the situation we face now: a huge income gap between the rich and poor.\"
The Washington D.C. area to which Garrison refers is the District of Columbia city itself, not including the greater Washington metro area. \"The greater Washington metro area has a large population of about 5 million, but the low-income households are often concentrated in D.C. proper,\" Garrison explained.
Tony Blalock, the spokesperson for Mayor Anthony Williams, said resignedly, \"No matter what we seem to do to bring investment into the District, a certain population is not able to access the unique employment opportunities there. The gap between the rich and poor is the product of complex forces, and won't be fixed overnight.\" Garrison believes that the D.C. government should attract high-income families. By doing so, the District's tax base can grow, which in turn can help improve D.C.'s infrastructure. \"But in the meantime, the District government should also take into consideration the rights of the poor, set up good schools for them, and provide sound social welfare. All these measures can alleviate the dire situation caused by income disparity. \"
Garrison, however, is not optimistic about the possibility of closing the gap between the rich and poor. He is particularly doubtful that current economic progress will be able to help out the poor. \"Bush's tax-cut plan did bring about this wave of economic recovery, and the working professionals and rich did benefit from it. It is unfair to say that the plan did not help the poor at all it just
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didn't benefit them as much as it did the rich, \" Garrison said. \"The working class in America, those who do the simplest work, get paid the least, and dutifully pay their taxes, has not benefited from Bush's tax-cut plan much.\"
Garrison concludes, \"A lot of cities in America did not enjoy the positive impact of the economic recovery. Washington D.C., on the other hand, has always been sheltered by the federal government. The wide gap between rich and poor in the District, therefore, deserves more in-depth study and exploration.\"
【试题2】
Sometimes you can know too much. The aim of screening healthy people for cancer is to discover tumors when they are small and treatable. It sounds laudable and often it is. But it sometimes leads to unnecessary treatment. The body has a battery of mechanisms for stopping small tumors from becoming large ones. Treating those that would have been suppressed anyway does no good and can often be harmful. Take lung cancer. A report in this week's Journal of the American Medical Association, by Peter Bach of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre in New York and his colleagues, suggests that, despite much fanfare around the use of computed tomography (CT) to detect tumors in the lungs well before they cause symptoms, the test may not reduce the risk of dying from the disease at allindeed, it may make things worse.
The story begins last year, when Claudia Henschke of Cornell University and her colleagues made headlines with a report that patients whose lung cancer had been diagnosed early by CT screening had excellent long-term survival prospects. Her research suggested that 88% of patients could expect to be alive ten years after their diagnosis. Dr Bach found similar results in a separate study. In his case, 94% of patients diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer were alive four years later. Survival data alone, though, fail to answer a basic question: compared with what? People are bound to live longer after their diagnosis if that diagnosis is made earlier. Early diagnosis is of little value unless it results in a better
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prognosis.
Dr Bach, therefore, interrogated his data more thoroughly. He used statistical models based on results from studies of lung cancer that did not involve CT screening, to try to predict what would have happened to the individuals in his own study if they had not been part of that study. The results were not encouraging. Screening did, indeed, detect more tumors. Over the course of five years, 144 cases of lung cancer were picked up in a population of 3,200, compared with a predicted number of 44. Despite these early diagnoses, though, there was no reduction in the number of people who went on to develop advanced cancer, nor a significant drop in the number who died of the disease (38, compared with a prediction of 39). Considering that early diagnosis prompted a tenfold increase in surgery aimed at removing the cancer (the predicted number of surgical interventions was 11; the actual number was 109), and that such surgery is unsafe5% of patients die and another 20-40% suffer serious complicationsthe whole process seems to make things worse.
【汉译英】
【试题一】
２５年来，中国坚定不移地推进改革开放，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从１９７８年至２００３年的２５年间，中国经济年均增长９．４％。２５年前，中国年国内生产总值为１４７３亿美元，去年已达到１４０００多亿美元。２５年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为２０６亿美元，去年已达到８５１２亿美元。２５年前，中国外汇储备为１．６７亿美元，去年已达到４０３３亿美元。目前，中国经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化，最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，始终坚持改革开放，激发了全体人民的积极性、主动性、创造性。
中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，
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生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。
我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。 【试题二】 科技进步与技术创新
20世纪，人类取得了巨大的成就，其中尤其以科学技术的进步为最大。可以预料，在21世纪，科学技术的迅速发展和高科技产业的兴起，将推动世界经济继续由农业经济向工业经济进而向知识经济嬗变。世界正在发生深刻的变化：经济与科学技术的结合与日俱增；世界经济的重组加快步伐；经济繁荣不仅取决于资源和资本的总量，而且有赖于技术知识和信息的积累和应用。创新是新时代的主题，对于世界的社会经济发展至关重要。 为了实现现代化目标，中国下决心对科学和教育进行投资。中国政府决定加大技术创新的力度，发展高科技，完成工业化。这对新世纪的中国有着重要的意义，是振兴中华民族的必由之路。为此，中国将鼓励创新，加快商业化、工业化和国际化的进程。
中国将实施全国科技发展的长远规划，以此重新适应世界的工业结构和国际市场的变化。同时，中国还将实施可持续发展的战略，促进全国的创新工作，加快技术进步，努力解决国民经济中的主要问题，加快我国科技事业的发展。 【参考译文】：
【英译汉必译题】【参考译文】
安徒生或许是土生土长的丹麦人中最出名的一位了。虽然他创作的童话给他带来了声名和财富，但他还是很担心自己会为人们所遗忘。他的担心多少有些杞人忧天了。本周末，丹麦开始举行为期8个月的庆祝活动，庆祝安徒生诞辰两百周年。
庆典于本周六，也就是安徒生出生的确切日期开始举行。庆典安排在帕肯国家体育场举行，期间包括轻快的音乐、舞蹈、灯火表演，还有根据安徒生创作的童话改编的喜剧表演，观看演出的观众有4万多——其中还包括女王玛格丽特二世及王室成员。演出活动后还有音乐会、歌舞剧、芭蕾舞、展览会及各类教育项目，总花费达4000万美元。
丹麦人愿与全世界的人们一同从诸如《海的女儿》、《皇帝的新装》等不朽名篇及安徒生
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创作的其他150多部童话中体味欢乐、悲伤和经验教训。
当然，丹麦人也没忘了沾沾这个庆祝活动的光。举办这个活动不仅是为了让全世界都认识到丹麦对世界文化所作的贡献，也是为了招徕外国游客来参观安徒生位于小镇奥登斯的出生地，并在哥本哈根港内名闻遐迩的美人鱼青铜雕像旁摄影。
但是，丹麦人的安排并不仅止于此。近年来，安徒生的精神遗产的捍卫者们深切地感受到，安徒生童话和TJJ托尔金的《魔戒》及罗琳斯的《哈里.波特》相比，影响力日渐式微。在丹麦人心目中，安徒生童话仍然占据着核心地位，对他们的日常行为起着指导作用（这句话里对vagary一词始终不能把握好，时间太紧，只好姑且先这么说了），但在世界上的其他地方，情况又如何呢？
“丹麦真正需要的是安徒生的转世重生。安徒生早应成为公认的世界级作家，但在他诞辰两百年后，他的这一地位仍未得到肯认。”安徒生2005基金会的秘书长西伯格说到。
【英译汉试题1参考译文】 美国首都贫富不均情况加重
美国首都独立研究机构华盛顿特区财政政策研究院（DC Fiscal Policy Institute）于7月22日公布的一份其最新的研究报告显示，华盛顿特区的贫富差距居全美40个大都会区之冠，20%最富有的家庭其年收入高达$186,830美元，是20%最贫穷家庭年收入（仅$6,126美元）的31倍。虽然亚大兰大和迈阿密两市的贫富差距与华盛顿相当，但其贫富不均的情况却不如华盛顿明显。 报告指出，华盛顿特区贫富差距逐渐加大主要是发生在90年代。在过去十年中，20%最富有的家庭其年收入增长了36倍，而20%最贫穷家庭的年收入仅仅增加了3倍。
“我认为中高收入家庭过分集中在特区的情况仍然会持续下去，在未来十年内贫富鸿沟恐怕难以拉近，”布鲁金斯学院（Brookigns Institution）专攻大华盛顿地区经济和社会形势的高级研究员大卫·盖立森（Daivd Garrison）对《华盛顿观察》周刊说道。 这份报告将华盛顿特区的贫富鸿沟归咎于当地特殊的工作机会。而这些工作往往会吸引高收入家庭搬到此地。特别是华盛顿也是美国联邦政府的所在地，而联邦政府和与政府相关的行业，如院外游说团体和政府合约承包商等等，不断提供高薪工作，也使得华府的高收入家庭有不断增加的趋势。举例来说，一个单身的年轻专业人士从法学院毕业后，在华府的律师事务所服务第一年的年收入可高达$100,000美元。
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“此外，华盛顿特区也提供高品质的住宅（high-quality housing），这也是为什么高薪家庭选择在华府居住的主因之一，”盖立森分析道，“而一般中低收入家庭，在有余力的情况下，为了孩子能够上较好的学校而选择搬离华盛顿特区，移至分布于马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的住宅区。”
“在高收入家庭不断迁移到特区、中低阶层的家庭移出，而最贫穷的家庭又面临无处，也无力可搬的窘境时，就造成我们现在看到的，贫富悬殊的华盛顿特区，”盖立森对《华盛顿观察》周刊说到。
盖立森此处所指的华盛顿特区指的是约有56万人口的都市（District of Columbia）本身，不包括整个华盛顿大都会区（Greater Washington Metro Area），“整个华盛顿大都会区人口高达500万人，但低收入户却只往华盛顿特区集中，”他特别解释道。
“不论我们如何努力吸引商家到华盛顿特区投资，华府有一部分的低收入家庭就是无法从中受惠，没有办法得到特区独特的高薪工作机会。” 华盛顿市长办公室发言人托尼·布拉克（Tony Bullock）说，“贫富差距的背后许多复杂的原因，是不能在一夕之间就改变的。”他言谈间颇有对特区的贫富悬殊无可奈何之叹。
盖立森则认为，特区政府的确应该吸引高收入家庭到特区居住，因为这样能够带来更多税收，对市政建设有积极作用。“但同时，特区政府也应该重视穷人的权益，设立好的学校、提供健全的社会福利等等，这些市政措施都能有效地改善特区严重的贫富不均状况。” 但盖立森对未来贫富差距是否真能拉近不是十分乐观，他尤其对这波经济复苏是不是能帮助到穷人保持怀疑的态度：“布什的减税方案虽然带动了美国这波经济复苏，有工作的人和富人的确享受到不少好处，但对穷人的帮助虽然不能说是完全没有，也只能说是不如富人的获益高，”盖立森分析道，“美国一般的工薪族（working class），也就是那些做初级工作、拿最低工资、老老实实缴税的人，实在没有从布什的减税案得到太大益处。” 盖立森总结说：“美国许多城市并没有享受到美国经济好转所带来的积极价值，但华盛顿特区一直以来受到联邦政府的庇佑，它贫富悬殊的情况仍然如此严重，确实值得深入的研究和检讨。”
【英译汉试题2参考译文】
有时候你可能知道得太多了。健康人群癌症筛查的目的是发现可治疗的小肿瘤，这似乎是值得称赞的，而事实常常也是如此。不过，有时它会导致不必要的治疗。机体自身有一套
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阻止小肿瘤生长的机制，对那些可用自身机制加以抑制的肿瘤采取治疗非但无益，反而可能造成危害。
以肺癌为例。纽约纪念斯隆-凯特灵癌症研究中心（Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre）的彼得•巴赫（Peter Bach）及其同事在本周出版的《美国医学会杂志》（Journal of the American Medical Association）上发表的一项报告中指出，用于症状出现前肺部肿瘤检测的计算机断层扫描技术（computed tomography，CT）虽深受吹捧，但它可能根本无法降低肺癌死亡率，相反会“雪上加霜”。
有关CT用于肺癌筛查的报道始于去年。康奈尔大学克劳迪娅•赫恩施克（Claudia Henschke）和她的同事报道，患者经CT早期诊断为肺癌后，长期生存率显著提高。这一报道轰动一时。她的研究发现，88%的确诊患者10年后仍有望存活。巴赫在另一研究中也发现了类似结果：94%诊断为早期肺癌的患者生存期可达4年。
尽管如此，仅凭生存期的统计数据是无法回答这样一个基本问题的：“与什么相比？”早期诊断无疑可延长生存期，但早期诊断后患者预后必须良好，否则早期诊断就几乎无任何价值。
因此，巴赫对自己的数据进行了更为彻底的分析。他根据非CT检出肺癌的研究结果建立了统计学模型，并假设其研究个体未接受CT筛查，从而对这些个体的预后进行了评估，结果令人失望。
筛查确实可以发现更多的肿瘤病例。五年中，3200人有144人检出肺癌，而预期值仅为44例。不过，尽管这些人得到早期诊断，但发展为晚期肺癌的人数并未减少，死亡人数也无显著下降（预期为39人，实际有38人）。考虑到早期诊断可使行肿瘤切除术的人数增加十倍（预期为11人，实际达109人），而这种手术风险又大（术后死亡率5%，此外还有20~40%的患者出现严重并发症），如此一来就有可能造成更大危害。
【汉译英试题一参考译文】
Over the past 25 years, China has been firmly pressing ahead with the implementation of the reform program and the initiative of opening up to the outside world. With the establishment of a preliminary socialist market economy, and the nations
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economy attaining an outward-oriented perspective, the productive forces and the comprehensive national competence have been on the rising curve constantly. And various social undertakings have been developing in full swing. The living standard of the Chinese people as a whole has undergone a historical leap from a subsistence level to the level of moderate prosperity.
In the 25 years between 1978 and 2003, the annual growth rate of China's economy was running at an average of 9.4 percent, with its GDP jumping from 147.3 billion US dollars to over 1.4 trillion US dollars.
25 years ago, Chinas foreign trade value and foreign exchange reserves each stood at 20.6 billion and 167 million in US dollars, but last year they shot up to 851.2 billion US dollars and 403.3 billion US dollars respectively. China has now become the sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trader in the world.
The tremendous changes in China are attributed to the fact that we have adhered to the path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and persevered in our reform and opening endeavors, which brought into full play the Chinese people's initiative, enthusiasm and creativeness.
Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.
China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.
We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita
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level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.
【汉译英试题二参考答案一】
Scientific and Technological Progress and Technological Innovation
In the 20th century, mankind achieved tremendous successes. Of all the successes, progress in science and technology was perhaps the greatest. It can be predicted that in the 21st century the rapid development of science and technology and the emergence of high-tech industries will push the world economy forward in its continuing evolution from agricultural economy to industrial economy and into the knowledge-based economy The world is undergoing profound changes: the integration of economy with science and technology is increasing day by day, the restructuring/reorganization of the world economy is speeding up, and economic prosperity depends not only on the total volume of resources and capital, but directly on the accumulation and application of technological knowledge and information. Innovation is the theme of the new age and is of paramount importance to the worlds socioeconomic development.
To fulfill the objective of modernization, China is determined to invest in science and technology. The Chinese Government has made the decision to enhance technology innovation, develop high technology and accomplish industrialization. This is important for China in the new century and is the only road for the Chinese nation toward revitalization. For this purpose, China will encourage innovation to accelerate
the
process
of
commercialization,
industrialization
and
internationalization.
China will implement its long-range plan for national scientific and technological development to make it geared to the changes in industrial structure and market demands of the world. China will also implement strategies for achieving sustainable
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development, promote innovation on a national scale, speed up technological progress, make great efforts to solve major problems in national economy, and enhance the development of science and technology of our country. 【汉译英试题二参考答案二】
In the 20th century, humankind has made tremendous achievements of which the biggest one is the advances in science and technology. It is predicted that the rapid development of science and technology and the rise of high-tech industry will continue to promote the changes of the world economy from agriculture-based economy to industry-based economy and then to knowledge-based economy. The world is undergoing profound changes: the integration of economy and science and technology is increasing day by day; the restructuring of the world economy is speeding up; and economic prosperity not only hinges upon the total volume of resources and capital, but also directly on the accumulation and application of technological knowledge and information. Innovation is the theme of the new era and is crucial to the worlds socioeconomic development.
China has determined to invest in science and education for its modernization. Chinese government has decided to intensify its efforts in its technological innovation, develop its high technology and accomplish its industrialization. This is of great significance for China in the new century and is the only way to the vitalization of the Chinese nation. Therefore, China will encourage innovation to accelerate its commercialization, industrialization and internationalization. China will carry out its long-term plan for national scientific and technological development to readapt to the changes of the worlds industrial structuring and international market. Meanwhile, China will implement the strategies of sustainable development, promote its innovation on a national basis, strive to resolve its major problems in national economy and accelerate the development of science and technology.
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2006年5月二级笔译实务试题 【英译汉必译题】
For all the natural and man-made disasters of the past year, travelers seem more determined than ever to leave home.
Never mind the tsunami devastation in Asia last December, the recent earthquake in Kashmir or the suicide bombings this year in London and Bali, among other places on or off the tourist trail. The number of leisure travelers visiting tourist destinations hit by trouble has in some cases bounced back to a level higher than before disaster struck.
\"This new fast recovery of tourism we are observing is kind of strange,\" said John Koldowski, director for the Strategic Intelligence Center of the Bangkok-based Pacific Asia Travel Association. \"It makes you think about the adage that any publicity is good publicity.\"
It is still too soon to compile year-on-year statistics for the disasters of the past 12 months, but travel industry experts say that the broad trends are already clear. Leisure travel is expected to increase by nearly 5 percent this year, according to the World Tourism and Travel Council.
Tourism and travel now seem to bounce back faster and higher each time there is an event of this sort,\" said Ufi Ibrahim, vice president of the London-based World Tourism and Travel Council. For London, where suicide bombers killed 56 and wounded 700 on July 8, she said, \"It was almost as if people who stayed away after the bomb attack then decided to come back twice.\"
Early indicators show that the same holds true for other disaster-struck destinations. Statistics compiled by the Pacific Asia Travel Association, for
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example, show that monthly visitor arrivals in Sri Lanka, where the Dec. 26, 2004, tsunami left more than 30,000 people dead or missing, were higher than one year earlier for every month from March through August of this year.
A case commonly cited by travel professionals as an early example of the trend is Bali, where 202 people were killed in bombings targeting Western tourists in October 2002. Visitor arrivals plunged to 993,000 for the year after the bombing, but bounced back to 1.46 million in 2004, a level higher than the two years before the bomb, according to the Pacific Asia Travel Association.
Even among Australians, who suffered the worst casualties in the Bali bombings, the number of Bali-bound visitors bounced back within two years to the highest level since 1998, according the Pacific Asia Travel Association.
Bali was hit again this year by suicide bombers who killed 19 people in explosions at three restaurants.
Visits are also on the upswing to post-tsunami Thailand, where the giant waves killed 5,400 and left more than 5,000 missing.
Although the tsunami killed more than 500 Swedes on the Thai resort island of Phuket, the largest number of any foreign nationality to die, Swedes are returning to the island in larger numbers than last year, according to My Travel Sweden, a Stockholm-based group that sends 600,000 tourists overseas annually and claims a 28 percent market share for Sweden.
\"We were confident that Thailand would eventually bounce back as a destination, but we didnt think that this year it would come back even stronger than last year,\" said Joakim Eriksson, director of communication for My Travel Sweden. \"We were very
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surprised because we really expected a significant decline.\"
Eriksson said My Travel now expects a 5 percent increase in visitors to both Thailand and Sri Lanka this season compared with the same season last year. This behavior is a sharp change from the patterns of the 1990s, Eriksson said.
\"During the first Gulf war we saw a sharp drop in travel as a whole, and the same after Sept. 11,\" Eriksson said. \"Now the main impact of terrorism or disasters is a change in destination.\" 【英译汉二选一】 【试题1】
Freed by warming, waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle.
In Bykovsky, a village of 457 on Russia's northeast coast, the shoreline is collapsing, creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil, at a rate of 15 to 18 feet a year.
\"It is practically all ice - permafrost - and it is thawing.\" For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle,a changing climate presents new opportunities. But it also threatens their environment, their homes and, for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness, the preservation of their culture. A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.
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Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well, forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a projected cost of $100 million or more for each one.
Across the Arctic, indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife. They are trying to adapt, but it can be confounding.
In Finnmark, Norway's northernmost province, the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau, silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them.
A changing Arctic is felt there, too. \"The reindeer are becoming unhappy,\" said Issat Eira, a 31-year-old reindeer herder.
Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs. The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region, and Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance.
And yet no amount of government support can convince Mr. Eira that his livelihood, intractably entwined with the reindeer, is not about to change. Like a Texas cattleman, he keeps the size of his herd secret. But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow, which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat. \"The people who are making the decisions, they are living in the south and they are living in towns,\" said Mr. Eira, sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. \"They don't mark the change of weather. It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it.\"
A push to develop the North, quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas, carries
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its own rewards and dangers for people in the region. The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and, soon, liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America. Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators, smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry. 【试题2】
Some people call him “Guidone”—big Guido. Large in both physical stature and reputation, Guido Rossi, who took over as Telecom Italia's chairman on September 15th following the surprise resignation of Marco Tronchetti Provera, has stood out from the Italian business crowd for more than three decades. Mr. Rossi, who attended Harvard law school in the 1950s and wrote a book on American bankruptcy law, made his name as a corporate lawyer keen on market rules and their enforcement. He has since worked in both private and public sectors, including stints in the Italian Senate and as one of the European Commission's group of company-law experts. As well as running a busy legal practice, he also has a reputation as a corporate troubleshooter and all-round Mr Fix-It, and is often called upon to clean up organizations in crisis.
His role at Telecom Italia marks a return to the company he headed for ten months in 1997, during its politically tricky and legally complex privatization. Before that, Mr Rossi had been sent in to sort out Ferruzzi-Montedison, an agri-business and chemicals group, which had collapsed after magistrates uncovered tangentopoli (bribesville). Last year his legal scheming was crucial in ABN Amro's victorious bid for Banca Antonveneta. Most recently, he acted as special commissioner at Italy's football association, where he was drafted in to sort out the mess after a massive match-rigging scandal exploded earlier this year.
Alas, his efforts to bleach football's dark stains produced the same meagre[4]
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results as his other efforts to get Italian business and finance to change its ways. Like Italians when tangentopoli burst, fans wanted justice when the scandal broke; but enthusiasm for legality quickly waned, sighs Francesco Saverio Borrelli, Milan's former chief prosecutor, who headed the city's assault on corruption during the 1990s and was appointed by Mr Rossi to dig out football's dirt.The political muscle of the clubs prevented tough measures being taken against them, reflecting Italy's two-tier justice system in which the rich and powerful can do what they like. Economic interests in football far outweigh sporting interests, remarks Mr Borrelli. The rottenness in football shocked even the unshakeable Mr Rossi. Football did not want rules, it just wanted me to solve its problems, he says. Despairing of being able to change much, he resigned in September and turned his attention to Telecom Italia. 【汉译英】 【试题一】
亚洲是我们共同的家园，亚洲的和平、稳定、发展关系到亚洲各国人民的共同命运。我们高兴地看到，在当前总体和平稳定的国际环境下，亚洲也迎来了有史以来较为稳定的和平发展时期。这就是一个最重要的新机会。
在亚洲各国政府和人民的共同努力下，亚洲的发展正呈现出前所未有的良好态势，突出表现在：亚洲巨大的市场潜能逐步得到开发，亚洲各国和地区经济结构调整的成效显著，产业优化升级继续加快，经济持续快速发展，亚洲已成为全球经济最具活力的地区之一。“我们说，要把握亚洲寻求共赢的新机会，这又是一个新机会。”
亚洲和平、稳定、发展的整体氛围，促进了亚洲区域合作进程的快速发展，一个平等、多元、开放、互利的地区合作新局面正在逐步形成。特别是以东亚、东盟、中亚、南盟、亚洲合作对话以及多双边自由贸易安排为标志，各种形式的区域、次区域经济合作蓬勃发展。这同样也是一个新机会。
这些积极而重大的变化，既为推动亚洲区域合作提供了有利条件，也为亚洲各国和地区的
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发展带来了历史性机遇。“只要我们继续相互尊重、平等对待，把握发展的机会，把握住自己的命运，就一定能够促进亚洲的发展与振兴，达致互利共赢的目标。”
【试题二】
国际经验与中国特色
中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。 比如，在农业问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约方式。现在美国人均年消费石油25桶，而中国人均消费不到1桶半。如果中国人不顾自己的条件，异想天开想做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源急切需求就会给自己，同事也会给人类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。
又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。目前，中国农村劳动力有5亿多人，今后20年大约有两亿多人要转移出来，在这个问题上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。欧洲在近代历史上，总共有6000多万人走到世界各地，到处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。21世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失土地的条件下，在城乡之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。 【英译汉必做题参考译文】
尽管去年发生了许多自然灾害和人为的灾害，但是旅游者比以往更加坚决地出门旅行。 虽然去年12月亚洲的海啸产生了巨大的破坏力，最近克什米尔发生了地震，伦敦和巴厘岛出现了自杀性炸弹袭击，游客却毫不在意，无论在旅游路线上的地点或其他地方是否有危险。在某些情况下，受到灾难影响的旅游地区吸引的游客人数快速反弹，甚至比灾难发生之前的数量还多。
“我们注意到旅游业最近快速回升，这种情况是有一点奇怪。” 总部设在曼谷的太平洋亚洲旅游协会战略情报中心主任约翰－考尔多斯基说道，“这使你想到那句老话，就是-只要是宣传,好坏都不赖。”
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虽然整理过去12个月的灾难年度数据还为时尚早，但是旅游业专家指出，现在旅游业发展总的趋势是清楚明确的。世界旅游协会指出，今年休闲旅游预期增长约5％。
“每次一有灾难发生，旅游业现在好像反弹得更快，旅游人数比灾害前更高。”总部在伦敦得世界旅游及旅行理事会副理事长尤菲－伊布拉辛说道。比如伦敦。7月8日伦敦的自杀爆炸袭击造成56人死亡，700人受伤。尤菲说：“看起来几乎是那些躲开了炸弹袭击的人决定再来伦敦看看。”
早期数字指出，对于其他遭受灾难的地方来说也是如此。例如，太平洋亚洲旅游协会的统计表明，虽然2004年12月26日的海啸造成超过3万人死伤，但是今天3月到8月间，来到斯里兰卡的游客人数每个月都比去年同期要高。
为了说明这种趋势，旅游专业人士常常引用的一个先前的例子是巴厘岛。2002年10月，针对西方人的炸弹袭击造成202人死亡。然而在爆炸后一年，游客人数骤降至993000人，而2004年反弹至146万人。太平洋亚洲旅游协会指出，这一数字比炸弹袭击的前两年还高。 太平洋亚洲旅游协会还指出，即使是在巴厘岛炸弹袭击中伤亡最为惨重的澳大利亚人也是如此。仅在袭击后的两年内，来巴厘岛旅游的人数就反弹至自1998年以来的最高点。 自杀式炸弹袭击者今年再度袭击了巴厘岛，三所饭馆发生爆炸，造成19人死亡。
泰国在遭受了海啸袭击后，也吸引了更多的游客，而当时的海啸掀起了巨浪，造成5400人死亡，5000人失踪。
虽然泰国旅游胜地普吉岛的海啸曾造成500多瑞典人死亡，是死亡人数最多的外国人，但是“瑞典－我的旅行”组织说，更多的瑞典人回到普吉岛旅游，总数超过去年。该组织总部设在斯德哥尔摩，每年把60万游客送往海外，占有28％的瑞典旅游市场份额。
“我们深信，泰国最终重新成为旅游热点地区，但是我们没有想到，今年的反弹力度比去年还要强劲。”“瑞典－我的旅行”组织交通部主任约吉姆－埃里克森说，“本来我们以为人数会有大的下滑，所以对现在的情况感到十分吃惊。”
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埃里克森说，该组织预计，与去年相同的旅游季节相比，今天去泰国和斯里兰卡的游客人数均将上升5％。他说，这种情况与20世纪90年代有了显著的变化。
“在第一次海湾战争期间，我们发现，旅游业总体上有显著的下滑，911之后也是如此。”埃里克森说，“现在，恐怖主义活动或灾害袭击给旅游业造成的影响无非是改变了旅游的目的地而已。”
【英译汉试题1参考译文】
随着天气变暖，北极圈的冰层开始融化，海水涌上来开始侵蚀沿岸村落。
拜考夫斯凯村位于俄罗斯东北部沿海地区，居住着457个村民，这里的海岸线已经遭到破坏，海水正以每年15－18英尺的速度向内陆的房屋和采暖用油桶逼近。
“这里本来全都是冰，我们称之为永久冻土，但是现在已经开始融化了。”对于居住在北极圈里的四百万人来说，气候变化给他们带来了新的机遇。但是，这也威胁着他们赖以生存的环境和家园，而对于那些祖祖辈辈生活在冰雪荒原的人们来说，这还关乎他们能否保住自己的文化。
对北部地区的进一步开发随着北冰洋的融化加快了脚步，给当地人民带来了利益，也带来了危险。在巴伦支海和卡拉海发现了广阔的油田，但人们担心先装满石油然后很快就是液化天燃气的轮船发生灾难事故，这些船将卷起海浪，穿过斯堪地那维亚半岛近海的捕鱼区，一直开往欧洲和北美州市场。当越来越多的发电机、大烟囱和各种重型车辆进入这个地区帮助发展能源工业时，也会使这片处女地受到污染。
阿拉斯加州也存在着海岸侵蚀的问题，这迫使美国政府打算迁移数个因纽特人的村庄，每个村庄的预计搬迁费用高达一亿多美元。
在北极区，在极端冰冷环境里生存了几百年的本地部落注意到了气候和野生动物的变化，他们想去适应这种变化，但常常不知所措。
在挪威最北面的芬马克省，每到冬末，北极的大片土地一望无际，好像冰雪高原，万籁俱寂，偶尔只会听见几声驯鹿的鸣叫和摩托雪橇放牧驯鹿的轰鸣。
但是即使在那里，人们也感受到了北极的变化。“驯鹿越来越不开心。”31岁的养鹿人埃拉说道。
其实谈及保护环境和本土习俗，没有什么国家可以与挪威相提并论。政府把开发石油获得的财富都用在了北极地区，萨米人的文化也因此得到了某种意义上的复兴。
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但是无论有多少来自于政府的支持都无法让埃拉相信，他以鹿为生的日子将会和以往一样。象德克萨斯州的养牛人，他对自己放养的驯鹿数量守口如瓶，但是他说，春秋两季气温上升，导致表层雪融化，天冷后结成冰，驯鹿就更难于刨食到地表的植物。 “那些制定政策的人都住在南方的城市里，”埃拉坐在用鹿皮搭建的家里说，“那些决策者注意不到天气的变化。只有真正住在大自然里、从大自然获得生活资源的人才能注意到这一切。”
【英译汉试题2参考译文】
有的人叫他“吉多尼”——也就是“大”吉多。吉多•罗西身材高大，名气也很大。9月15日，在马可•特龙切蒂•普罗费拉突然辞职之后，三十多年来在意大利商圈一直声名显赫的罗西接任意大利电信公司总裁一职。上世纪五十年代，罗西在哈佛法学院学习，曾写过一部关于美国破产法的著作，后来成为一名公司代理律师，因热衷于市场规则及其执行相关的案例而名噪一时。他在私有和国有单位都谋过事，其中包括在意大利参议院干过一段时间，当过欧盟委员会公司法律处专家。除了忙于法律业务外，他还是赫赫有名的排解公司纠纷高手，人称全能的“处理先生”，经常有危机缠身的公司请他帮助排忧解难。
他在意大利电信公司所扮演的角色标志着他的回归，因为1997年他在该公司主持过十个月的工作，其时公司正处于勾心斗角的政治斗争和涉及复杂法律问题的私有化过程中。之前罗西曾受命调查了Ferruzzi-Montedison的问题。Ferruzzi-Montedison是一家农业与化工集团，在被地方法官查出存在贿赂问题后倒闭。去年，他作为荷兰银行Amro公司成功收购Banca Antonveneta一案的法律顾问也起到了关键作用。最近他还担任了意大利足协的调查专员，负责调查今年早些时候爆出的涉及面很广的假球丑闻。
遗憾的是，与试图帮助意大利商界和金融界“改过自新”一样，他为“净足运动”所做的努力也收效甚微。米兰前任首席检察官萨维利奥•博雷利无奈地说：“当丑闻爆发时，球迷们像当年发生贿赂案时一样希望司法介入，可这样的热情很快就消退了。”博雷利是上世纪90年代米兰打击腐败的负责人，曾受命于罗西负责调查足球丑闻。（涉案）俱乐部内在的政治势力使得（调查组）无法对其采取严厉措施，这也反映出身处意大利双重司法体系之下的有钱有势者可以为所欲为。博雷利说：“足球的经济利益淹没了人们对这项运动的热情。”足球腐败甚至让不可动摇的罗西也感到震惊。“足球不需要规则，它只需要我帮
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助解决问题。”他说。由于无力回天，他感到很是绝望，于是在9月份提出辞职，从此把注意力转向了意大利电信。 【汉译英试题一参考译文】
Asia is the home of all of us. Peace, stability and development in Asia are crucial to the well-being of the people in our region. We are heartened to see that just as the world today enjoys overall peace and stability, so Asia is in a relatively stable and peaceful period for development rarely seen in its history. We often say that Asia should seize an opportunity for win-win progress. Now we are faced with this important opportunity.
Thanks to the joint effort of the governments and peoples of Asian countries, Asia has registered an unprecedented sound momentum of development, marked by the unleashing of huge market potential, effective economic restructuring in various countries and areas, accelerating industrial upgrading and fast and sustained economic growth. This has made Asia one of the most dynamic regions in the world. This is another opportunity that Asia should seize to make win-win progress. The overall peace, stability and development in Asia have led to fast progress in the regional cooperation process. A new type of regional cooperation based on equality, diversity, openness and mutual benefit is taking shape. Various regional and sub-regional economic cooperation mechanisms have grown in strength, which include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, those in East Asia and Central Asia, and multilateral and bilateral free trade arrangements. This is another opportunity that Asia should seize.
These positive and major developments have brought about both favorable conditions for regional cooperation and historical opportunities for the development of Asia. We should respect and treat each other as equals, seize the opportunities of development and hold our destiny in our own hands. As we do this, we will certainly
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achieve mutual benefit and win-win progress and promote development and rejuvenation of Asia. 【汉译英试题二参考答案】
International Experience and Chinese Characteristics
As a new comer striving for modernization, China is badly in need of drawing experience from international practice. At the same time, China must rely on itself to address and resolve problems arising in the process of her peaceful rise. In other words, Chinas modernization must beat its own unique characteristics. For instance, with regard to energy issues, China is working hard to blaze a trail in energy conservation so as to shape up a China-style energy-saving approach. Currently, the American per capita annual consumption of oil is 25 barrels, while that for China is no more than a barrel and a half. Should the Chinese ignore their national conditions and indulge themselves in the wildest American Dream, the nations desperate energy demands will undoubtedly bring heavy burden and endless trouble both to the Chinese people and the humankind as a whole.
Similarly, over the matter of migration of superfluous rural labor force to the city, China is sure to gradually find out the way towards urbanization stamped with Chinese characteristics. At present, China has a labor force of more than 500 million in the countryside, about 200 million of whom are expected to be migrated to the urban areas in the dream the European dream. In modern history, Europe has seen altogether over 60 million people depart for every corner of the world to establish colonies overseas, thereby changing the map of the world. For the Chinese people in the first half of the 21st century, however, they can only tackle this formidable universal problem within its own land, first by carefully coordinating urban and rural development and secondly, by providing guided and orderly flow of redundant rural labor force between the countryside and the city without loss of their lands.
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2006年11月二级笔译实务试题 【英译汉必译题】
This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollandism in water - and to chart a new course.
They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the consequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes.
Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of ground waters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the past three decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers.
What is driving the global water crisis? Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quantity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinking - especially in some of the poorest countries.
Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability.
Across the world, water-based ecological systems - rivers, lakes and watersheds - have been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makers
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who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over- exploitation. We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean? For starters, we have to stop using water like theres no tomorrow - and that means using it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment. The buzz- phrase at the Mexico Water forum is \"integrated water resource management.\" What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest. 【英译汉二选一】 【试题1】
John Kenneth Galbraith, the iconoclastic economist, teacher and diplomat, died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts。He was 97.
Mr. Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics; among his 33 books was \"The Affluent Society\" (1958), one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values. He wrote fluidly, even on complex topics, and many of his compelling phrases among them \"the affluent society,\" \"conventional wisdom\" and \"countervailing power\" became part of the language. An imposing presence, lanky and angular at 6 feet 8 inches tall, Mr. Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders, and he gave advice freely, though it may have been ignored as often as it was taken. Mr. Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted.
Mr. Galbraith, a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students, nonetheless always commanded attention.
From the 1930\"s to the 1990\"s Mr. Galbraith helped define the terms of the national political debate, influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders.
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He tutored Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee for president in 1952 and 1956, on Keynesian economics. He advised President John F. Kennedy (often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in their beloved Boston) and served as his ambassador to India.
Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the war in Vietnam, he helped conceive of Mr. Johnson\"s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes. In 1968, pursuing his opposition to the war, he helped Senator Eugene J. McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president.
In the course of his long career, he undertook a number of government assignments, including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Kennedy and Johnson.
He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels. He took on the Harvard economics department with \"A Tenured Professor,\" ridiculing, among others, a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself. At his death, Mr. Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career. A popular lecturer, he treated economics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers. 【试题2】
LAST week, Indonesia announced its 43rd human death from bird flu. It has now recorded more fatalities than any other nation, and in stark contrast to all other countries its death toll is climbing regularly. It looks as though things will get worse before they get better.
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The Indonesian government claims to be committed to fighting the disease, caused by the H5N1 virus, but it does not seem to want to spend much of its own money doing so. After the international community pledged $900m in grants and slightly more in very soft loans to combat the spread of bird flu globally and to help nations prepare for a possible human flu pandemic[2], Indonesia put in a request for the full $900mall of it in grants.
A national bird-flu commission was created in March to co-ordinate the country's response but it has yet to be given a budget. Its chief, meanwhile, has just been given a second full-time jobheading efforts to rebuild the part of Java devastated by an earthquake in May.
Observers say that the available money is being mis-spent, with the focus on humans rather than on animals. The agriculture ministry, for example, is asking for less money for next year than it got this year. This is despite hundreds of thousands of hens dying every month, to say nothing of infected cats, quails, pigs and ducks. Farmers are being compensate at only 2,000 rupiah (21 cents) per bird, well below market price, thereby discouraging them from reporting outbreaks. The country's veterinary surveillance services are inadequate. Pledges to vaccinate hundreds of millions of birds have not been met.
The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization is starting to establish local disease-control centers to cope with the effects of a virulent mutation, should one occur, but reckons that only one-third of the country will be covered by year's end. A bunch of international do-gooders[4] that is trying to plug some of the gaps is finding it hard to raise money.
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【汉译英】 【试题一】
中国是农业大国，在中国成为发达国家的道路上，农业有着决定性的作用。 中国的农业应该是世界的奇迹，养活了13亿的人口，解决了世界1/5人口的吃饭问题，对中国经济的快速发展起到了坚实的保障作用。特别是始于1978年的改革开放最早从农村开始，使农业得到了进一步的发展，粮食、棉花、油料、糖料、肉类、水产品等产量均列世界第一位。中国农产品由极度短缺变为基本供给平衡，部分品种有余。但今天农村却不是改革开放的最大受益者，农业仍然处于传统农业向现代农业转变的发展阶段。
在中国， 70%左右的人口仍然要依靠这个传统的农业产业提供生存保障，近50%的社会劳动人口仍然只能从农业中得到就业机会。农业生产产值占整个国民生产总值的比率在15%左右。
因此农业的现代化在国家的整个现代化进程中，占有举足轻重的地位。“实现农业的现代化”，这是中国政府一直在坚持的农业发展方向。 【试题二】
维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。
中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国政府把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防政策。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护国家安全统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。
中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护国家安全和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构
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成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和军队建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和军队建设全面协调可持续发展。 【英译汉必做题参考译文】
从本周直到下周，各国政府、国际机构和非政府组织齐聚墨西哥城，参与世界水论坛的召开，讨论全球形式化治水的遗留问题，并为此制定新的解决方案。
这里作为论坛的举办地点再合适不过了。从墨西哥城基下的土层中，地下水正被源源不断地抽取出来，而补给同等水量需要花两倍的时间。这导致墨西哥城的不断下沉，速度约为每年0.05米。城市设施由此而受到破坏，随处可见布满裂纹的教堂，摇摇欲坠的美术馆和破裂的供排水管道。
世界各地水危机的形式各不相同。为了灌溉而对地下水进行开采，让印度和巴基斯坦部分地区的地下水位30年来下降了30米。随着水位的下降，抽水的成本也在上升，贫困农民的生计更加艰难。
是什么促使了全球水危机的发生？水的便于取用是一个方面。不同于石油和煤炭，水可以被无限循环再生，但是可供取用的水资源是有限的。全球用水量正以两倍于人口增长率的速度持续增长，人均水资源占有量也在缩减。在那些特别贫困的国家，这一问题尤其突出。
水资源的短缺可能让某些国家难于对付，真正的治水难题却有着更深刻的背景。20世纪的水资源管理模型源于一种简单观念：水是一种取之不竭的资源。人们可以对它随意取用、截流改道而不必付出成本，也无需考虑水源短缺或是可持续性利用的问题。 世界各地的许多政府决策者忽视了过度开发水资源带来的后果，把依赖水体而存在的生态系统 - 河流，湖泊和分水岭划到了生态环境可持续发展的体系之外。
21世纪需要新的水资源管理模型。这意味着什么呢？首先必须停止对水源肆无忌惮的浪费。就是说，我们要更加有效和适度地利用水资源，不对环境造成破坏。“水资源综合管理”是本届水论坛提出的新名词，其涵义是政府需要控制不同个体的用水需求量，并从公共利益出发来管理这种宝贵资源。 【英译汉试题1参考译文】
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反传统的经济学家、教育家以及外交家约翰肯. 格贝斯先生于周六在马萨诸塞州剑桥医院去世，享年97岁。
在经济学历史上，格贝斯先生的著作有着广泛的读者。在他的33部著作当中， 1958年出版的《富裕社会》就是一本为数不多的能促使一个国家重新监视其价值的著作。 即便是一些复杂的议题，他也能够文思泉涌。其中他的很多有说服力的的句子早已成为语言的一部分，例如“富裕社会”、“传统智慧”“抵消力量”。
身材瘦长高6英尺8英寸的格贝斯先生的出现总是让人难以忘怀。 许多国家领导人经常就一些问题咨询格贝斯先生，虽然他给出的建议有近一半被忽略，但他还是非常乐意给出建议。格贝斯先生喜欢用连他自己都不信任的传统智慧来思考问题。
格贝斯先生是受多届哈佛学生尊敬的讲师，值得我们经常地关注。
从20世纪30年代到90年代，格贝斯先生重新界定了国家政治辩论的条件，这一界定同时影响了民主党及其领导者的思路。
他曾经就凯恩斯经济学辅导曾两度被提名为民主党总统候选人的埃尔 E. 斯蒂温逊。他曾经是约翰F.肯尼迪总统的顾问（通常是在他们深爱的波士顿Locke-Ober餐馆，一边吃着焖龙虾）并且出任肯尼迪政府的驻印度大使。
尽管最终因为对越南战争分歧，格贝斯与林顿B.约翰逊总统关系破裂，但是他还帮助构思了约翰逊先生的伟大社会项目并且撰写了总统施政纲领及其主要内容。在反战思想的推动下，1968年他积极帮助参议员Eugene J. McCarthy争取民主党总统候选人的提名。
在他漫长的职业生涯中，格贝斯曾多次接受政府的任命，其中包括在二战期间的价格控制组织，为弗兰克林D.罗斯福、肯尼迪和约翰逊三位总统撰写演讲稿。并且他还以自己在中政府工作的经验出版了小说“终身教授”，与其其他作品相比，该小说充满了讽刺意味，描写了一位与他完全没有相似之处的一个坦率的人物形象。
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直至去世，格贝斯先生一直是近乎终身执教的哈佛大学经济学荣誉教授。作为一个颇受欢迎的讲师，他认为经济学是社会和文化的一部分而不是神秘的数字规则。 【英译汉试题2参考译文】
印尼上周宣布本国第43人死于禽流感。它的死亡纪录现已超过其它任何一个国家，并且与其它各国形成鲜明对比的是它的死亡人数还在不断攀升。现在看来，情况似乎不但未见好转，反而要愈发地糟糕。
虽然印尼政府声称有责任与这一由H5N1型病毒所致的疾病作斗争，但是它似乎并不希望自己为此投入很多资金。国际社会承诺捐款9亿美金，同时提供稍多数额的超低息贷款（译注：软贷款是指借款国可用本国软货币偿还的贷款。软货币即软通货，如纸币，区别于硬通货如黄金。此类贷款利息很低，主要用于帮助别人），以阻止禽流感在全球扩散，并帮助各国做好可能发生的人流感大范围流行的防范准备，可是此后印尼竟然要求将全部9亿美金据为己有——而且全部以捐款的形式。
今年3月，印尼成立了全国禽流感委员会，旨在协调本国应急反应工作，不过其所需专项资金至今仍未到位。其间，该委员会主席正好又被安排了第二份专职工作——负责遭5月份地震毁坏的爪哇岛部分地区灾后重建工作。（译注：此段是指“虽然有了组织机构，但由于缺乏资金以及有关领导无法专心工作，禽流感防治工作不能取得进展。）
观察家说，现有资金使用不合理，投放重点应该是动物而不是人。例如，农业部为明年申请到的资金就比今年少。这等于是对每月死去的成百上千只鸡坐视不理，更不用说被感染的猫、鹌鹑、猪和鸭了。农民们每只家禽得到的补偿仅为2000卢比（21美分），远低于市场价格，这使得他们不再积极报告发病情况。该国的兽医监督服务力度也不够，要为数千万只家禽注射疫苗的承诺到现在都没有兑现。
联合国粮农组织正在准备建立地方疾病控制中心，以应对可能发生的病毒突变所造成的后果。不过该组织估计到今年底印尼全国只有1/3的地区将建成此类中心。国际上众多想法天真的慈善家也在竭力填补这其中的一些缺口，却发现难以筹措所需资金。
【汉译英试题二参考答案】
To uphold world peace, promote common development and seek cooperation and win-win is the common wish of the people around the world and an irresistible trend of our times.
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Committed to peace, development and cooperation, China pursues a road of peaceful development, and endeavors to build, together with other countries, a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.
Never before has China been so closely bound up with the rest of the world as it is today. The Chinese government works to advance both the fundamental interests of the Chinese people and the common interests of the peoples of the rest of the world, and pursues a defense policy which is purely defensive in nature. China's national defense, in keeping with and contributing to the country's development and security strategies, aims at maintaining national security and unity, and ensuring the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. China is determined to remain a staunch force for global peace, security and stability.
China's national defense and military modernization, conducted on the basis of steady economic development, is the requirement of keeping up with new trends in the global revolution and development in military affairs, and of maintaining China's national security and development. China will not engage in any arms race or pose a military threat to any other country. At the new stage in the new century, we will take the scientific development outlook as an important guiding principle for the building of national defense and military affairs, vigorously advance the revolution in military affairs with Chinese features, and strive to realize an all-round, coordinated and sustainable development in our country's national defense and military capabilities.
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2007年5月二级笔译实务试题 【英译汉必译题】
Strolling beside Amsterdam’s oldest canals, where buildings carry dates like 1541 and 1603, it is easy to imagine the citys prosperity in the 17th century. Replace todays bicycles and cars with horse-drawn carts, add more barges on the waterways, and this is essentially how Amsterdam must have looked to Rembrandt as he did his rounds of wealthy merchants.
Such musings are not, of course, unprompted. This year, Amsterdam is celebrating the 400th anniversary of Rembrandts birth, and it is hard to escape his shadow. His birthplace in Leiden, 20 miles south, has naturally organized its own festivities. But Amsterdam has two advantages: it boasts the worlds largest Rembrandt collection and tourists like to come here anyway.
True, anniversaries can be pretty corny, but what city resists them? This year, Amsterdam is competing with Salzburg, where Mozart was born 250 years ago, and Aix-en-Provence, where Cézanne died a century ago. A sign in Amsterdams tourist office by the Central Station hints at one motive for such occasions: Buy your Rembrandt products here.
Still, if you start off by liking Rembrandt, as I do, there is much to discover. For instance, when in Amsterdam I always make a point of paying homage to the Rembrandt masterpieces in the Rijksmuseum, yet until now I had never bothered to visit Rembrandt House, where the painter lived from 1639 until driven out by bankruptcy in 1658. In brief, I had never much connected his art to his person. Now, at least, I have made a stab at doing so because, for this anniversary (he was born on July 15, 1606), Amsterdam has organized a host of events that offer insights into Rembrandts world. They highlight not only what is known about his life, but also the people he painted and the city he lived in from the age of 25 until his death at 63 in 1669.
Although the Rijksmuseum is undergoing a massive renovation through 2009, the museum is not snubbing its favorite son. Throughout the year, in part of the building
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to be renovated last, it is presenting some 400 paintings and other 17th-century objects representing the Golden Age in which Rembrandt prospered. These include works by Jan Steen, Vermeer and Frans Hals as well as by Rembrandt and his pupils. And they climax with Rembrandts largest and best known oil, The Night Watch, itself the focus of Nightwatching, a light and sound installation by the British movie director and Amsterdam resident, Peter Greenaway. 【英译汉二选一】 【试题1】
The arsenal of antibiotics strong enough to squelch nasty bacteria is rapidly dwindling worldwide, which makes worried infectious-disease doctors more intent than ever that the drugs be deployed only when strictly needed.
These specialists know that every antibiotic carries its own risks, and that the more frequently and broadly a drug is used, the more likely it is that harmful microbes will develop tricks to sidestep it. But a team of researchers in the Netherlands, where a more selective use of antibiotics has led to much lower levels of resistant bacteria than are circulating in the United States, thinks the medical finger-waggers have not gone far enough.
\"As doctors, we've paid a lot of attention to questions of which antibiotics we should use to treat what sorts of infections, but have focused much less on how long that treatment should last,\" said Dr. Jan Prins of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam.
In a small but provocative study published in the June 10 issue of the British medical journal BMJ, Dr. Prins and colleagues from nine hospitals suggested that even some cases of pneumonia a potentially life-threatening disease could be treated with a three-day course of antibiotics, rather than the conventional 7- to 10-day treatment.
The Dutch study analyzed the cure rates of 186 adults who had been hospitalized with mild to moderately severe pneumonia. All received three days of intravenous amoxicillin to start. After that, the 119 who were showing substantial improvement
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were randomly divided into two groups; about half continued with another five-day course of oral amoxicillin, and the others got look-alike sugar pills. Neither the patients nor the doctors knew who was getting which treatment until the end of their participation in the study.
By the end of treatment, roughly 89 percent of the patients in each group were cured of their lung infections without further intervention. In a commentary accompanying the study, Dr. John Paul, a microbiologist at Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, England, writes that, at least for a subset of patients with uncomplicated, community-acquired pneumonia, the finding \"suggests that current guidelines recommending 7-10 days should be revised.\"
As lead investigator of the Dutch study, Dr. Prins was not ready to go quite that far. He cited the study's small size and the seriousness of the illness as a reason to wait until the finding is independently replicated before advising a wholesale change in practice.
试题2【缺】 【汉译英】 【试题一】
四川从今年开始将新建三个大熊猫自然保护区，使全省的大熊猫自然保护区达到40个，以确保50％左右的大熊猫栖息地和60％左右的野生大熊猫个体分布在保护区内。四川省今年将建的保护区包括位于邛崃山系的芦山县黄水河大熊猫自然保护区和位于大小相岭的荥经县泡草湾大熊猫自然保护区。同时，位于乐山市金口河区的八月林保护区正在审批中，有望在年内获准建立。
目前，四川省共有37个大熊猫自然保护区，占地200多万公顷，其中国家级大熊猫自然保护区11个。据第三次全国大熊猫普查，四川省野外的大熊猫数量为1206只，约占全国的76％。全省大熊猫栖息地面积达到177万公顷，占全国的77％。
20世纪50年代，中国就创立了第一个以保护大熊猫为目的的自然保护区。1992年中国政府启动了一个旨在全面彻底保护大熊猫栖息地的“中国保护大熊猫及其栖息地工程”，1998年开展了天然林保护、退耕还林等生态工程建设，这些工程开展以后，大熊猫生存繁衍状况明显好转。
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大熊猫是世界上最珍贵的濒危动物之一，被称为活化石。目前，野生大熊猫仅存1590只左右，主要分布在四川和陕西。
【试题二】
能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。
过去100多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。
中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。
中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。
【试题二参考答案】
Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progress of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.
Over more than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization, and an increase of energy consumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.
China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy
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and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.
China is now the world's second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the world energy market, China plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security.
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2007年11月二级笔译实务考试真题
【英译汉必译题】Milton Friedman, Free Markets Theorist, Dies at 94.
Milton Friedman, the grandmaster of free-market economic theory in the postwar era and a prime force in the movement of nations toward less government and greater reliance on individual responsibility, died today in San Francisco, where he lived. He was 94.
Conservative and liberal colleagues alike viewed Mr. Friedman, a Nobel prize laureate, as one of the 20th centurys leading economic scholars, on a par with giants like John Maynard Keynes and Paul Samuelson.
Flying the flag of economic conservatism, Mr. Friedman led the postwar challenge to the hallowed theories of Lord Keynes, the British economist who maintained that governments had a duty to help capitalistic economies through periods of recession and to prevent boom times from exploding into high inflation.
In Professor Friedmans view, government had the opposite obligation: to keep its hands off the economy, to let the free market do its work.
The only economic lever that Mr. Friedman would allow government to use was the one that controlled the supply of money a monetarist view that had gone out of favor when he embraced it in the 1950s. He went on to record a signal achievement, predicting the unprecedented combination of rising unemployment and rising inflation that came to be called stagflation. His work earned him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science in 1976.
Rarely, his colleagues said, did anyone have such impact on both his own profession and on government. Though he never served officially in the halls of power, he was always around them, as an adviser and theorist.
Among economic scholars, Milton Friedman had no peer, Ben S. Bernanke, the Federal Reserve chairman, said today. The direct and indirect influences of his thinking on contemporary monetary economics would be difficult to overstate. Alan Greenspan, the former Federal Reserve chairman, said of Mr. Friedman in an interview on Tuesday. From a longer-term point of view, its his academic
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achievements which will have lasting import. But I would not dismiss the profound impact he has already had on the American publics view.
Mr. Friedman had a gift for communicating complicated ideas in simple and lucid ways, and it served him well as the author or co-author of more than a dozen books, as a columnist for Newsweek from 1966 to 1983 and even as the star of a public television series.
【英译汉二选一】
试题1 Panama goes to polls on upgrade for canal
PANAMA CITY: Voters were expected Sunday to approve the largest modernization project in the 92-year history of the Panama Canal, a $5.25 billion plan to expand the waterway to allow for larger ships while alleviating traffic problems. The government of President Martín Torrijos has billed the referendum as historic, saying the work would double the capacity of a canal already on pace to generate about $1.4 billion in revenue this year. Critics claim the expansion would benefit the canal's customers more than Panamanians, and worry that costs could balloon, forcing this debt- ridden country to borrow even more.
The project would build a third set of locks on the Pacific and Atlantic ends of the canal by 2015, allowing it to handle modern container ships, cruise liners and tankers too large for its locks, which are 33 meters, or 108 feet, wide. The Panama Canal Authority, the autonomous government agency that runs the canal, says the project would be paid for by increasing tolls and would generate $6 billion in revenue by 2025.
There is nothing Panamanians are more passionate about than the canal. \"It's incomparable in the hemisphere,\" said Samuel Lewis Navarro, the country's vice president and foreign secretary. \"It's in our heart, part of our soul.\" Public opinion polls indicate that the plan would be approved overwhelmingly. Green and white signs throughout the country read \"Yes for our children,\" while tens of thousands of billboards and bumper stickers trumpet new jobs.
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\"The canal needs you,\" television and radio ads implore.
\"It will mean more boats, and that means more jobs,\" said Damasco Polanco, who was herding cows on horseback in Nuevo Provedencia, on the banks of Lake Gatún, an artificial reservoir that supplies water to the canal.
The canal employs 8,000 workers and the expansion is expected to generate as many as 40,000 new jobs. Unemployment in Panama is 9.5 percent, and 40 percent of the country lives in poverty.
But critics fear that the expansion could cost nearly double the government's estimate, as well as stoke corruption and uncontrolled debt.
\"The poor continue to suffer while the rich get richer,\" said José Felix Castillo, 62, a high school teacher who was one of about 3,000 supporters who took to Panama City's streets to protest the measure on Friday.
Lewis Navarro noted that a portion of the revenue generated by each ton of cargo that passes through the waterway goes to education and social programs. \"We aren't talking about 40 percent poverty as a consequence of the canal,\" he said. \"It's exactly the opposite.\" 试题2【缺】 【汉译英】【试题一】
旅游是一项集观光、娱乐、健身为一体的愉快而美好的活动。旅游业随着时代进步而不断发展。
20世纪中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围内迅速兴起，旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位提升，旅游活动愈益成为各国人民交流文化、增进友谊、扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类活动和社会进步发生越来越广泛的影响。
古往今来，旅游一直是人们增长知识、丰富阅历、强健体魄的美好追求。
在古代，中国先哲们就提出了“观国之光”的思想，倡导“读万卷书，行万里路”，游历名山大川，承天地之灵气，接山水之精华。 【试题一参考译文】
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【试题二】
从1979到2004年实行改革开放这27年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。 经济每年增长9.4%，居民消费每年增长7%，进出口每年增长16.7%。2004年国民经济总产值达1.6494 万亿美元，进出口总额达1.1548万亿美元。我们已经基本上建立了社会主义市场经济。我们的生产力和综合国力在不断提高。社会各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活实现了从温饱到小康这一历史性的飞跃。
如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保持持续、快速、和谐和全面社会经济发展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略略问题。经过多年的实践和探索，我们找到了一条既符合中国实际和时代发展趋势又反映人民愿望的发展道路。这就是具有中国特色的社会主义道路。我们将沿着这条道路坚定不移地奋勇前进。
【试题二参考答案】
The past 27 years of reform and opening up have brought about tremendous changes from 1979 to 2004, on annual average, the Chinese economy grew by 9.4%, consumption by 7%, and import and export by 16.7%. In 2004, the countrys GDP topped US $ 1.6494 trillion. Total import and export volume reached US$ 1.1548 trillion. We have basically established a socialist market economy. Our productivity and overall
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national strength are constantly growing. Various social undertakings are flourishing and the historic leap in the peoples livelihood from a subsistence level to moderate prosperity is realized on the whole.
Under the new circumstances of accelerated economic globalization, a major strategic issue deserving our close attention is how to maintain sustained, rapid, coordinated and sound economic and social development by adapting to Chinas reality, seizing opportunities and coping with challenges. After years exploration and practice, we have found a path to development that comforts to Chinas reality and the trend of times and reflects the wishes of the people. This is the road of Chinese socialism with Chinese characteristics. We will stride forward unswervingly along this road.
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2008年5月二级笔译实务试题 【英译汉必译题】
If a heavy reliance on fossil fuels makes a country a climate ogre, then Denmark — with its thousands of wind turbines sprinkled on the coastlines and at sea is living a happy fairy tale.
Viewed from the United States or Asia, Denmark is an environmental role model. The country is \"what a global warming solution looks like,\" wrote Frances Beinecke, the president of the Natural Resources Defense Council, in a letter to the group last autumn. About one-fifth of the country's electricity comes from wind, which wind experts say is the highest proportion of any country.
But a closer look shows that Denmark is a far cry from a clean-energy paradise. The building of wind turbines has virtually ground to a halt since subsidies were cut back. Meanwhile, compared with others in the European Union, Danes remain above-average emitters of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. For all its wind turbines, a large proportion of the rest of Denmark's power is generated by plants that burn imported coal.
The Danish experience shows how difficult it can be for countries grown rich on fossil fuels to switch to renewable energy sources like wind power. Among the hurdles are fluctuating political priorities, the high cost of putting new turbines offshore, concern about public acceptance of large wind turbines and the volatility of the wind itself.
\"Europe has really led the way,\" said Alex Klein, a senior analyst with Emerging Energy Research, a consulting firm with offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Some parts of western Denmark derive 100 percent of their peak needs from wind if the breeze is up. Germany and Spain generate more power in absolute terms, but in those countries wind still accounts for a far smaller proportion of the electricity generated. The average for all 27 European Union countries is 3 percent.
But the Germans and the Spanish are catching up as Denmark slows down. Of the thousands of megawatts of wind power added last year around the world, only 8
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megawatts were installed in Denmark.
If higher subsidies had been maintained, he said, Denmark could now be generating close to one-third rather than one-fifth of its electricity from windmills.
【英译汉二选一】 【试题一】
ONE DAY in February 1926 an unknown American writer walked out of a New York snowstorm and into history. An important piece of that history is now in danger of being lost forever, caught in the controversy over the US trade embargo against Cuba.
The unknown writer was Ernest Hemingway, and the New York office he walked into was that of Maxwell Perkins, the most famous American literary editor of his day.
It is difficult to conceive -- 80 years and an incandescent literary career later -- the idea of publishing the 26-year-old Hemingway was a big risk. Hemingway had not yet published a novel. Indeed, his only published fiction consisted of a few short stories and poems, mostly in obscure Paris literary journals.
Yet Mr. Perkins, as Hemingway was to call him for years afterwards, even after they had become close friends, took the risk. On the spot, he offered Hemingway a deal included a generous $1,500 advance on an unfinished, unnamed novel that Perkins had not even seen.
Hemingway and Perkins began a correspondence that lasted for 21 years, until Perkins's death in 1947. A number of those letters are now housed in Cuba, at Finca Vigia, where Hemingway lived longer than anywhere else.
But the house is in danger of collapse.
A group of Americans is trying to save the house and its contents. Yet the US government won't let them.
The Treasury Department recently turned down the Hemingway Preservation Foundation's application for a license to permit its architects, engineers, and consultants to travel to Cuba to research a feasibility study to help the Cubans
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save Finca Vigia. This denial, which is contrary to the letter and spirit of the law, is being appealed.
【试题2】【缺】 【汉译英】【必译篇】
从19世纪40年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。
1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。
【汉译英二选一】 【试题一】
1968年我从北京来到陕西，惟一挂念的是在故乡身患绝症的老母亲。母亲的时日已经不多，身边再无亲人，离别成为我心中最沉重的痛。惟一能传递母亲信息的就是那枚小小的邮票。
母亲当时已经双目失明，信是让别人代写的，内容千篇一律的干枯，邮票却是母亲自己摸索着贴上去的，她贴了一叠信封，随用随取，为的是不给别人添麻烦。
每回接到母亲来信，我都要抚摸贴在信封右上角的邮票，那是母亲亲手贴上去的，它贴得规正却无画面感，很多时候是头朝下的，因为母亲根本看不见，她是凭感觉在贴。邮票残留着母亲的手印，承载着母亲的挂念，那上面有母亲的气息。凝视中，我常常泪眼模糊……
邮票是母亲的替代。我对邮票的认识源自于此。 【试题二】
2007年1月28日清晨，一列我国最新CRH高速动车组列车在上海南站首次亮相，标志着中国铁路进入一个全新时代。
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新型CRH高速列车最高时速可达250公里，目前运行时速160公里。共有200名乘客见证了列车从上海到杭州的首次运行，其高速、平稳及美妙的乘坐体验给大家留下了深刻印象。该列车的内外装饰都达到了国际统一标准，给乘客优越的旅行体验。此次提速的关键元素在于它的高科技车头，其重量与传统机车头相比减半，大大降低了能耗。
除了新型CRH高速列车人性化的设计外，乘客还能体验到更舒心的服务。春节临近，CRH高速列车的全面运营将有望缓解紧张的铁路运输压力，以便出行更加便捷舒适。
【英译汉必做题参考译文】
如果说大量依赖石油燃料会让一个国家称为破坏环境的恶魔，那么丹麦，一个海岸线和海上布满数千台风力涡轮机的国家，简直是一个快乐地生活在童话故事里的国家。
从美国或者亚洲国家的角度看，丹麦是环境保护的楷模。自然资源防护委员会主席弗朗西斯于去年秋天在致该组织的信函中写道，该国（指丹麦）“正式解决全球变暖的方法所在”。该国五分之一的发电来自风能，风力专家称，这是全欧洲比例最高的国家。
但是如果我们进一步观察的话就会发现丹麦离“洁净能源的天堂”还差的很远。 由于津贴消减，风力涡轮机的建设实际上已经停止。而与此同时，与欧盟其它国家相比，丹麦排放的温室气体二氧化碳仍然超过平均值。尽管有许多风力涡轮机，丹麦大量的能源都是由燃烧进口煤的工厂生产的。
丹麦的经历表明了，要让使用石油燃料变富的国家改为使用风力之类的可再生能源是多么地困难。其中有许多的障碍，包括不断变化的政治优先权，将新涡轮建到海上成本高，担心公众是否能接受大型的风力涡轮机，以及风力本身的不稳定性。
“欧洲的确是领先一步了”办公室设在马萨诸赛州剑桥的咨询公司，新兴能源研究会高级分析员阿列克斯克雷恩这样说道。
在丹麦西部的某些地区，当刮起风时，能获得100％的能源需求。以绝对值计算，德国与西班牙产生的电能更多，但是这些国家风能发电仍只占总发电的很小一部分。欧盟27个国家的风力发电平均只占总发电量的3％。
但是，随着丹麦减缓步伐，德国人和西班牙人正在迎头赶上。去年全世界风力产生的数十亿瓦电中，丹麦只贡献了8百万千瓦。
他说，如果能保持较高的津贴，丹麦的风力发电占总发电的比率就不是五分之一了，而是三分之一。
【英译汉试题1参考译文】
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1926年2月的某一天，一位不知名的美国作家走出了纽约的暴风雪，也走进了历史。但是，由于陷入美国向古巴禁运的争议之中，这段历史中一个重要的片目前受到了灭绝的威胁。
这位不知名的作家就是厄内斯特 海明威，而他走进的纽约办公室是他那个时代最著名的文学编辑麦克斯韦尔帕金斯的办公室。
很难想象，能活到80岁，职业生涯晚期拥有辉煌文学成就的海明威，在他26岁时，要出版他的作品是要冒很大风险的。之前海明威从来就没出版过小说。事实上，他出版过的小说也仅仅有一些短篇故事和诗歌，大部分还发表在晦涩难懂的巴黎文学期刊上。
然而，帕金斯先生还是承担了这个风险，尽管海明威很久之后再联系他，即便是在他们成为亲密的朋友之后。他当场就给海明威提供了一笔交易，包括对一本尚未完成，没有书名，甚至帕金森本人都没看过一眼的小说支付了一笔1500美元慷慨的预付款。
海明威和帕金斯从第一次通信开始一直坚持了21年书信往来，直至1947年帕金斯与世长辞。其中大量的信件都保存在古巴的Finca Vigia，海明威在那里呆的时间比任何地方都要长。
但是这件屋子面临着倒塌的危险。
一群美国人试图拯救这间屋子和里面的信件，但是美国政府不让他们这么做。 美国财政部最近拒绝了海明威维护协会的申请，该协会在申请中要求允许该协会的建筑师，工程师和咨询人员可以到古巴进行可行可行性研究来帮助古巴人民拯救Finca Vigia。由于这一否决违反了法律条文和精神，正受到起诉。
【汉译英必做题参考译文】
From the Opium War and the First Sino-Japanese War after the 1840s, China's War on Foreign Invaders 1900 to the Japanese War of Aggression against China in 1930s, China was subject to the butchering of the then strong powers in the West and East and their extremely barbarian economic depredation. This, coupled with feudal corruption and years of successive civil strife and chaos, led to the loss of China's sovereignty and the horrendous suffering of her people, her national strength failing and people barely surviving. The grave disasters and the harsh facts have ingrained deeply into the Chinese nation the value of peace and the importance of development. Such a historic experience has shaped the psychology
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of the Chinese people in our quest for peace and hope for stability, consolidating our belief in following a path to peaceful development.
After the founding of New China in 1949, we have made arduous explorations in the course of our development, going through both the joys of success and the frustrations of failure. Starting from 1978, China has embarked on a new journey of transforming from a planned to a market economy, from cloistered up to opening up, from exclusive self-sustaining to integration into globalization. By following a path of building socialism with Chinese characteristics in an independent and self-reliant manner, we have scored glorious achievements that attracted worldwide attention. Practice has amply demonstrated that it is right to adhere to a path of peaceful development, as it conforms to both China's reality and the trend of the times. China will unswervingly march onward alongside this path to peaceful development.
【汉译英试题一参考译文】
When I came from Beijing to Shanxi, the only person I worried about was my mom in hometown. She was blind and had nobody around, and was counting her days in the world. To part from her was the most anguishing to me, and the only way my mother could convey herself to me was through these tiny stamps.
As mom was blind, her letters were all written by other, with stereotyped contents. But the stamps were exclusively sticked by mum through effort-making feeling. She had stamped a pile of envelopes in preparation for use so as not to add troubling labor to others.
Each time I received a letter from mum, I would always started to stroke the stamp on upper right corner of envelope because it had been sticked by mom by her bare hands. It was regularly sticked, but never beautifully done with upside-down picture because my mother was so blind that she sticked it all by feeling. On these stamps, moms fingerprints remained, moms caring carried and moms scent omitting. Once I stared at them, my eyes brimmed over with excited tears.
These stamps were substitution for my Mom; and my understanding to stamps
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stemmed from them.
【汉译英试题二参考答案】
A new CRH (China Railway High－speed) bullet train made its debut at Shanghai South Railway Stationin the early morning of January 28，2007. It announced the beginning of a new epoch of China's railway industry.
The new CRH bullet train， which can travel at a top speed of 250 kilometers an hour，is currently running at a speed of 160 km/h. A total of 200 passengers，who witnessed its first run from Shanghai to Hangzhou，were deeply impressed by its high speed, stable operation and wonderful travel experience. The exterior and interior decoration is in line with international standard，providing passengers with a superior feeling of traveling. The key element of its speed improving is the high－tech locomotive，which the weight of it has been cut in half compared with the traditional ones for reducing power consumption.
Apart from the passenger－oriented design of the new CRH，customers can also expect better service for their enjoying ride. With the approach of the Spring Festival，the full implementation of the CRH bullet train can be expected to relieve the high congestion of railway travel so as to make the travel faster and more convenient.
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2008 年 11 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题
Section 1 English-Chinese Translation(英译汉)（60 points）
This section consists of two parts: Part A Compulsory Translation and Part B Optional Translation which comprises Topic 1 and Topic 2. Translate the passage in Part A and your choice from the passages in Part B into Chinese. The time for this section is 100 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation (必译题) （30 points）
If a heavy reliance on fossil fuels make a country a climate ogre, then Denmark – with its thousands of wind turbines sprinkled on the coastlines and at sea – is living a happy fairy tale.
Viewed from the United States or Asia, Denmark is an environmental role model. The country is what a global warming solution looks like, wrote Frances Beinecke, the president of the Natural Resources Defense Council, in a letter to the group last autumn. About one-fifth of the countrys electricity comes from wind, which wind experts say is the highest proportion of any country.
But a closer look shows that Denmark is a far cry from a clean-energy paradise. The building of wind turbines has virtually ground to a halt since subsidies were cut back. Meanwhile, compared with others in the European Union, Danes remain above-average emitters of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. For all its wind turbines, a large proportion of the rest of Denmarks power is generated by plants that burn imported coal.
The Danish experience shows how difficult it can be for countries grown rich on fossil fuels to switch to renewable energy sources like wind power. Among the hurdles are fluctuating priorities, the high cost of putting new turbines offshore, concern about public acceptance of large wind turbines and the volatility of the wind itself.
Europe has really led the way, said Alex Klein, a senior analyst with Emerging Engery Reserch, a consulting firm with offices in Cambridge,
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Massachusetts.
Some parts of western Denmark derive 100 percent of their peak needs from wind if the breeze is up. Germany and Spain generate more power in absolute terms, but in those countries wind still accounts for a far smaller proportion of the electricity generated. The average for all 27 European Union countries is 3 percent.
But the Germans and the Spanish are catching up as Denmark slows down. Of the thousands of megawatts of wind power added last year around the world, only 8 megawatts were installed in Denmark.
If higher subsidies had been maintained, Denmark could now be generating close to one-third rather than one fifth of its electricity from windmills.
Part B Optional Translation （二选一题）（30 points） Topic 1 (选择题一)
One day in February 1926, an unknown American writer walked out of a New York snowstorm and into history. An important piece of that history is now in danger of being lost forever, caught in the controversy over the U.S. trade embargo against Cuba.
The unknown writer was Ernest Hemingway, and the office he walked into was that of Maxwell Perkins, the most famous American literary editor of his day.
It is difficult to conceive 80 years and an incandescent literary career later the idea of publishing the 26-year-old Hemingway was a big risk. Hemingway had not yet published a novel. Indeed, his only published fiction consisted of a few short stories and poems, mostly in obscure Paris literary journals.
Yet Mr. Perkins as Hemingway was to call him for years afterwards, even after they had become close friends took the risk. On the spot, he offered Hemingway a deal that included a generous US$1,500 advance on an unfinished, unnamed novel that Perkins had not even seen.
Hemingway and Perkins began correspondence that lasted for 21 years, until Perkinss death in 1947. A number of those letters are now housed in Cuba, at Finca
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Vigia, or Lookout Farm, where Hemingway lived longer than anywhere else.
But the house is in danger of collapse. It has been called a preservation emergency by experts: It is in such bad shape that the next hurricane could blow it away.
A group of Americans is trying to save the house and its contents. Yet the U.S. government wont let them. The Treasury Department has turned down the Hemingway Preservation Foundations application for a license to permit its architects, engineers and consultants to travel to Cuba to research a feasibility study to help the Cubans save Finca Vigia. This denial, which is contrary to the letter and spirit of the law, is being appealed.
Topic 2 (选择题二)
When it comes to the retail business, Chantal Voisin, an umbrella merchant in Paris, has a theory: When it rains, it pours.
One recent Friday afternoon not a single person set foot in Simon, her store on the Boulevard St. Michel. Then, two hours before closing, people started trickling in and she sold more than she had all week.
Voisin, who is 61, has been making and selling high-end umbrellas since 1958. Her tiny business stands the moods of a fickle public, but she said that if it were not for the stores reputation, she did not know how she would make it.
Umbrellas alone dont bring in the bread, Voisin said, its our name. Her grandfather opened the store in 1897, when the umbrella was essential to the wardrobe and lifestyle of every young lady or dandy.
But if even several decades ago people coordinated their outfits to the last button, today they want one single, all-purpose umbrella. It should be black, and it had better be cheap.
Stepping into her store, whose ceiling is vaulted like an open umbrella, one may understand why she considers such fashion sloth a grave offense. Sprouting from baskets and lining the walls, there is such a variety of umbrellas. Some are dark
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and dignified, and others have ruffles around the rim, folded like bouquets of flowers.
The umbrellas run from €13, or $17, for the most basic to a very large black model with a silvered handle for €320.
Who would spend so much on an umbrella? I have no idea, Voisin said. I ordered it because it was so beautiful.
With street hawkers selling flimsy foldies outside and shoppers rustling price tags the moment they step inside, Voisin maintains that her products are relevant in a world where few are willing to spend more than €5 on portable shelter.
“What I stand for: design, quality, creation, composition, the elegance of an umbrella,” she said. “Butthat’s so fragile.”
参考答案Section 英译汉 60 分 必译题 30 分
如果说过分依赖矿物燃料会使一个国家变成气候恶化的罪魁，那么，丹麦就是生活在幸福的童话中了。这个国家现有成千上万座风力发电机分布在其海岸及海上。
在美国人和亚洲人眼中，丹麦是环保的楷模。 保护自然资源委员会主席弗朗西斯拜内克在去年秋天写给委员会的信中说， 丹麦“展示了解决全球变暖问题的途径”。丹麦约有 1/5 的发电量来源于风力，据风力专家称，这一比例居世界首位。
仔细观察，就会发现丹麦远非清洁能源的天堂。
自补贴减少后，修建风力发电机的工作实际上已陷于停顿。 与此同时，和欧盟其他成员国相比，在温室气体二氧化碳排放方面，丹麦仍处于平均水平之上。尽管丹麦拥有相当数量的风力发电机，他所消耗的电力仍主要来源于燃烧进口煤炭的发电厂。
丹麦的经验证明，对使用矿物燃料富裕起来的国家而言，改用如风能这样的再生能源会有多么困难。问题包括关注重点的变化、在海上新建风力发电机的高昂费用、对公众是否接受大型风力发电机的担心、以及变化无常的风力等等。
没过马萨诸塞州坎布里奇市一家名为“新兴能源研究”的咨询公司的高级分析师亚历克斯 克莱因说，“欧洲的确处于领先地位”。
在丹麦西部某些地区，如果风大，风力发电足以百分之百的保证其高峰时的用电量。就绝对数量而言，德国和西班牙的发电量超过丹麦，但风力发电在其总发电量中所占的比
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例却小得多。欧盟 27 个成员国的平均水平是 3%。
当丹麦放慢步伐时，德国人和西班牙人正在赶上来。在去年全球新增的数千兆瓦风电装机容量中，丹麦只有 8 兆瓦。
如果当时丹麦坚持执行其高补贴政策，他目前的风力发电量就会接近其总发电量的 1/3，而不是现在的 1/5. 二选一题 30 分
选择题一
1926 年 2 月某日，一位名不见经传的美国作家在纽约冒着暴风雪来到了一个后来将他载入文学史册的地方。如今这段历史很重要的一章正濒临永远消失的危险，因为他陷入了一场有关美国对古巴实行贸易禁运的争论之中。
这位名不见经传的作家就是欧内瓦特 海明威，他所到之处就是马克思威尔 伯金斯的办公室，伯金斯是当时美国最著名的文学编辑。
80 年过去了，一段辉煌的文学生涯也早已结束。现在很难想象当时决定出版 26 岁的海明威的作品要冒很大的风险。当时海明威还从未发表过一部小说。实际上，他只发表过几篇短篇小说和几首诗，而且大多数发表在巴黎几家毫无名气的文学刊物上。
然而，伯金斯先生—在此后数年中，海明威一直这样称呼他，甚至在他们成了密友之后也是如此—还是冒了个这个险。虽然这不他连看都没看过的小说还未写完，书名也未定，但他当即决定于海明威签约，并慷慨地预付了 1500 美元稿酬。
海明威和伯金斯开始了长达 21 年之久的书信往来，知道 1947 年伯金斯去世为止。有些信件现保存在古巴的芬卡维基亚—意思是“瞭望农场”—的一所住宅里，这是海明威居住时间最长的地方。
但是现在这所房子濒临倒塌。专家们称之为务须保护的建筑，因为他的状况极差，再来一次飓风就会把它刮倒。
一些美国人正设法抢救这所房子和内部的东西。但是，美国政府却加以阻挠。海明威保护基金会曾申请准许其建筑师、工程师及顾问赴古巴进行可行性研究，以便协助古巴人抢救瞭望农场。这一申请遭到美国财政部的拒绝。这违背了法律的条文和精神，有关人士正为此而上诉。
选择题二
说起零售业，巴黎一家三点的老板尚塔尔 瓦暂有她自己的一套理论：不雨则已，一雨
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倾盆。
他在圣米歇尔大街经营一家名叫西蒙的伞店。不久前的一个星期五，整个下午，店内无人光顾。然而，馆门前两小时顾客纷纷而来，那天她卖掉的伞比她一周卖得还多。
现年 61 岁的瓦赞从 1958 年起就制作并出售高档伞。他的小店经受了顾客品位不断变化的考验。不过她说要不是伞店的声誉好，她不知怎样才能坚持下来。
“光靠卖伞是难以糊口的”，瓦赞说。“靠的是我们的名气”。
这三点是他祖父 1897 年开办的，当时在每一位千金小姐或公子哥儿的服饰和生活方式中，伞是必不可少的。
但是，如果说几十年前人们讲究装束搭配细致入微，今天人们就只需要一把多用伞。这伞是要黑色的，最好还要便宜一些。
走进西蒙伞店，你救护明白店主为什么对时下的不讲究如此反感。三点那半圆形的天花板就像一把张开的伞，店内品种繁多，有的伞插在篮子里，有的挂在周围的墙上：深色的显得庄重，镶花边的合起来像一捧捧花束。
店里一般的伞起家 13 欧元，合 17 美元。一把特大的、装有镀银柄的黑伞标价则高达 320欧元。
谁肯花这么多钱买把伞呢？ “我不知道，”瓦赞说。“因为它太漂亮了，我就订了货”。 尽管街上的小贩在外面兜售劣质折叠伞，尽管顾客们一进门就翻看价签，瓦赞依然认为她的产品还是有销路的，虽然现在极少数人肯买超过 5 欧元的伞。
“我将就伞的设计、质量、创意、材料和品位，”瓦赞说。“不过这不太容易了”。
Section 2 Chinese-English Translation (汉译英)
This section consists of two parts: Part A “Compulsory Translation” and Part B “Optional Translation” which comprises “Topic 1” and “Topic 2”. Translate the passage in Part A you’re your choice from the passages in Part B into English. The time for this section is 80 minutes.
Part A Compulsory Translation (必已题) 20 points
中国已经提前进入老龄化社会。虽然养老问题是世界各国目前面临的共同问题，但对中国这样一个人口庞大，人均国内生产总值偏低的发展中国家来说，养老负担尤为繁重。
据统计，发达国家出现人口老化问题时，其人均国内生产总值已达到 5000 至 1 万美
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元。而中国 1999 年进入老龄化社会时，其人均国内生产总值还不到 1000 美元。目前，在中国，7-8 个职工养一个老人。到 2040 年，这个比例将降至 2 比 1。
如今，多数中国人仍恪守传统的孝道。许多老年人仍期望与子女共同生活，由晚辈照顾。这就加大了中国实行机构化养老的难度。但是，人口学家认为，职业养老机构养老是解决上世纪 70 年代末以来出生的独生子女一代的沉重养老负担的唯一出路。
目前，除政府投资外，越来越多的非官方资金正融入这个充满商机的巨大市场。
Part B Optional Translation (二选一题) （20 points）
在中国东北边疆的黑龙江省，有一片被称为“北大荒”的土地。经过 60 年代的开发，这片原始荒原已经成为中国重要的商品粮基地和粮食战略储备基地，对保障中国的粮食安全起着重要的作用。
如今，北大荒的耕地面积已接近 233 万公顷，几乎所有能用于耕作的荒芜土地都已被开垦。2006 年，北大荒的粮食综合生产能力达到 113.2 亿公顷。当年他为国家提供商品粮100 亿公斤，可解决 7000 万人一年的口粮。
北大荒主要生产水稻、大豆、小麦、玉米等农作物，所产的粮食全部都是无公害绿色食品。目前，北大荒的农业生产机械化程度已经达到百分之百。这里拥有世界最先进的农机设备。
在农作物种植方面，北大荒对生产全过程实行了标准化管理，最大化的提高了农作物的质量和单位面积产量。现在，北大荒的人均粮食年产量高大 38 万公斤。这一数字已超过许多发达国家。
Topic 2 （选择题二）
许多年来，越来越多的农命工进城打工。但许多人因经济困难，无法写子女前往，只得将他们留在家乡。这些孩子被称做“留守儿童”。据统计，目前全国有 1.5 亿农命工进城打工，留守儿童已达 2290 万。
留守儿童现象已引起政府和公众的关注。过去几年里，各地建立了各类机构，帮助、照顾这些儿童。2007 年，一个地方民营企业携手中央电视台在全国发起了一项慈善活动，旨在帮助这个弱势群体。确保这些儿童的利益对中国建设和谐社会具有重大意义。
这项慈善活动除了为留守儿童提供生活和教育补助费以外，每年还向其中的 500 人提
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供探亲旅费，使他们能在节假日于在城里打工的父母团聚。
目前，这项慈善活动已在全国展开。他为那些生活贫困，思念远方亲人的孩子们带来了希望。同时他又激励更多人去履行他们的社会义务。
汉译英参考答案： 必译题 20 分
China has become an aging society earlier than expected. Although supporting the elderly is a common problem faced by all countries worldwide, it is indeed a heavy burden to China, a developing country with a huge population and relatively low per-capita GDP.
According to statistics, population aging in developed countries occurred at a time when their per-capita GDP stood between US$5,000 and $10, 000, but China only registered less than $1,000 in per-capita GDP when it became an aging country in 1999. Currently, one elderly Chinese has the support of seven to eight employees. But by 2040, the ratio will have dropped to 1:2.
To date, most Chinese people still follow the tradition of filial piety. Many senior citizens still expect to live with their children and receive the latter’s care. This has complicated the effort to institutionalize old-age in the country. Demographers, however, have noted that professionally institutionalized old-age care is the only way to remove the heavy burden of supporting the elderly from China’s single-child generation born since the late 1970s.
At present, apart from government investment, more and more non-governmental capital is flowing into this huge market full of business opportunities.
二选一题 （20 分） 选择题一
In northeast China’s border province of Heilongjiang, there is a region known as Beidahuang (the Great Northern Wilderness). After 60 years of development, this once remote and desolate land has been transformed into a major commodity grain
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production base and strategic grain reserve in the country. It is playing an important role in ensuring China’s food security.
At present, the cultivated land in Beidahuang approaches 2.33 million hectares, and almost all its cultivable wasteland has been reclaimed. In 2006, its grainproduction capacity reached 11.32 billion kg. In the same year, it offered the state 10 billion kg of commodity grain, which was sufficient to feed 70 million people for a year.
Beidahuang’s major farm products are all green and pollution-free, including rice, soybean, wheat and corn. Today, with its agricultural production completely mechanized, Beidahuang boasts the most advanced farming machinery in the world.
In terms of crop cultivation, standardized management has been introduced in the whole process of production, which help maximally raise the quality and per-unit yield of the crops. Now, Beidahuang’s per-capita annual yield of grain is as high as 380,000 kg, a figure surpassing that of many developed countries.
选择题二
In recent years, more and more farmers have flocked to cities for employment. Many of them, without financial means, cannot bring their children along and have to leave them in their hometown. These kids are called left-behind children. Statistics show that China now has 150 million migrant workers from rural areas and that the number of left-behind children has reached 22.9 million.
The phenomenon of left-behind children has attracted the concern of both the government and the general public. Various institutions have been set up nationwide over the past years to help and take care of these children. Last year, a local private business joined hands with CCTV to launch a national charity program to extend help to this disadvantaged group. To ensure the wellbeing of these children is of great importance to china’s effort to build a harmonious society.
The program, apart from providing living and educational subsidies for left-behind children, offers traveling expenses to 500 of them each year so that
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they can be united with their parents working in cities during festivals or vacations.
The program is being carried out throughout China, bringing hope to those children who live in poverty and miss their faraway parents. Meanwhile, it inspires more people to perform their social obligations.
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2009年 5 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题
英译汉： 1.必译题：关于世界粮食计划署的世界粮食危机问题找到了解决之道2.选译题：(1)关于泰坦尼克号沉没原因的调查 (2)美国修复有轨电车系统
汉译英： 1. 必译题：中国制造变成了质量低劣的产品的代名词。技术革新和质量管理是中国企业的必须采取的行动。2. 选译题：(1)新疆发现白熊酷似北极熊；(2)蓝藻在各大湖泊蔓延，造成污染。城市饮水收到威胁。苏州使用蓝藻清除船进行水面清理。
英译汉必做题Compulsory Translation
There was, last week, a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis. Expecting a bumper harvest, Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports. Overnight, global wheat prices fell by 10percent.
By contrast, traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around $1,000 a ton, up from $460 two months ago.
Such is the volatility of today’s markets. We do not know how high food prices might go, nor how far they could fall. But one thing is certain: We have gone from an era of plenty to one of scarcity. Experts agree that food prices are not likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any time soon.
Imagine the situation of those living on less than $1 a day - the “bottom billion,” the poorest of the world’s poor. Most live in Africa, and many might typically spend two-thirds of their income on food.
In Liberia last week, I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported rice by the bag. Instead, they increasingly buy it by the cup, because that’s all they can afford.
Traveling though West Africa, I found good reason for optimism. In Burkina Faso, I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and better manage scarce water supplies, helped by nations like Brazil. In Ivory Coast, we saw a women’s cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds. The project generated income - and food - for villagers in ways that can easily be replicated.
Elsewhere, I saw yet another women’s group slowly expanding their local agricultural production, with UN help. Soon they will replace World Food Program
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rice with their own home-grown produce, sufficient to cover the needs of their school feeding program.
These are home-grown, grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems -precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.
选做题Topic 1
For a decade, metallurgists studying the hulk of the Titanic have argued that the storied ocean liner went down quickly after hitting an iceberg because the ship\\'s builder used substandard rivets that popped their heads and let tons of icy seawater rush in. More than 1,500 people died.
Now a team of scientists has moved into deeper waters, uncovering evidence in the builder\\'s own archives of a deadly mix of great ambition and use of low-quality iron that doomed the ship, which sank 96 years ago Tuesday.
The scientists found that the ship\\'s builder, Harland and Wolff, in Belfast, struggled for years to obtain adequate supplies of rivets and riveters to build the world\\'s three biggest ships at once: the Titanic and two sisters, Olympic and Britannic.
Each required three million rivets, and shortages peaked during Titanic\\'s construction.
\"The board was in crisis mode,\" said Jennifer Hooper McCarty, a member of the team that studied the company\\'s archive and other evidence.” It was constant stress. Every meeting it was, \\'There\\'s problems with the rivets, and we need to hire more people.\\' \"
The team collected other clues from 48 Titanic rivets, using modern tests, computer simulations, comparisons to century-old metals and careful documentation of what engineers and shipbuilders of the era considered state of the art.
The scientists say the troubles began when the colossal plans forced Harland and Wolff to reach beyond its usual suppliers of rivet iron and include smaller forges, as disclosed in company and British government papers. Small forges tended to have less skill and experience.
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Adding to the threat, the company, in buying iron for Titanic\\'s rivets, ordered No. 3 bar, known as \"best,\" not No. 4, known as” best-best,\" the scientists found. They also discovered that shipbuilders of the day typically used No. 4 iron for anchors, chains and rivets.
So the liner, whose name was meant to be synonymous with opulence, in at least one instance relied on cheap materials.
The scientists argue that better rivets would have probably kept the Titanic afloat long enough for rescuers to have arrived before the icy plunge, saving hundreds of lives.
汉译英必做题Compulsory Translation
“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。
质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。
在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。
近几年来，中国政府通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。
“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。
质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。
在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。
近几年来，中国政府通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的
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环境。
选做题Topic 1
1996年，一位摄影师在新疆喀纳斯自然保护区无意间拍到一只白熊。自此以后的十年里，白熊藏身于深山之中，再无音讯。直到2003年，人们才再次在该自然区又发现了白熊的踪迹。
在熊的家族里，只有北极熊是白色的。但是，这个庞然大物是如何离开极地寒带，来到这个寒温带的地方呢？难道它是通过通往北极的水路来到此地？这一猜测遭到动物学家的质疑。首先，北极熊不能在温带的树林中生活。其次，。。。。。。。。。
2006年，一个科学考察队在白熊出没的地区发现了熊冬眠的冬窝儿，还发现了一小团白色的动物毛发。DNA样本鉴定为棕熊的毛发。但是，也有可能，至少那团毛发不属于照片中的白熊。 Topic 2
蓝藻是一种简单的水生植物，它可以在河湖、湿地、树干和温泉自然蔓延生长。当蓝藻细胞达到一定程度时，蓝藻的“密集孽生”会使水体变色、引起泡沫、散发臭气、影响贝类和鱼类的生存，还会使水质大幅度下降。
2007年夏天，富营养物和其他污染导致蓝藻在太湖、巢湖、滇池发生了蓝藻“密集孽生”现象，影响了城市供水及水生产品生长。
“密集孽生”最严重的是太湖东部。太湖是我国第三大淡水湖。这次“密集孽生”导致周边100多万居民供水问题长达10天之久。为了防止污染，当地环保部门关闭了770家化工厂。
2008年夏天，长期的温暖、干燥气候导致蓝藻在部分地区发生。9月，一艘可以快速、有效地清除蓝藻的船在江苏省投入使用。
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2009年 11 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题 英译汉（这次的三篇文章均出自纽约时报…） 必译题
At first, as he adjusted pumps and checked temperatures, Aaron Boucher looked like any technician in the control room of an electrical plant. Then he rushed to the window and scanned the sky, to check his fuel supply.
Mr. Boucher was battling clouds, timing the operations of his power plant to get the most out of patchy sunshine. It is a skill that may soon be in greater demand, for the world appears to be on the verge of a boom in a little-known but promising type of solar power.
It is not the kind that features shiny panels bolted to the roofs of houses. This type involves covering acres of desert with mirrors that focus intense sunlight on a fluid, heating it enough to make steam. The steam turns a turbine and generates electricity.
The technology is not new, but it is suddenly in high demand. As prices rise for fossil fuels and worries grow about their contribution to global warming, solar thermal plants are being viewed as a renewable power source with huge potential. After a decade of no activity, two prototype solar thermal plants were recently opened in the United States, with a capacity that could power several big hotels, neon included, on the Las Vegas Strip, about 20 miles north of here. Another 10 power plants are in advanced planning in California, Arizona and Nevada. On sunny afternoons, those 10 plants would produce as much electricity as three nuclear reactors, but they can be built in as little as two years, compared with a decade or longer for a nuclear plant. Some of the new plants will feature systems that allow them to store heat and generate electricity for hours after sunset. The plant in Boulder city, Nevada Solar One, uses a mirror in the shape of a parabola to focus light onto a black
pipe with a heat-transfer fluid inside. The fluid is used to boil water into steam, which turns a generator that can produce 64 megawatts.
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At Nevada Solar One the other day, Mr. Boucher, 30, ran the computerized control room. Dressed in a T-shirt, sneakers and a Boston Red Sox cap worn backwards, he looked a bit like a teenage gamer as he used a computer mouse to manipulate the plant.
He was trying to produce as much electricity as possible while saving heat to tide the plant over as clouds cast episodic shadows on the solar array. “I’ve been fighting it all day,” he said.
Imperceptibly, in the dusty wind of the high desert, 182,000 mirrors moved from east to west, tracking the sun across the sky. 选译一
This week, this remote Arctic settlement — which bills itself as perhaps the northernmost town in the world — is buzzing with excitement and expectation. It is not because a polar bear was spotted in the adjacent valley last week. (It was deemed well fed, and officials decided to let it lumber on toward the coast instead of shooting it as a matter of public safety.)
The 2,000 inhabitants of Longyearbyen, on an island 600 miles from the North Pole, are eagerly awaiting another visitor, whose arrival is just around the corner. From experience, they know this guest will warm the air and make the town’s now filmy colors come alive — the white of the snow; the deep blue of the water; the red, yellow and green of the wooden homes, banks, restaurants, schools and the post office.
On sunday, the sun will rise again in Longyearbyen, the first time since October. While most of the world takes light and shadows for granted, for residents here, after months of perpetual darkness, the prospect of sunlight is a very big deal. With the sun climbing closer to the horizon, each day is 20 minutes longer than the day before, and noticeably brighter. On Saturday, direct sunlight, with shadows and warmth, will arrive, starting with an actual sunrise.
The arrival of daylight is like a yearly rebirth, transforming lives and routines. While people do not actually hibernate, of course, residents say they tire easily
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in the dark winter.
On Friday, at the Royal Kindergarten (one of three preschools here), a dozen or so children who have lived in darkness for the winter were busily painting and cutting out paper suns that are now affixed to the school’s snowy windows. They are learning a song for a festival that will bring together all the town’s students next week: “The sun is good. The sun is great. The sun is warm. It browns the body. The sun shines every morning on me.” The day the sun arrives is a public holiday. 选译二
My husband, at 74, is the baby of his bridge group, which includes a woman of 85 and a man of 89. This challenging game demands an excellent memory (for bids, cards played, rules and so on) and an ability to think strategically and read subtle psychological cues. Never having had a head for cards, I continue to be amazed by the mental agility of these septuagenarians and octogenarians.
The brain, like every other part of the body, changes with age, and those changes can impede clear thinking and memory. Yet many older people seem to remain sharp as a tack well into their 80s and beyond.
Although their pace may have slowed, they continue to work, travel, attend plays and concerts, play cards and board games, study foreign languages, design buildings, work with computers, write books, do puzzles, knit or perform other mentally challenging tasks that can befuddle people much younger.
Several studies of normal aging have found that higher levels of educational attainment were associated with slower cognitive and functional decline. But brain stimulation does not have to stop with the diploma. Better-educated people may go on to choose more intellectually demanding occupations and pursue brain-stimulating hobbies, resulting in a form of lifelong learning.
you’re doing the same thing over and over again, without introducing new mental challenges, it won’t be beneficial. Thus, as with muscles, it’s “use it or lose
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it.” The brain requires continued stresses to maintain or enhance its strength. Long-term studies in other countries, including Sweden and China, have also found that continued social interactions helped protect against dementia. The more extensive an older person’s social network, the better the brain is likely to work. Especially helpful are productive or mentally stimulating activities pursued with other people, like community gardening, taking classes, volunteering or participating in a play-reading group.
Perhaps the most direct route to a fit mind is through a fit body. Just walking fast for 30 to 60 minutes several times a week can help. Even those who start exercising in their 60s cut their risk of dementia in half.
中译英的题目印象不是很深，大概列几个点吧 必译题讲的是生态社会。
1. 生态社会是处理全球气候变暖的一种重要途径。生态社会以……为基础，以……为主要途径，以生态文明为最高目标。（原谅我是在记不住这种废话……）这里生态文明要翻成a
conservation
culture,
具
体
的
参
考
http://blog.china.com.cn/sp1/wangpingxing/202848145795.shtml。考试的时候写的ecological civilization哭死
2. 生态社会符合科学发展观的要求（Scientific Outlook on Development）。发展生态社会必须处理好人与自然、人与社会、人与人的关系，要实现统筹发展。 3. 发展生态文明……（大概就是对当代的意义）不能损害子孙后代的利益。 选译一
1. 中国政府1978年开始在三北地区建“三北防护林”，这项“绿色长城”面积达……，居世界之首。
2. 中国政府1979.11月设“植树节”。中国政府已经种植……面积的人工林，占到了人工林总面积的1/3为世界人工林之首，从78年的……（面积）到98年的……（面积）。人均面积上升了……。
3. 中国政府采取了一系列措施增加植被和森林面积。
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4. 世界粮农组织报告指出，虽然过去几十年世界植被下降了……（面积），但亚洲则是上升了……（面积），其中大部分应该归功于中国 2010年 5 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题 实务英译汉－必译题
In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.
But in a victory for opponents of European regulation, 100 pages of legislation determining the size, shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up. On Wednesday, EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for 26 products, from peas to plums.
In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.
After years of news stories about the permitted angle or curvature of fruit and vegetables, the decision Wednesday also coincided with the rising price of commodities. With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.
Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will the be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.
Under a compromise reached with national governments, many of which opposed the changes, standards will remain for 10 types of fruit and vegetables, including apples, citrus fruit, peaches, pears, strawberries and tomatoes.
But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.
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\"This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot,\" said Mariann Fischer Boel, European commissioner for agriculture, who argued that regulations were better left to market operators.
\"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties,\" Fischer Boel added, \"consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because they are the 'wrong' shape.\"
That sentiment was not shared by 16 of the EU's 27 nations - including Greece, France, the Czech Republic, Spain, Italy and Poland - which tried to block the changes at a meeting of the Agricultural Management Committee.
Several worried that the abolition of standards would lead to the creation of national ones, said one official speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the discussions.
Copa-Cogeca, which represents European agricultural trade unions and cooperatives, also criticized the changes. \"We fear that the absence of EU standards will lead member states to establish national standards and that private standards will proliferate,\" said its secretary general, Pekka Pesonen.
But the decision to scale back on standards will be welcomed by euro-skeptics who have long pilloried the EU executive's interest in intrusive regulation. One such controversy revolved around the correct degree of bend in bananas - a type of fruit not covered by the Wednesday ruling.
In fact, there is no practical regulation on the issue. Commission Regulation (EC) 2257/94 says that bananas must be \"free from malformation or abnormal curvature,\" though Class 1 bananas can have \"slight defects of shape\" and Class 2 bananas can have full \"defects of shape.\"
By contrast, the curvature of cucumbers has been a preoccupation of European officials. Commission Regulation (EEC) No 1677/88 states that Class I and \"Extra class\" cucumbers are allowed a bend of 10 millimeters per 10 centimeters of length. Class II cucumbers can bend twice as much.
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It also says cucumbers must be fresh in appearance, firm, clean and practically free of any visible foreign matter or pests, free of bitter taste and of any foreign smell.
Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.
\"Food is food, no matter what it looks like,\" Parish said. \"To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable. Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food, not how it looks.\"
参考译文
In the European Union, carrots must be firm but not woody, cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity. This was the law, one that banned overly curved, extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.
在欧盟，市场出售的胡萝卜必须脆而不糠，黄瓜也不能太弯，芹菜一点空心都不能有。因为过去法规禁止超市出售外形过弯、疙疙瘩瘩或者外形奇怪的农产品。
But in a victory for opponents of European regulation, 100 pages of legislation determining the size, shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up. On Wednesday, EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for 26 products, from peas to plums.
但是最终反对这条欧盟法规的人士取得了胜利，这意味着约100页规定果蔬尺寸、外形和质地的相关法规得以废除。周三，欧盟有关领导人同意废除对部分农产品的强制性标准，范围涉及豌豆、李子等26个品种。
In doing so, the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics - most notably in the British media - to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.
以英国媒体为首，各界批评家常就这一法规对欧盟动辄插手干涉的作风冷嘲热讽。有关部
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门希望此举能息事宁人/ 正是基于这一现状促使有关部门将其废除。
With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise, it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.
老百姓去超市购物的花费每周都在上涨，在这种情况下，就因为蔬菜水果长得不够标准就扔掉，实在说不过去。
Beginning in July next year, when the changes go into force, standards on the 26 products will disappear altogether. Shoppers will then be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.
明年七月开始，这些法规将被正式废除。届时，26种产品的标准将会一齐消失。消费者将能够随心所欲地挑选商品，无论它们的摸样是好是坏。
Under a compromise reached with national governments, many of which opposed the changes, standards will remain for 10 types of fruit and vegetables, including apples, citrus fruit, peaches, pears, strawberries and tomatoes.
因为不少欧盟国家政府反对废除这一法规。作为妥协，包括苹果、柑橘类、桃子、梨、草莓和番茄等10种蔬菜水果的相关标准将予以保留。
But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market, providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.
不过就算上述这类果蔬达不到欧盟的标准，只要注明非达标产品或专为烹饪及加工使用，仍然允许其上市销售。
\"This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot,\" said Mariann Fischer Boel, European commissioner for agriculture, who argued that regulations were better left to market operators.
欧盟委员会农业委员玛丽安•菲舍尔•伯尔表示：“这标志着弯黄瓜和坑坑洼洼的胡萝卜能重回市场了”，并提倡这类法规应由市场上的经营者说了算。
\"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties,\" Fischer Boel added, \"consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible. It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away, just because
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they are the 'wrong' shape.\"
菲舍尔•伯尔补充道：“在食品价格居高、经济普遍堪忧的境况下，应该为消费者提供尽可能多的产品来选择。只因为外形不符合标准就把质量上乘的产品扔掉，这种做法毫无道理”。 Such restrictions will disappear next year, and about 100 pages of rules and regulations will go as well, a move welcomed by Neil Parish, chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.
到明年这些限制将会取消，同时约100页相关法律法规也会一并失效。对于这一举措，欧洲议会农业委员会主席Neil Parish表示赞同。
\"Food is food, no matter what it looks like,\" Parish said. \"To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable. Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food, not how it looks.\" “不管长的怎么样，食品毕竟只是食品。在粮食危机的当下还禁止商家出售质量尚好的农产品，这从道德层面说不过去。欧盟委员会农业委员推动这些提案通过的做法值得称赞。毕竟，消费者关心的是食品味道和品质，而不是长得什么样”。 英译汉－选译题一
Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths, and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive - that that's how babies explore the world. But why the mouth, when sight, hearing, touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?
Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would not have been retained for millions of years, chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species. And, indeed, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.
In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis, researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria, viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with \"dirt\" spur the development of a healthy immune system. Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders, allergies and asthma.
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One leading researcher, Dr. Joel Weinstock, the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, said in an interview that the immune system at birth \"is like an unprogrammed computer. It needs instruction.\" He said that public health measures like cleaning up contaminated water and food have saved the lives of countless children, but they \"also eliminated exposure to many organisms that are probably good for us.\"
\"Children raised in an ultra-clean environment,\" he added, \"are not being exposed to organisms that help them develop appropriate immune regulatory circuits.\" Studies he has conducted with Dr. David Elliott, a gastroenterologist and immunologist at the University of Iowa, indicate that intestinal worms, which have been all but eliminated in developed countries, are \"likely to be the biggest player\" in regulating the immune system to respond appropriately, Elliott said in an interview. He added that bacterial and viral infections seem to influence the immune system in the same way, but not as forcefully.
Most worms are harmless, especially in well-nourished people, Weinstock said. \"There are very few diseases that people get from worms,\" he said. \"Humans have adapted to the presence of most of them.\"
Ruebush deplores the current fetish for the hundreds of antibacterial products that convey a false sense of security and may actually foster the development of antibiotic-resistant, disease-causing bacteria. Plain soap and water are all that are needed to become clean, she noted.
摘自：http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27brod.html 汉译英
必译题讲的是中国与领国边界的问题 选译题一讲的是中国人出国旅游 选择题二是国人穿着的变化
2010年 11 月英语二级笔译实务考试试题 EC第一篇
Offshore supply vessels resembling large, floating flat-backed trucks fill
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Victoria Dock, unable to find charters in a sign of the downturn in Britain's oil industry.
With UK North Sea oil and gas production 44 percent below its peak, self-styled oil capital of Europe Aberdeen fears the slowdown is not simply cyclical. The oil industry that at one stage sparked talk of Scotland as \"the Kuwait of the West\" has already outlived most predictions.
Tourism, life sciences, and the export of oil services around the world are among Aberdeen's targeted substitutes for North sea oil and gas -- but for many the biggest prize would be to use its offshore oil expertise to build a renewable energy industry as big as oil.
The city aims to use its experience to become a leader in offshore wind, tidal power and carbon dioxide capture and storage.
Alex Salmond, head of the devolved Scottish government, told a conference in Aberdeen last month the market for wind power could be worth 130 billion pounds, while Scotland could be the \"Saudi Arabia of tidal power.\"
\"We're seeing the emergence of an offshore energy market that is comparable in scale to the market we've seen in offshore oil and gas in the last 40 years,\" he said.
Another area of focus, tourism, has previously been hindered by the presence of oil. Eager to put Aberdeen on the international tourist map, local business has strongly backed a plan by U.S. real estate tycoon Donald Trump for a luxury housing and golf project 12 km (8 miles) north of the city, even though it means building on a nature reserve.
The city also hopes to reorientate its vibrant oil services industry toward emerging offshore oil centers such as Brazil. \"Just because the production in the North Sea starts to decline doesn't mean that Aberdeen as a global center also declines,\" said Robert Collier, Chamber of Commerce Chief Executive. \"That expertise can still stay here and be exported around the world.\"
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EC第二篇
We mark the passing of 800 years, and that is indeed a remarkable span for any institution. But history is never an even-flowing stream, and the most remarkable thing about modern Cambridge has been its enormous growth over the past half century. Since I came up as an undergraduate in 1961 the student population has more than doubled. More students have meant more teachers, and, even more significantly, more scholars devoted solely to research: every category has more than doubled in numbers. This huge increase has been partly absorbed by an expansion of the colleges: they all have more students and more Fellows than they did 50 years ago; and, since 1954, no fewer than 11 of the 31 colleges are either brand new foundations, or have been conjured up as new creations from existing but quite different bodies. From being a university primarily driven by undergraduate education, Cambridge's reputation is now overwhelmingly tied to its research achievements, which can be simply represented by the fact that more than three-quarters of its current annual income is devoted to research. This has brought not just new laboratories but new buildings to house whole faculties and departments: in the mid-20th century few faculties had a physical manifestation beyond, perhaps, a library and a couple of administrative offices.
Cambridge attracts the best students and academics because they find the University and the colleges stimulating and enjoyable places in which to live and work. The students are thrown in with similarly able minds, learning as much from each other as from their teachers; the good senior academics know better than to be too hierarchical or to cut themselves off from intellectual criticism and debate. One generation dismisses another: not even Erasmus or Newton, Darwin or Keynes stand unscathed by the passage of time; nor can we be but humbled, especially in our day when so much information is so easily accessible, by the vast store of knowledge which we can approach but never really control. Our library and museum collections bring us into contact with many lives lived in the past. They serve as symbols of the continuity of learning, or the diversity of views, of an obligation
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to wrestle with fact and argument, to come to our own conclusions, and in turn to be accountable for our findings. The real quest is not for knowledge, but for understanding.
CE第一篇
今天，是第14个“世界读书日”。联合国教科文组织此前向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”号召，鼓励人们尤其是年轻人发现阅读的乐趣。然而在这个物欲横流的年代，“读书”仿佛成了一个奢侈的愿望。
2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。传统图书阅读率呈持续走低态势，阅读率为34.7%，比2005年降低了14%。至于不读书的原因，49.4%的人归结为“没有时间”，42.8%的人说“没有习惯”。
温家宝说，今天是“世界读书日”，大家通过读书和举办讲座等形式开展活动，这对于推动全民族养成读书的良好习惯，提倡读书好、好读书、读好书将起到促进作用。书籍是人类智慧的结晶。读书决定一个人的修养和境界，关系一个民族的素质和力量，影响一个国家的前途和命运。一个不读书的人、不读书的民族，是没有希望的。
CE第二篇
野生虎的狩猎过去怎么差，后来中国政府出台措施保护野生虎，提高了国民意识，缓解了国际上对于中国有关工作的批评。（具体的没有搜到原文），有类似于大型猫科动物这样的词汇....
由于人类活动的加剧，狩猎手段的提高，原始森林的丧失而使野生虎几乎陷入万劫不复的境地。
（中间是人们追求高档皮毛服装导致。。。。。。）
20世纪60年代，一度的“打虎除害”运动导致全国在被打死的老虎数以千计。中国仅存的野生虎仅有300多只。
特别是对全国对枪支的收缴，对天然林的禁伐，这场人类对虎的绝杀方才有所收敛。 上个世纪中叶，中国边境的几起大型动物皮毛走私活动在国际社会引起轩然大波，国际上
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不得不认定，大型猫科动物皮张的主要消费国——中国。 。。。（时间），中国缓解了在国际社会上的负名。
2010年为农历庚寅年即虎年，惹人喜爱的老虎形象势必充斥大街小巷的商铺厅堂，2010年的春节又是2月14日，恰逢西方情人节，所以，属虎的和不属虎的人都会为这个虎虎有生气、浓情似火的年景而意气风发，先祝大家虎年吉祥！但我不敢说“虎年虎运”。 说起老虎这个与人类同为地球上的一个物种的生存状况，真令我们喜忧参半，曾几何时，这些呼啸山林、威风八面的神兽，由于人类活动的加剧，狩猎手段的提高，原始森林的丧失而几乎陷入万劫不复的境地。
老虎只有一种，均分布于亚洲，有9个亚种（现存的六个亚种为华南虎、孟加拉虎、东北虎，印支虎、马来虎、苏门虎）20世纪初全球有虎10万只，可在20世纪的几十年里，就有三个亚种的老虎相继灭绝，它们是巴厘虎(1940年灭绝)、里海虎(1973年灭绝)和爪哇虎(1981年灭绝)。甚至分布在新加坡的老虎到1949年才绝迹。随着人类的发展，老虎在各地纷纷退出自然历史舞台，据记载，厦门1858年，杭州1880年，福州1894年，南京1895年都还曾有华南虎，20世纪初期，罗布泊还有新疆虎，1964年在秦岭、1974年在山西原平都曾得到死虎，可悲的是，这都是该地最后确切的虎踪。2008年的发生在陕西的令国人谈虎色变的“周老虎事件”乃是一个骗局、一场闹剧。其实在2007年5月13日，北京师范大学生命科学院的博士生冯利民利用架设的红外触发相机在云南勐腊拍摄到了一头走在河边的印支虎，这就是中国第一张野生印支虎的照片！这一证据表明，中国境内仍然存在印支虎。从动物学或生态学角度出发，这张正面的印支虎照片的意义远远超过了周正龙拍摄的负面“华南虎”照片，但印支虎的显现远未引起公众的关注。更为可悲的是，2009年2月，勐腊县两村民夜闯保护区，意外遇到一头老虎，并开枪将其打死，被打死的乃是印支虎，肇事者当年被绳之以法，此案却不幸证实了这里印支虎的曾经存在，也许这是中国的最后的印支虎。打虎除害乃是早已过时了的错误观念，一度的打虎运动导致全国在20世纪60年代被打死的老虎数以千计。以后，对虎骨、虎皮的需求，商业性的盗猎、杀戮，更使虎的命运雪上加霜。
幸好我国在1993年加入限制虎骨进出口的濒危野生物种国际贸易公约(CITES)，特别是对全国对枪支的收缴，对天然林的禁伐，这场人类对虎的绝杀方才有所收敛。遗憾的是，全国各地的老虎数量已是七零八落，所剩无几，分布于我国的东北虎、华南虎、印
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支虎、孟加拉虎都加起来，也不足百只，真是到了山穷水尽、时运不济的灭绝边缘。 如果说中国是世界上14个产虎国中虎种最多的国家，那印度则是世界上现存老虎数量最多的国家，尽管只有一种孟加拉虎。上个世纪中叶，由于森林砍伐和过度猎杀，印度老虎的数量一度减少到数百只。1970年，印度成为立法保护老虎的第一个国家。，1973年印度总理英.甘地提倡保虎计划，将虎立为国兽，划定了十余个虎保护区，到1984年野生虎的数量，已经由七十年代的1872只，增加到4000只，到1989年，又上升到4334只，但是，在这个贫富悬殊、人欲横流的世界，保护终难抵御盗猎。上个世纪80年代，猎虎取骨，走私到中国，成为印度虎被盗猎的主要威胁。虽然自从我国政府1993年禁止虎骨贸易以来，猎虎取骨的非法活动有所收敛。但进入九十年代，特别是21世纪以来，虎的数量再度急转直下，据印度环境与森林部的官员介绍，进入新的世纪，野生虎的数量只有3750只了，其中1600只分布在28个老虎保护区中。近年，在这28个保护区中，至少有5个保护区问题严重，其中一个叫萨瑞斯卡的老虎保护区最可悲，2003年尚有24-28只虎，2004年九月前还有16-18只，2005年以后，这里便虎迹全无了，老虎保护区竟然没有老虎可保护了，原因何在？2003年，我国拉萨海关查获一个从印度入境的动物贸易大案，当时，一举截获走私的虎皮31张，豹皮579张，水獭皮665张。之后，在云南瑞丽又连爆动物走私大案，当然，罪犯已受惩处，但这一系列不祥事态，引起国际社会轩然大波，国际上不得不认定，大型猫科动物皮张的主要消费国——中国。
无可否认，我国在禁贸虎骨后，在一定程度上减轻了因入药需求对老虎猎杀的压力，提高了公民保护意识，也缓解了一些国际舆论的负面影响。但是，我国西南部分地区利用虎皮、豹皮制作民族服装的现象随着人们手头余钱的增多、追求奢华攀比之风的兴起而甚嚣尘上，在市场上公开摆卖虎豹皮张及其服装的情况，愈演愈烈。在印度、尼泊尔和我国走私截获的大型猫科动物中，少数是骨架，多数则为皮张。骄奢淫逸，富而不仁，畸形消费，导致皮毛贸易，贸易导致偷猎，罪恶之源，乃是以穿戴虎豹皮装的时尚——与虎谋皮。这种动物贸易与穿着风尚，是荣辱观的错位，是对藏传佛教的无礼并受到宗教人士的一致谴责。
好在，老虎的消息也不都是负面的，2007年，印度环境调查局专家反映，两年前在西藏赛马节上见到的虎皮藏袍，没有再出现，市场监管逐步严格。2008年，一份关于印度老虎种群的普查数据正式公布，科考利用卫星定位和数以百架的红外线相机的影像辨认，使数据更为准确，但调查结果出乎人们意料，印度老虎远非此前预计的3000多的数量，而
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是1500只。数据显示，近年印度老虎数量下降了66%。
知耻而后勇！自从2005年萨瑞斯卡的老虎保护区的最后一只老虎被偷猎，印度政府开始成立老虎保护特别行动组。政府部门、科学家、保护人士为推进印度虎保护项目，合作行动，财长已签署一项5年计划；为保护项目提供1.4亿美元的支持；一只112人组成的保护武装进驻到老虎分布的核心地区；为拉贾斯坦邦空运一批亚成年雌虎，以解决这里的国家公园雄虎过多的问题……
“留得青山在，不怕没柴烧”，只要栖息地在，老虎就有希望。国际保护人士在缅甸的野外考察也得到了令人欣慰的信息，缅北有一个大范围的老虎栖息地，多大呢，几乎等于比利时的国土面积。除此，泰国、老挝的原始森林也都有尚且适合老虎生存的地方，这些国家的政府人士如是称“谁也不想失去这些大猫，如果工作开展不难，开销不很大，在政治上也有益，干嘛不支持老虎保护项目呢。”
我们的俗语中有一句话“老虎带佛珠……”，在尼泊尔，保护人士真的为老虎戴上了“佛珠”，从1974年首次为老虎戴上项圈进行研究以来，这种科考又在泰国、中国、老挝、孟加拉相继开展。而尼泊尔的另一卓有成效的保护是社区参与的森林保护项目，从1994年到现在，已有1500个这样的造林保虎团体，为老虎带来大片栖息地的同时，森林功能的恢复，也为水源的清洁，林产品的丰富带来了益处，用他们自己的话说“这种智慧不是上帝带来的，而是作为佛教教徒或印度教徒的分内之举。”
诚然，老虎不是吃素的，为避免人虎冲突，一些保护组织还安排了训狗师帮助社区居民，用狗来预警老虎，防患于未然。作为可能是虎的受害者、也是受益者的孟加拉的一位本地居民不无深刻地说“如果没有老虎，森林也会死去，而没有森林，我们的生活也将毁灭。”
来自俄罗斯的消息也令人欣慰，远东地区的西伯利亚虎即东北虎，20世纪40年代，这里的老虎仅有50只，随着人为影响的降低，作为老虎猎物的野猪、野鸡、驼鹿和狼的数量日益增加，老虎逐渐复苏，前苏联的垮台，美国及一些国际组织开始介入打击偷猎的工作并为之买单，近10年来一直保持在四五百只（据最近调查显示，成年东北虎331-370只，幼年100只），占世界东北虎总数的95%，是全球最大单独连续的老虎繁殖种群。随着森林居住人口的减少，人虎冲突自然也明显下降。
给虎一点阳光，生命就能灿烂。老虎的希望在于，目前，全球老虎数量尚有3000-4000只，老虎本身具有高度的适应力和繁殖力，孕期短，产子多，母虎孕期只有103
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天，一般每产4仔，18个月后，母虎就又能交配受孕。老虎保护的主要问题，不是数量的多寡（当然，野生虎也不能太少，人工虎不能太多），而是栖息地的大小。只要有条件适宜的大空间，就会有大希望。让我们共同呵护这个所有生命都赖以生存的地球家园！（作者：郭耕）
2011年5月英语二级笔译实务试题
第一篇英译汉
Farms go out of business for many reasons, but few farms do merely because the soil has failed. That is the miracle of farming. If you care for the soil, it will last — and yield — nearly forever. America is such a young country that we have barely tested that. For most of our history, there has been new land to farm, and we still farm as though there always will be.
Still, there are some very old farms out there. The oldest is the Tuttle farm, near Dover, N.H., which is also one of the oldest business enterprises in America. It made the news last week because its owner — a lineal descendant of John Tuttle, the original settler — has decided to go out of business. It was founded in 1632. I hear its sweet corn is legendary.
The year 1632 is unimaginably distant. In 1632, Galileo was still publishing, and John Locke was born. There were perhaps 10,000 colonists in all of America, only a few hundred of them in New Hampshire. The Tuttle acres, then, would have seemed almost as surrounded as they do in 2010, but by forest instead of highways and houses.
It was a precarious operation at the start — as all farming was in the new colonies—and it became precarious enough again in these past few years to peter out at last. The land is protected by a conservation easement so it can’t be developed, but no one knows whether the next owner will farm it.
In a letter on their Web site, the Tuttles cite “exhaustion of resources” as the reason to sell the farm. The exhausted resources they list include bodies, minds, hearts, imagination, equipment, machinery and finances. They do not mention
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soil, which has been renewed and redeemed repeatedly.
It is too simple to say, as the Tuttles have, that the recession killed a farm that had survived for nearly 400 years. What killed it was the economic structure of food production. Each year it has become harder for family farms to compete with industrial scale agriculture — heavily subsidized by the government — underselling them at every turn. In a system committed to the health of farms and their integration with local communities, the result would have been different. In 1632, and for many years after, the Tuttle farm was a necessity. In 2010, it is suddenly superfluous, or so we like to pretend.
尽管导致农民破产的原因有很多，但很少农民仅仅是因为土地失去肥力而破产，这可以算是一个农业奇迹。如果能很好地料理土地，那么它几乎可以永远保持持续的产出。而对美国这样一个年轻的国家而言，人们很少能意识到这点。在我们历史的大部分时间里，人们有土地去耕作，而且不停地开垦新的土地似乎土地资源是无穷无尽的。
然而，还是有一些老农场破产了。其中历史最为悠久的便是位于美国新罕布什尔州丹佛市附近的Tuttle farm。同时也是美国最顾老的商业公司之一。在上周的新闻中，公司的所有者，原始移民John Tuttle的直系后代，宣布公司破产。Tuttle farm成立于1632年的。我听说他的鲜玉米非常出名。
1632年，遥远的让人难以置信，那一年，伽利略还在准备出版他的著作，而洛克才刚刚出生。美洲大陆当时大概只有一万移民，其中生活在新罕布什尔州的估计还不到一百人。那时Tuttle的耕地可能和2010年一样被团团包围着，只不过那时是被森林包围，而现在是被高速公路和房子。
就像所有殖民地的农场一样，一开始Tuttle的经营（基于有限土地资源的经营？）就是不稳定的，而近些年同样的不稳的最终导致了农场逐渐减产。受制于资源保护的限制，这边土地不能被使用，而且没人知道他的下一任所有者会不会耕种它。（地役权：为增加自己土地（需役地）的利用价值，而在他人土地（供役地）上设置的某种权利。地役权对地役权人来说是其权利的扩大，而对地役人来说是一种义务或对自己权利的限制。） 在Tuttle公司网站上，Tuttle家族的人宣称他们卖掉农场是因为资源枯竭，其中包括人力，脑力，热情，理想，机械设备以及资金。他们并没有提到曾经被反复提及以挽回颜面的土地原因。
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我们不能像Tuttle家族的人一样简单地把这么一个有着近400年历史的农场的破归咎于经济衰退。而真正导致它破产的原因应该是粮食生产的经济结构。每一年，家族农场在与工业规模的农业企业的竞争中都显得愈发艰难。这些企业享有大量的国家补助，并通过各种渠道价格与家族农场竞争。在一个致力于保障农场健康发展并促进农场与周边社区融合的体系里，结果本不该是这样。在1632以及之后的许多年，像Tuttle 这样的农场是社会必需的。而在2010年，他们突然变成了多余的了，抑或是被我们当作多余了的。 第二篇英译汉
Youth unemployment across the world has climbed to a new high and is likely to climb further this year, a UN agency said yesterday, while warning of a “lost generation” as more young people give up the search for work.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) said in a report that of some 620 million young people ages 15 to 24 in the work force, about 81 million were unemployed at the end of last year — the highest level in two decades of record-keeping by the organization, which is based in Geneva.
The youth unemployment rate increased to 13 percent last year from 11.9 percent in the last assessment in 2007.
“There’s never been an increase of this magnitude — both in terms of the rate and the level — since we’ve been tracking the data,” said Steven Kapsos, an ILO economist.
The agency forecast that the global youth unemployment rate would continue to increase through this year, to 13.1 percent, as the effects of the economic downturn continue. It should then decline to 12.7 percent next year.
The agency’s report found that unemployment had hit young people harder than adults during the financial crisis, from which most economies are only just emerging, and that recovery of the job market for young men and women would lag behind that of adults.
The impact of the crisis has also been felt in shorter hours and reduced wages for those who maintain salaried employment.
In some especially strained European countries, including Spain and Britain,
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many young people have become discouraged and given up the job hunt,
it said. The trend will have “significant consequences for young people,” as more and more join the ranks of the already unemployed, it said. That has the potential to create a “‘lost generation’ comprised of young people who have dropped out of the labor market, having lost all hope of being able to work for a decent living.”
Young people in developing economies were more vulnerable to precarious employment and poverty, the report said.
Young women still have more difficulty than young men in finding work, the report added. The female youth unemployment rate in 2009 stood at 13.2 percent, compared with the male rate of 12.9 percent. The gap of 0.3 percentage point was the same as in 2007.
The report studied the German, British, Spanish and Estonian labor markets and found that Germany had been most successful in bringing down long-term youth unemployment. In Spain and Britain, increases in unemployment were particularly pronounced for those with lower education levels.
Data from Eurostat, the European Union’s statistical agency, show Spain had a jobless rate of 40.5 percent in May for people under 25. That was the highest level among the 27 members of the European Union, far greater than the 9.4 percent in Germany in May and 19.7 percent in Britain in March.
联合国一组织周二称，全球年轻人失业率再创新高，而且这种趋势将在今年继续延续下去。他们警告说，越来越多的年轻人放弃寻找工作，将导致失迷一代数量激增。
国际劳工组织在其报告中称，全球15岁到24岁之间的6.2亿年轻工人中，2009年末大约有8100万人失业，这是总部位于日内瓦的劳工组织20年以来的最高纪录。 年轻人失业率从2007年的11.9%增长到2009年的13%。
国际劳工组织经济学家史蒂文·凯普索斯说：“自从我们开始追踪年轻人失业数据以来，从未见过数量如此之大、比例如此之高的失业现象。”该机构预测，在全球经济持续低迷的影响下，年轻人2010年下半年失业率将继续上升，最后可能达到13.1%。不过到2011年，这一比例应该可以降到12.7%以下。
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国际劳工组织2010年的报告还发现，金融危机期间，年轻人失业率比成年工人失业情况更严重，就业市场的恢复也比成年工人慢。而且受经济危机影响，侥幸保住“饭碗”的年轻人，工作时间更短、工资更少。
在情况特别严峻的欧洲国家，比如西班牙和英国，许多年轻人已经对寻找工作气馁，甚至放弃了找工作。这种趋势将对年轻人造成严重影响，可能越来越多的年轻人加入到失业者行列。这些退出劳动市场、对寻找工作过上体面生活失去希望的年轻人，将成为新的迷失一代。
报告称，发展中国家的年轻人更容易受到失业影响，重新变得贫困。
报告称，2008年，大约1.52亿年轻人（全球年轻工人四分之一）找到工作，但是他们依然十分贫困，每个家庭每人每天的生活花费不到1.25美元。国际劳工组织总干事索马维亚说：“挣扎于工作贫困中的年轻人数量正在增加,工作贫困的循环也在继续。”
在找工作方面，年轻女性遇到的困难的男性更多。2009年年轻女性失业率已经高达13.2%，同期男性失业率为12.9%。2007年，年轻男女失业率差异也在0.3%左右。
报告研究了德国、英国、西班牙以及爱沙尼亚等国的劳动市场，发现德国在处理年轻人长期失业方面最成功。西班牙和英国，那些受教育程度低的年轻人失业率增长明显。 来自欧盟统计局的数据显示，5月份，西班牙25岁以下人口失业率已经达到40.5%，这是欧盟27个成员国中比例最高的。德国5月恩的失业率为9.4%，英国3月失业率为19.7%。
汉译英第一篇
09年胡锦涛在亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会上题为《坚定合作信心 振兴世界经济》演讲
60年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显著增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展 到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。
同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论 规模还是复杂性都世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走。
我们将继续从 本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，
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促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建 设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。 这篇译文来自官网，供大家参考：
China has achieved remarkable progress in those 60 years, particularly in the last 30 years since reform and opening-up. China’s economy and comprehensive national strength have grown significantly and various social programs have made big strides. The Chinese people, once lacking basic living necessities, are now leading a moderately prosperous life, and the whole society is showing unprecedented dynamism and creativity. We are keenly aware, however, that China remains the world’s largest developing country. The difficulties and problems that we face in development are rarely seen in any other part of the world in terms of their scale and complexity. We still have a long way to go before we can build, in a comprehensive way, a moderately prosperous society of a higher level that will benefit the more than one billion Chinese people, and then achieve basic modernization and bring common prosperity to all our people. We will, in the light of our national conditions, continue to follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, persist in reform and opening-up, promote scientific development and social harmony, and achieve all-round progress in the economic, political, cultural, social and environmental fields. We will ensure that our development is for the people and by the people and the fruits of development are shared among the people.
汉译英第二篇
非物质文化遗产是民族文化的精华、民族智慧的结晶。我国有56个民族，各民族在长期的历史发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产。
改革开放以来，由于工业化和城市化的加速，人们的生产生活方式发生了重大变化，也使非物质文化遗产赖以生存的环境不同程度地遭到破坏。
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作为一种鲜活的文化，非物质文化遗产是民众生活的重要组成部分，在当代仍然散发着独特的光彩和魅力，仍然是传承文化、推动社会发展的不竭动力，是文化创新的基础和源泉。
因此，抢救和保护那些处于濒危和生存困境中的非物质文化遗产，已成为时代赋予我们的非常紧迫的历史任务。
文化生态保护区是以保护非物质文化遗产为核心、对历史积淀丰厚、存续状态良好、具有鲜明地域文化特色和价值的文化形态进行整体性保护，以促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展而划定的特定区域。
2011年5月CATTI二级笔译综合能力完型填空真题和答案
Bargain shoppers need to remember that buying a high-end luxury item on a little-known website is just as risky aspurchasing one on a street corner. The Internet is full of bogus deal sites that sell only counterfeit items. “Any time you have an increase in shopping activity, you are going to have an increase in the predators who preyon shoppers,”
If you’re looking for a Rolex watch, Louis Vuitton wallet or a pair of Louboutins, you’re best off patronizing the brand’s store, which often means paying full price for the item.
It’s not only counterfeit goods that you need to be on the lookout for when buying gifts. According to the U.S. Secret Service, counterfeit money increases in circulation during the holiday season as “counterfeiters prey on both cashiers distracted by long lines, andconsumers juggling purchases and shopping lists.” ‘Tis the season for giving, which means it’s also the perfect time for phony nonprofits to coerce consumers out of their hard-earned cash. To avoid falling prey to their tricks, visit the Wise Giving Alliance website before opening up your wallet this holiday season. The website lists all the nationally recognized
charities, while evaluating charities for consumers so they can avoid making any
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dubious donations. It’s not just your inbox that scammers are flooding, either. A warning issued by the FBI this November reminded consumers to be on the lookout for smishing scams. Beware any deals advertised via social media outlets, as scammers are just as savvy at imitating a retailers’ fan page as they are at mimicking websites.
McAfee Labs which specializes in virus protection, cites a NovemberFacebook scam that offered a “free $1,000 Best Buy gift card” to the first 20,000 people who signed up on a bogus Best Buy fan page. The scam urged consumers to provide personal information as they took a series of quizzes.
Malware tweets and posts are even more prevalent than fan page ruses. You might remember this scam, which used the lure of a free iPad to get users to sign up for a premium cell phone service that cost $10 a week via both Facebook andTwitter.
2011年11月英语二级笔译实务试题
二． 二级笔译实务
（1）英译汉的命题同样选材于《纽约时报》，但与三级英译汉相比，二级中体现了一些句子的考点。此次二级英译汉中的第二篇文章体现了略带文学色彩的文章。要提醒考生注意的是，在2012年以后的二级英译汉中会逐渐体现一定的文学色彩，比如，散文或杂文的翻译，以加大考试的难度。 二级笔译英译汉的主题是：
（1）海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家共同研究鱼类的维系和管理问题
Can we have our fish and eat it too? An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.
我们能否二者兼得，既有鱼可吃同时还能维系鱼类继续生存呢？由海洋生态学家与渔业管理学家进行的一项非同寻常的合作项目表明，这一答案也许是肯定的。
第一句原本可以译成汉语的一句习语：鱼与熊掌不可兼得。但是，根据该篇的上下文，如果按汉语习语来译，就显得很不妥当，因此，在翻译该句时应适当对含义做出调整，使之符合文章的要求。
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Their conclusions are at once gloomy — overfishing continues to threaten many species — and upbeat: a combination of steps can turn things around.
两组科学家的结论喜忧掺半：忧的是过度捕捞将继续威胁着许多鱼类，喜的是若采取综合措施将会扭转事态。
该句的翻译考点是：采用“总分结构”还是“分总结构”翻译该句。如按照原句的顺序来译，就不太符合汉语的表达习惯，因为原句的表达形式是采用“分总结构”，而汉语则习惯于“总分结构”。
They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, an organization sponsored by the National Science Foundation and based at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
他们获得了研究资助并开始在国家生态综合分析中心组织研讨会。该中心是国家科学基金会资助的一个研究机构，位于圣巴巴拉市加利福尼亚大学。
在翻译此句时，要注意将同位语译成一个独立的句子，以使汉语表达更为通顺。 （2）野火与植物强劲的生命力
Perhaps naively, I had expected to find that many trees had been killed. They hadn’t. They had blackened bark, but were otherwise looking rather well.
也许处于幼稚，我本料想会看到许多烧死的树木。但它们并没有被大火烧死，只有被烧黑的树皮，要不是这场大火，它们本来长势良好。 But unlike a normal animal, it’s a shape-shifter.
然而火并不像一个普通的动物，它是一个可以使物体改变形状的动物。
“a shape-shifter”名词转动词。词性的转换在翻译中是一个常用的手法，这是由英汉两种语言表达方式的差异所决定的。
汉译英部分对考生使用句式的熟练程度，词语内涵的把握都有较高的要求。 例句：
1. 尽管中国在禁烟和控烟方面做了大量的工作，但中国控烟形势依然严峻。
Considerable work as China has done in its campaign to control smoking and use of tobacco, the situation of smoking control still remains grim. 该句使用了一个“让步状语从句”的特殊句式。
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2. 中国的烟草和烟制品的生产和消费占世界第一。
China ranks first in the world for its production and consumption of tobacco and tobacco products.
该句的主语应该如何确定，到底是“生产与消费”作主语，还是“中国”作主语？该句考察了考生对汉英语中的表达习惯不同的认知。
3. 许多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪；吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友等。
Many smokers believe that smoking can help eliminate one’s fatique, relieve one’s boredom, heighten one’s spirit and stimulate one’s mood. Moreover, smoking can help socialize oneself with others, extend one’s circle of friends. 汉语中习惯用四字词组，译成英语时也应尽力选择字数相等形式来译。
4.高储蓄为促进国内投资的快速增长提供了充足的资金，而高投资反过来又促进了经济的快速增长。
The high rate of savings provides sufficient funds for the rapid growth of domestic investment and the high investment in turn greatly facilitates the fast growth of economy.
5. 高储蓄率主要是中国的计划生育政策下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。
The high rate of savings can be chiefly attributed to the long-term factors that the population structure is formed under China’s one-child policy and household consumption habits change very slowly under the circumstances of the rapid economic growth.
6. 尽管家庭收入随着整体经济增长而迅速增加，但个人消费习惯可能需要好几年甚至好几十年才能改变。
Although the family income has quickly increased with the overall economic growth, it may take years or even decades before the personal consumption habits will change. 7. 在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。
Under the effects of the “excess savings advantages”, China has and will continue
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to maintain a situation of high growth and low inflation. And so long as China continues to maintain a high rate of savings, it will be able to withstand external impact. E-C
第一篇
渔业科学家和生态学家合作。到底能不能捕鱼呢？一方认为可以适度开发某些自然资源，一方认为应该注重保护。双方一直以来存在分歧。生态学家发出一个警告“到2040年，过度捕鱼会造成很多物种濒危”，渔业科学家认为危言耸听。但双方没有像大多数做法那样（看法有争议就互相firing，我翻的是互相攻击），而是在海洋和大气管理局（某政府机构）促使下，进行合作。并就合作成果发表了一个论文，论文代表了双方的观点，所以（观点的冲突磨合）使这份报告很有影响力。
并且，很多其他领域也一样，一方认为可以适度开发某些自然资源，一方认为应该注重保护。这样有观点分歧、侧重点不同的双方应该合作！渔业科学家和生态学家合作就是一个良好开端！ 第二篇
讲对火的研究（有点科学散文的感觉，有一些比喻，不是很严肃死板的那种科学文章）。我去过澳大利亚一片被火烧过的桉树林eucalyptus，我本来猜想很多树应该都死了，可是实际看到的时候，发现自己想的有点单纯了。树皮bark有些被熏黑了，但长的很茂盛。 我就开始想火这种自然力naturalforce到底起着什么作用。火形态多变，所以不好研究。火像动物一样，（燃烧的时候）需要吸氧，会吞噬植物。影响火的因素很多，比如风会扇火，雨会浇灭（quench）火，地势也影响火的发展---火更容易像高处uphill蔓延。在澳大利亚、中非等地，野火更容易发生。在北欧则较少。有些植物不那么vulnerable to fire ，因为树皮厚，有些树甚至被火熏了、经历过高温才会长种子！（妈呀，太神奇了，可是原文确实是这样说的哦） C-E 第一篇
讲中国的储蓄率很高。中国的储蓄总额相当于国民经济的55% ，其中家庭储蓄 几%，
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政府储蓄 %，企业储蓄 %。
中国的高储蓄率促使有足够的资金用于投资，大量的投资又促进经济增长。只要中国保证足够的储蓄量，就能使通货膨胀处于较低水平，就能保证经济持续增长。 第二篇
讲中国政府面临严峻的控烟、禁烟形势。中国政府承诺到2011年，在室内工作场所、公共交通工具、室内公共场所全面禁烟。
禁烟难的原因有2个，一方面是地方政府消极态度，因为烟草和烟草制品有很大的经济利益，增加了地方的GDP。另一方面是很多人的错误观念。他们认为吸烟能消除疲劳、精力充沛、促进社交、激发思维灵感。甚至有些人认为吸烟可以治病，“以毒攻毒”。 中国政府面临严峻的禁烟形势。
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