大学英语精读第三册7-9

第一组 张一笛 arouse-buzz

arouse ]v. (aroused,aroused,arousing)

[a-表示加强意思的前缀]1.[T] (from)fml. to cause to wake; ROUSE叫醒、唤醒:We aroused him from his deep sleep. 2.[T]to cause to become active; excite 引起激起:His behavior aroused the suspicious ︱sexually aroused [常用短语]

arouse from唤醒，叫醒；激起，引起，唤起(某人的沉闷、低落的情绪等)： The lazybones must be aroused from their unwillingness to work; to arouse someone from a sound sleep

arouse the enthusiasm of 调动积极性 Evaluating teachers in a scientific way can arouse the enthusiasm of teachers, improve the qualification of the staff and raise the teaching abilities.

[典型考题] These startling events _______ intense excitement throughout Europe. A. rose B. arose C. raised D. aroused

[试题分析] 本题是形近词辨析题

[详细解答] 典型考题答案是D。句意：这些惊人的事迹在整个欧洲引起了极大的骚动。arouse意为―激起、兴趣、引起、唤起‖，如arouse anxiety引起不安；arouse curiosity引起好奇

[词义辨析]rise vi. 升起，升高；arise vi.出现，发生；raise vt.抬起，举起某物

辨析rise,arise,raise,arouse这组词时，应当注意那些是及物动词那些是不及物动词，这是掌握这些词的关键。

其中rise和arise是不及物动词，后不能直接接宾语，如：The sun rises from the east.太阳从东边升起。New problems arised.新的问题出现了。raise和arose是及物动词，即后可直接接宾语，如raise eggs下蛋；raise a hand举起手；arouse suspicion引起怀疑。

[词形变换] arousal [ə'rauzəl] n. 激励,鼓励emotional/sexual aroused as for

1.sometimes derog(used hen starting to talk about a new subject, connected with what came before)when we speak of; concerning【有时贬】（用于连接前面所谈、转入新的 话题）至于、就……而论[而言]:You can have a bed; as for him, he‘ll have to sleep on the floor.

[词义辨析] as to均表示―就……而论‖―有关‖或―至于‖。

as to 的功能类似于 with regard to， regarding， on the matter of， concerning 等，常用于相当正式的语境中，尤其用于争论和做出决定时。可放于句首或与 wh- 疑问词引导的动词不定式和名词性从句连用（有时可省略），而 as for 无此种用法。例如：As to the journey，we must decide about that later.

as for 和 as to 都可用于句首，引出一个与前一个话题稍微有些不同的话题，但 as for 在语体上不如 as to 正式，并且着重话题的转换，也就是说，它所引导的是前面尚未提到过的新的事情，因此它不能用于文章的开头。另外， as for 有时表达轻蔑的语气。例如：We had a delightful weekend in the country. As for the traffic,we had no difficulty.

association [] n.

[soci-表示结合，社交]1.[C+sing./pl.v]an organization of people joined together for a shared purpose协会，社团: The association of Science Workers is/are having its/there annual conference next week︱She set up/formed an association to help blind people 2.[U（with）]the act of associating or fact of being assocaited结合，合伙，合作，关联，联合:Our long association with your company has brought great benefits. ︱The council is working in association with the police in this. 3.[C;U]（a）connection made in the mind between different things, ideas etc.联想:the

association of ideas. ︱Hospital have rather unpleasant association for me. [常用短语]

association with与„„的交往：I have association with the socialists of the society. in association with与„„相联系；与„„联合：One may also feel great guilt in association with nature and not know why. association book(由著译者或名人题字或加注的)手迹珍本，手译本：Music Association book be able to how Taibaodalan all of the collection?

association football英式足球：Boxing, association football, tennis and cricket were all first organized and given rules in Britain. [词形变换] associational adj. 联想的；协会的Regarding this, Ye Weilian once commented: ―Many Chinese poems do not rely on metaphor or symbolism but on associational representation of things. bachelor [] n.1.an unmarried man未婚男子，单身汉:He is a confirmed

bachelor(=he‘s unlikely to get married)︱an eligible bachelor(=who is regarded as very suitable to be chosen as a husband︱a bachelor flat

[文化注释] The STEREOTYPE of a bachelor is a man who is about 30 years old, enjoy having fun, and does not want the

responsibility of being a husband and parent. If you describe some one as bachelor, rather than as‘single‘,you are suggesting that he may never get married, but they you do not pity him because he could get married if he wanted to but has decided not to. 2.(often cap.常用大写)a person, male or female, who has a bachelor‘s degree拥有学士学位的人:a bachelor of Arts︱a bachelor of Science

[典型考题]Distrusting women, he remained a _____all his life.

A.suspect B.fiance C.bachelor D.single

[试题分析]本题是近义词辨析题，其中B.C.

各项是近义词，A是陪衬项。

[详细解答]典型考试答案是C。句意：由于 不相信女人，他一生都未婚。bachelor指单身汉，未婚男子，名词。fiance名词，未婚夫。single形容词，单身的。suspect，名词，嫌疑人。 betray [] v.

1. [T(to)]to be disloyal or unfaithful to对……不忠，背叛:To betray one‘s friends/one‘s principles 2.to hand over to the power of an enemy by disloyalty叛卖，出卖:The resistance group was betrayed to the government by one of its own members. 3.to give away or make known(especially a secret)泄露[尤指秘密]:He betrayed the plans to enemy agents. 4. to be a sign of(something one would like to hide); show the real feelings or intentions of暴露[欲隐藏的事]，表现出……的真实情感[意图]:Her trembling hands betrayed her nervousness (to him). ︱[+wh-]Her expression betrayed how angry she really was.

[常用短语]

betray oneself暴露了本来面目；露马脚；原形毕露The feature of youth is to betray oneself at will, even if no alluring strength about.

betray into投敌；诱惑Judas made a deal with the Jewish authorities to betray Jesus into their custody

[词形变换]betrayer n. 叛徒,背信者,告密者So many overseas Chinese, their eating and using and wearing are all from overseas? They are go away form China? And become a betrayer?

betrayal n. 背叛,暴露They learn to associate love with abuse, intimacy with violation, and care with betrayal [典型考题]The expression on his face ____that he was angry.

A.betray B.turned out C.expressed D.announced

[试题分析]本题是词义辨析题。

[详细解答]典型考试答案是A。句意：他脸 上的表情显示他很生气。betray暴露，显露出本来不想表达的东西；turn out结果是，原来是，后多接to be结构；express多用指语言表达；announce预告，预示，如A warm sunshine announces the coming of spring.

bubble[] with bursting with充溢；不胜(欢喜)，哄然大笑；勃然大怒：Can honey bubble with tea?︱The play bubbled with songs and dances

buzz[] n.1.[C]a buzzing sound嗡嗡声 2. infml a telephone call【fml】一次电话:I‘ll just give him a buzz3.also又作buzz cut AmE infml A CREW CUT【美，fml】平头，板刷头[发式] v.1.[I]to make the

continuous sound that bees make; HUM作嗡嗡声:the buzzing of the bees︱(fig.

喻)The crowd/room buzzed with excitement. 2.[I(for);T]to call (someone) by using a buzzer用蜂音器召唤（某人）:She buzzed for her secretary. 3. [T]infml to fly low and fast over【fml】低空过:Planes buzzed the crowd as a warning [常用短语]

buzz off 【俚】走开，滚开：Buzz off and stop bothering me! 黄利荣 chatty-due

chatty [] adj. informal esp. BrE 1.talking a lot in a friendly way 爱说话的；爱闲聊的；健谈的：You‘re very chatty today, Alice. 2. having a friendly informal style 闲聊式的:a chatty letter

contrary[]adj.1.contrary to sth. different from sth; against sth 与之相异的；对立的；相反的：Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 2.[only before noun]completely different in

nature or direction（在性质或方向上）截然不同的，完全相反的：The contrary view is that prison provides an excellent

education—in crime.截然不的看法是，监狱在犯罪方面可以提供很好的教育。n.1.(the contrary) the opposite fact ,event or

situation相反的事实（或事情、情况）：In the end the contrary was proved true: he was innocent and she was guilty.最后证明事实正好相反：他是无辜的，而她则有罪。 [常用短语]

on the contrary 与此相反，恰好相反：It must have been terrible. On the contrary, I enjoyed every minute.

quite the contrary 恰恰相反，正相反：I don‘t find him funny at all. quite the contrary.

to the contrary 相反的，相反地：Show me some evidence to the contrary (=proving that sth is true).

contrary to （介词）与……相反；不顾的go by contraries

[补充意义] adj.(formal, disapproving)

(usually of child通常指小孩)behaving badly; choosing to do or say the opposite of what is excepted 好与人作对的；逆反的；犟的：She was such a contrary child---it was impossible to please her.这个孩子老跟人作对，没法使她高兴。

[典型考题]What you wish to do is ____ the regulations.

A. contrary to B. responsible to C. attached to D. resistant to

[试题分析]本题测试考生对以上短语的掌握情况。

[详细解答] 典型考题答案A.句意：你所希望做的与规章制度相违背。contrary to（介词）（在性质、倾向、方向等上）违反（某事物），与……对抗；responsible to（向主管或上级）承担责任；attached to附属于，为„„工作；resistant to抵抗的，有抵抗力的；其他三个词组不符合题意。 [词形变换]contrarily adv. 相反地；对立的 contrariness noun 不同；相反

count []v.1. [V]to say numbers in the correct order(按顺序)数数：Billy can‘t count yet.比利还不会数数。 2. [V/VN] to calculate the total number of people, things, etc. in a particular group计算（或清点）总数 There are 12 weeks to go, counting from

today.从今天算起还有12个星期。 3. [VN]to include sb/sth when you calculate a total 把……算入；包括:We have invited 50 people, not counting the children.不算小孩，我们邀请到了50人。 4．[V](not used in the progressive tenses不用于进行时)to be important重要：Every point in this game counts.这一场比赛每一分都很重要。 5. [V/VN]to be officially accepted; to accept sth officially（被）正式接纳，正式认可：Applications received after 1 July will not be counted.7月1日以后收到的申请书将不予受理。 6. [V/VN]to consider sb/sth in a particular way; to be considered in a particular way认为；看作；算作；被视为：I count him among my closest friends.我把他看作我一个最亲密的朋友。 n.1. [usually sing.]an act of counting to find the total number of sth; the total number that you find数出总数；总数：The bus driver did a quick count of the empty seats.公共汽车司机很快地数了数空位。 2. [usually sing.]an act of saying numbers in order beginning with 1（按顺序的）数数，点数：Raise your leg and hold for a count of ten. 抬起一条腿，保持这个姿势，直至数到十。3.[usually sing.](technical 术语) a measurement of the amount of sth contained in a particular substance or area（某物质在某物或面积中）量的计数：a raised white blood cell count增高的白血球计数 4. (law 律)a crime that sb is accused of committing（被指控的）罪状，事项：They were found guilty on all counts.他们被判各项罪名成立。 5. [usually pl.]a point made during a discussion or an argument（讨论或争论的）论点，观点，问题，事项：I disagree with you on both counts.我对你的两个观点均不敢苟同。 [常用短语] keep count of 计数

lose count of 算不清确切数目 take count of 考虑到，重视 count against 对……不利

count for 有……价值，有重要性 count on 指望，依靠 count up 把……相加

count one’s chickens before they are hatched过早乐观

curiosity [] noun1. [U, sing.]a strong desire to know about sth好奇心；求知欲：His answer did not satisfy my curiosity at all.他的答复丝毫没有满足我的好奇心。2.[C]an unusual and interesting thing罕见而有趣之物；奇物；珍品：The museum is full of historical curiosities.这座博物馆有许多珍奇历史文物。

[典型考题]The story has aroused the boy‘s ____ about distant land. A. curiosity B.cruise

C.curriculum D.courtesy

[试题分析]本题测试考生的词汇量。

[详细解答] 典型考题答案A.句意：这故事引起了男孩对那个遥远过度的好奇心。Curiosity意思为―兴趣，求知欲‖，通常为不可数名词，其前的不定冠词a可有可无，后接不定式或介词about；cruise乘船游览，航行curriculum（学校等的）全部课程； courtesy礼貌，谦恭，客气话。

detachment [] noun1. [U]the state of not being involved in sth in an emotional or personal way超然；超脱；冷漠：He answered me with an air of detachment.他回答时带着冷漠的神态。2. [U] (approving)the state of not being influenced by other people or by your own feelings公正；客观；独立：In judging these issues a degree of critical detachment is required.在裁决这些争议时须要有一定程度的评判公正性。3. [C] a group of soldiers, ships, etc. sent away from a large group, especially to do special duties分遣队；支队；特遣小分队：a detachment of artillery炮兵支队 4. [U] the act of detaching sth; the process of being detached from sth拆卸；分离；分遣：to suffer detachment of the retina视网膜脱落

disclosure [] noun1. [U] the act

of making sth known or public that was previously secret or private揭露；透露；公开：the newspaper‘s disclosure of defence secrets 报纸对防务内幕的披露2. [C] information or a fact that is made known or public that was previously secret or private透露的秘密；公开的事情；暴露的事实：startling disclosures about his private life对他私人生活耸人听闻的披露。

distraction [] noun1. [C, U] a thing that takes your attention away from what you are doing or thinking about分散注意力的事；使人分心的事：I find it hard to work at home because there are too many distractions.我发觉在家里工作很难，因为使人分心的事太多。 2. [C] an activity that amuses or entertains you 娱乐；消遣：The children are driving me to distraction today.今天孩子们闹得我心烦意乱 [词形变换]distract v. 转移，分散，使分心 distracting adj. 令人分心的，使人分心的distracted adj. 注意力分散的，思想不集中的，心烦意乱的distractedly adv. 注意力分散地，思想不集中地，心烦意乱地 due [] adj1.caused by (not before noun/) ~to sth / sb caused by sb / sth; because of sb / sth 由于；因为：The team‘s success was largely due to her efforts. 2.expected (not before noun )~to do sth | ~for sth arranged or expected 预期;预定；预计： The band‘s first album is due for release later this month. 3. owed 1）（not usually before noun） when a sum of money is due, it must be paid immediately 到期：Payment is due on 1 October. 2）（not before noun）~ to sb owed to sb as a debt, because it is their right or because they have done sth deserve it 应支付，应给与，应归于：Have they been paid the money that is due to them? 3）（not before noun） ~ (for) sth owed sth ;deserving sth 应有；应得到:She‘s due for promotion soon. 4.suitable/right(only before noun) (formal) that is suitable or right in the circumstances

适当的；恰当的；合适的：After due consideration, we have decided to appoint Mr. Jimmy to the job.

n.1.(your / sb‘s~)[U] a thing that should be given to sb by right 应有的权利；应得到的东西：He received a large reward , which was no more than his due(=than what he deserved). 2.dues[pl.]charges, for example to be a member of a club应缴款（如俱乐部费

用

）

:To

paid

your

dues.

adv.1.~north/south/east/west exactly; in a straight line 正向；正对着：The village lies five miles due north of work. [常用短语]

be due to 预期的；应付的；应给予的 due to 由于；归因于

in due course at the right time and not before 在适当时候；到一定时候：Your request will be dealt with in due course. with(all) due respect used when you are going to disagree, usually quite strongly, with sb (极不赞成的说)恕我冒昧，恕我直言：With all due respect, the figures simply do not support you on this.

[典型考题]Any money that is_______ to you will be paid before the end of the month. A．prepared B. dull C. due D. payable

[试题分析] 本题测试考生对近义词的区分 [试题详解] 典型考题答案C。A答案prepared介词姐to时，表愿意做某事；B答案dull做形容词解释意为无聊的，令人生厌的；枯燥无味的；做动词解释意为减轻，使变麻木；D答案payable做形容词解释为应付的，到期的，可获利的；due在本句中的意思为“欠下的”，后接介词to.

赵璐 embankment-gather

embankment []n.1.a wall of stone or earth made to keep water back or to carry a road or railway / railroad over low land 堤；堤岸；堤围；（铁路和公路）路堤 ： Combined with the practice, the paper analyzed the cause of highway high fill

embankment and cut settlement, and proposed countermeasures. 2.a slop made of earth or stone that rises up from either side of a road or railway / railroad (公路和铁路两侧的)护坡

[补充意义] embankment, the also 又作 the Thames Embankment a road along the north bank of the River Thames in London 伦敦泰晤士河

evidently [] adv. 1.clearly; that can be seen or understood easily 明显地；显然地：She walked slowly down the road, evidently in pain. 2. according to what people say 据说：He evidently hated math at school, so it‘s amazing he became an accountant.

exception []n.1. a person or a thing that is not included in a general statement 不包括在内的人或物；例外：Most of the buildings in the town are modern, but the church is an exception. 2. a thing that dose not follow a rule 规则的例外；例外的事物：Good writing is unfortunately the exception rather than the rule.

[常用短语]

The exception that proves the rule people say sth is the exception that proves the rule when they are stating sth that seems to be different from the normal situation, but they mean that the normal situation remains true is general 反证规律的例外；足以证明普遍性的例外 Most electronics companies have not done well this year, but ours is the exception that proves the rule.

make an exception to allow sb not to follow the usual rule on the occasion 允许有例外；让——成为例外Children are not usually allowed in, but I‘m prepared to make an exception in this case.

take exception to sth to object strongly to sth ;to be angry about sth (强烈地)反对；对„„的气I take great exception to the fact that you told my wife before you told

me.

with the exception of except; not including 除„„之外；不包括„„在内All his novels are set in Italy with the exception of his last.

without exception used to emphasize that the statement you are making is always true and everyone or everything is included 一律；无一例外All students without exception must take the English examination. flinch [] v. (flinched, flinching, flinches)1. [V] ~ (at sb ) | ~ (away) to make a sudden movement with your face or body as a result of pain, fear, surprise, etc. (突然)退缩；畏缩：She flinched at the sight of the blood. She flinched away from the dog. [常用短语]

flinch from sth | flinch from doing sth (often used in negative sentences 常用于否定句 ) to avoid thinking about or doing sth unpleasant 不想，不做（不愉快的事）；畏缩不前He never flinched from facing up to trouble.

[词形变化] adv.flinchingly n.flincher

gather[]v.1.come / bring together 1）to come together , or bring people together , in one place to from a group 聚集；集合；召集： [V] A crowd soon gathered 很快就聚集起了一群人.Can you all gather around.[VN] The kids were gathered together in one room. 2）[VN]~ sth (together / up) to bring things to bring things together that have been spread around 收拢；归拢（分散的东西）：People slowly gathered their belongings and left the hall. 2.collect 1）[VN] to collect information from different sources 搜集；收集（情报）：Detectives have spent months gathering evidence. 2） [VN] to collect plants , fruit, etc. from a wide area 采集（植物，水果等）：To gather wild flowers. 3.crops/harvest~ sth (in) to pick or cut and collect to be stored 收割；收获：It was l ate August and the harvest had been safety

gathered in. 4.believe/understand (not used in the progressive tenses 不用于进行时) to believe or understand that sth is true because of information or evidence you have 认为；推断；理解：[V (that)] I gather from your letter that you are not enjoying your work. [VN] ‗There‘s been a delay.‘ ‗I gathered that.‘ [V] You are a self-employed, I gathered5.increase [VN] to increase in speed , force , etc. 增加（速度、力量等）：Thousands of these machines are gathering dust(= not being used ) in stockrooms. 6.of clouds/darkness [VN] to gradually increase in number or amount 逐渐增加；积 聚：The storm clouds were gathering. 7.clothing [VN] ~ sth around you/sth | ~ sth up to pull a piece of clothing tighter to your body 收紧；拢起（衣服）：He gathered his cloak around him. 8.hold sb [VN+ adv./ prep.] (writer) to pull sb towards you and put your arms around them 拉近；拥抱：She gathered the child in her arms and held him close. 9.prepare yourself [VN] to prepare yourself to do sth that requires effort 攒（动）；使做好准备：I sat down for a moment to gather my strength.

[词形变化] adj. gatherable 可收集的；可积聚的；n.gatherer 收集者gathering 集会；积聚

[常用短语]

gather in 收获（庄稼） gather together 收拾好

gather up 收拾起来 抱起来

[典型考题] He travels about the world _______ facts about little known diseases. A. gathering B. collecting C. accumulating D. amassing [试题分析] 本题是同义词辨析。

[试题详解] 典型考题答案A。这组选项中都有“收集，采集”之意，但用法上有些差异。gather指把一些乱放或难以明确分开的东西收拾到一起。collect和gather一样，但表示所收集的东西是分散的，或者能一

次处理的一件的。accumulate(积累)某些东西，表示要经过一段时间的收集，使之越来越多。Amass比较正式，而且尤用于金钱，货物或权利的逐渐积攒，且数目相当大。这句话句意：他走遍世界，收集鲜为人知的疾病资料。

郭文兰 hairbrush- infringement

hairbrushn.1.a brush for making the hair tidy or smooth 发梳；毛刷 henceadv. (formal)1.for this reason 因此，由此：We suspect they are trying to hide something, hence the need for an independent inquire.我们怀疑他们隐瞒什么，因此有必要进行独立调查。 in so far as 1.至于；对于；关于：If a book gives pleasure, then, in so far as the reader is concerned, it is a praise-worthy book. 2.（程度等）就„；在„范围内；到„程度：In so far as you are a student, you are free to use the library. 3.在„的限度内，在„的范围内：I can help you in so far as I can. [相关短语]

in so far as possible尽可能 The real effort is to stay there, rather, in so far as that is possible, and to examine closely the odd vegetation of those distant regions.

except in so far as除去 The entire cycle of operations dispenses with human control except in so far as monitors are concerned. in so far as…goes就„„所及的范围 In so far as it goes, the latest rescue package seems well judged, although the devil will be in the detail.

in so far as 1.在„„的情况下 2.只要„„ save in so far as除在„„的范围外 in so far only as只以„„为限

in so far as it is in terms of在其按照„„的范围内

as far as the eye can/could see to the horizon极目所及：The bleak moorland stretched on all sides as far as the eye could see.

in the event of1.如果„„发生，万一：In the event of emergency we may make

off.2.万一，倘若:In the event of fire, break the glass and push the small red button.3.遇到„„时候 ：Appointing an Acting President in the event of the FAI

President's death

in that event if that happens 如果是那样的话；如果那种事情发生：In that event, we will have to reconsider our offer. in any event/ at all events used to emphasize or show sth is true or will happen in spite of other circumstances 不管怎样；无论如何：I think she will agree to do it but in any event, all she can say is ‗no‘. in the event when the situation actually happened 结果；到头来：I got very nervous about the exam, but in the event, I needn‘t have worried; it was really easy.

do not use this lift online as a means of escaped- in- the event of fire 遇火警时，严禁使用此电梯。

in the event of blunders 在医疗事故里 in the event of delay in delivery 若迟交 In the event of customer complaints 如果顾客提出投诉

in the event of an accident 万一发生事故

infallibly []adv.绝对无误地 [词形变换]infallible adj. 1.never wrong;

never make mistakes永无过失的；一贯正确的infallible advice 无可指责的忠告 2.that never fails always doing what it is supposed to do绝对可靠；万无一失infallibility n.his belief in the infallibility of dreams as a guide to the future.

infringement []n. 违反(侵犯) [U.C]copyright infringement 对版权的侵犯︱an infringement of liberty/rights 对自由权利的/侵犯

[词形变换]infringe v.破坏,犯,违反1.(of an action, a plan, etc.行动，计划等)to break a law or rule违背，触犯（法规）:The material can be copied without infringing copyright 2.~(on/upon)sth. to limit sb‘s legal right侵犯，侵害（合法权益）:[VN]They said that

compulsory identity cards would infringe civil liberties. ︱[V]She refused to answer questions that infringed on her private affairs.

第二组 李丽 languid- occurrence

languid [l] adj. 1.moving slowly and making very little effort; 不活波的,无 精打采的:Speak with a languid

drawl .2.unwilling to stir or exert oneself; 慵懒的，懒洋洋的

[常用词组]

languid movement 懒洋洋的动作 [词形变换] languidly adv. in a languid and lethargic manner; 疲倦地，无力地，懒洋洋地:The men languidly put on their jackets leather [] n. (leathers) v. (leathered, leathering.)adj.1.[n.] animal skin that has been threated to preserve it and is used for making shoes, bags. [经过处理的动物的]皮，皮革:A book bound in leather:2. [n.做复数] special leather clothes worn for protection by someone riding a motorcycle;3.[adj.] made of leather 皮制的：a leather jacket [常用短语]

run/go hell for leather [informal] 拼命跑， 狂奔artificial leather 人制皮革Patent leather 漆皮Synthetic leather 合成革 mild [] Adj.

1,weather;天气 not too cold or wet. Sometimes pleasant warm: We had an exceptionally mild winter last year.2.illness疾病 a mild illness or health problem is not serious 不严重的，轻微的:It‘s nothing—just a mild threat infection.:3.food/taste 食物/味道 not very strong or hot tasting. 不浓烈的，淡的:A mild curry.:4.punishment/criticism 惩罚，批评 not severe or strict 不严厉的，婉转的:A mild rebuke:5. small effect 小影响 not serious enough to cause much suffering 不厉害的，弱的:6.character/manner 性格举止 having a gentle character and not easily getting angry 温和的，温厚的:Joe

was a very mild man who rarely raised his voice [常用词组]

as mild as a dove/May/milk 非常温和的 draw it mild 说地适度不夸张[补充意义] 1. soap etc soft to your skin肥皂等柔性的:A mild washing-up liquid.2. [u. n.] dark

pitch []v1.[T] to throw sth / sb. In the

specified direction with a lot of force , often aiming carefully. (仔细瞄准后力)投，掷，抛Fran screwed up the letter and pitched it into the fire.2.[I always+ adv/prep, T always +adv/prep]To fall

suddenly and heavily in a particular

beer with a mild taste. [英]淡味道黑啤酒。 direction, or to someone or something fall nettle [] [n.] [Vt. Nettles, nettled, in this way (使)突然重重,跌倒:Jim nettling]1. [n.] 荨麻any of numerous plants having stinging hairs that cause skin irritation on contact2. [Vt.] make sb. angry or annoy 使某人发怒:My remarks clearly nettled her.

[补充意义]

nettle rash；荨麻疹a condition that cause areas of red spots on your skin.

grasp the nettle;坚定果断 deal with a difficult matter firmly and boldly. occupant [] [C. N.]1.someone who lives in the house/room though without owning it 居住者，住户:furniture left by the precious occupants.2.someone who is in a room/vehicle [房间、汽车等某一时期的]占有人、使用者:Neither of the car‘s two occupant was injured.

易混词辨析occupation : the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money1.工作，职业2.the control of a country by military forces of a foreign power占领，占用，居住.

occurrence [] [C. N.] 1.sth. that happens 发生的事、事件Flooding under this bridge is a occurrence.2.[U. N.] the fact of sth. Happening. 事件的发生、出现：The frequent occurrence of violent storms in the area

[近义词辨析]

accident―事故‖之意外发生的灾难 Event―事件‖，之重要的或不寻常的事 incidence―事件，暴力事件，骚动‖ Disaster―自然灾害，灾难― Coincidence―巧合―

陈蓓pitch-raw

pitched forward as the train jerked to a halt.3.[T always +adv/prep] a) if you pitch an examination, explanation, speech etc at a particular level of difficulty ,you make sure that it can be understood by people at that level 给（考试，解释，演说等）定难度:She pitched her speech to the eenagers in the audience. b) to set pricesat a particular level 为……定价格:Prices for the mew hatchbacks

are

pitched

very

competitively.4.[T always +adv/prep] if you pitch your voice or another sound at a particular level, the sound is produced at that level 为……定高音，为……定调:This song is pitched too high for my voice.5.[T]to erect and fix in place (a tent or camp) esp. for a short time.扎营:We pitch our tents besides the stream.

[补充意义]：n1.[C] a specially marked out area of ground on which a sport is played比赛场2.[U] a black sticky substance that is used on roofs, the bottoms of ships etc. to stop water coming through 沥青Phrases : as black as pitch 漆黑的pitch-black乌黑的pitch-dark 黑暗无光的we couldn‘t see our way in the pitch-dark 3.a)the highness or lowness of a musical note 音调，音高b) the ability of a musician to play or sing note at exactly the correct pitch乐感4.[C] a throw of the ball ,or a way in which it can be thrown 投球方式

[常用短语 ]：pitch sth over/into/through 扔过/扔进/People just pitch their rubbish over the wall

pitch forward/backward向前/后跌倒Jim

pitched forward as the train jerked to a halt. pitch sth high/low 给……定高/低音 pitch camp/a tent 扎帐篷 pitch for 为……极力推销

pitch sb a line/yarn (informal)编造令人难以相信的

借口She pitched me some yarn about a bomb scare on the metro.

pitch in informal 拼命地干起来If we all pitch in ,we‘ll have it finished in no time. pitch into 口语（武力或口头）攻击某人pitch up（口语）到达，出现Guess who just pitched up on Saturday night.

[词形变换] pitched adj (屋顶)倾斜的，有坡度的pitcher n 大水壶

[词义辨析]throw, cast, fling, heave, hurl,pitch, toss这些动词均有―抛、投、掷‖之意。throw: 通用词，使用广泛，仅指用力抛掷，不涉及动作方式或感情色彩。

cast: 常可与throw互换，指迅速扔出一个重量较轻的物体。

fling: 指用力投掷，或因感情激动而粗暴地或漫无目的地扔东西。 heave:指把重物举起后扔出。 hurl: 通常指用力投掷，动作迅猛，所投掷的距离也较远。

pitch: 指随意地、轻轻地掷或扔，侧重方向性和有明确的目标。 toss: 指无什么目的地、轻地、随意地掷或扔，所扔掷的东西一般都比较轻。 postage [] [ post-+n/v/adj]

post- prefix later than 在…..之后n[U] The money charged for carrying a letter, parcel etc by post 邮资，邮费1) Please enclose $10 , including $1 for postage.2)

How much is the postage for an airmail letter Canada. postage and packing 包装加邮费Yours for only $20 plus postage and packing!

[词形变换] postal 邮政工人poster 海报 practical joke n[C] a trick that is intended to give someone a surprise or shock and make other people laugh 恶作剧The children put salt in the sugar bowl as a

practical joke.

[词形变换]：practical joker 玩恶作剧的人 prayer [] n1.[C] words that you

say when praying to God ,especially a fixed form of words 祈祷文 We all had

to say our prayers before having meals.2.[U] the acting of praying or the regular habit of praying 祈祷（的习惯in prayer 在祷告Let us kneel in prayer. 3.[C] a wish or hope that something will happen 愿望 ，希望Nadia‘s one prayer is that the children won‘t suffer.4.prayers[plural] a regular religious meeting in a church, school etc. at which people pray together.(教堂，学校的)祷告会:Prayers are at 9 o‘clock..

[常用短语]not have a prayer: informal to have no chance of success. 没有成功的机会:I hadn‘t done any work for the exam, and I knew I didn‘t have a prayer. Sb’s prayers are answered:informal used to say that someone has got something that they wanted very much.某人的祷告应验了:I thought all my prayers were answered when I got my job.

[词形变换] 1. pray v [I ,T] 祈祷，祷告 pray for sth 为某事祈祷pray to sb 向 某人祈2.prayer book 祈祷书.prayer mat [穆斯林祈祷时用的]跪垫4.prayer wheel [西藏用的上面刻有祈祷文的]转经筒，祈 祷轮

prosperous [] adj Successful

and rich 成功的 ，兴旺发达的 ， 繁荣的I‘m sure you can build a prosperous

company in china.

[短语] Comparatively Prosperous 小康

[词形变换] prosper ] v1.[I]

to be successful and become rich 成功，兴旺My father was no longer prospering in

business.2.[I]to grow and develop in a healthy way 健康成长，蓬勃发展The children seemed to proper under their care.3.[T] old use to make something succeed 使成功，使繁荣prosperity

[] n[U] a condition of

having money and everything that is needed for a good life兴隆，发达，昌盛:an era of unparalleled peace and prosperity prosperously adv 繁荣地 railing [] n[C usually plural] one of the metal bars in a fence that is made of a series of upright bars 栏杆Jimmy somehow gothis head suck in the railings. raw [] adj 1.not cooked 生的，为烧熟的raw meat 生肉 raw carrot 生胡萝卜2.not experienced or not yet fully trained 没有经验的，未经过充分训练的Most of our soldiers were raw recruits.3.raw cotton, sugar, wood etc are in their natural state and have not yet been prepared for use 天然状态的， 未加工的4. [身体的一部分]又红又痛，刺痛的5..very cold and wet 湿冷的 A

raw wind chilled him to the bone. 黎慧群reaction-resent

reaction[]

n.1.[C,U]something

that you fell or do that is a result of something that has happened to you or been said to you反应：Her parents‘ reaction to the news was surprisingly calm. 2.[plural] your ability to move quickly when something dangerous happens suddenly [突发危险时的]反应能力：In motor racing the drivers need to have very quick reactions. 3.[C]a bad effect, such as illness, caused by food that you have eaten or a drug that you have taken不良反应:Some people experience a mild reaction to the drug. 4.[singular]a change in people‘s attitudes, behavior, fashions etc. that happens because the disapprove of what was done in the past[态度、行为、时尚等的]变化[以表示对过去的不满]:The attitudes of this generation are a reaction against the selfish values of the 1980s. 5.[U]formal strong and unreasonable opposition to all social and political changes[正式]反动、保守：The revolution was defeated by the forces of reaction.

[常用短语]

mixed reaction 各种不同的反应：The pay offer brought a mixed reaction from union members.

gut reaction直觉反应：

quick/slow reaction 迅速|迟钝的反应能力

reaction +against 对…持有反对的态度 reaction (to sb./ sth.)反应，回应 nuclear reaction 核反应

[词形变换]

reactionary n, adj. 反对[尤指政治的]进步或改革的（人）；反动的（人）

reactivate v[Tn.] 使（某物）重新运转；使恢复活力 [典型考题]

Water encourages the ____of iron and oxygen to form rust.

A. reaction B. decomposition C. response D. answer [试题分析]此题测试词语用法。答案为A [试题详解]句意：水加速了铁和氧气形成铁 锈这一化学反应。decomposition response应答；answer 回答 recollection [] n1.a)[U]ability

to recollect; action of recollecting 记忆力；回忆：I have some recollection of that day.b) [C usu. pl.]thing, event, etc recollected 回忆的事物：The old letters brought back many happy recollections.2.time over which somebody‘s memory goes back 记忆所及的时间：Such a problem has never arisen within my recollection.

[常用短语]

with/in somebody’s recollection 记得，在

记忆中:It is in my recollection that he sold his farm to a neighbor before moving to Seattle.

have no recollection of … 不记得…：I have no recollection of meeting him.

to the best of my recollection 如果我没有记错的话:To the best of my recollection,

she drives a Mercedes.

beyond recollection 想不起，记不得

embedded in one’s recollection 牢记在

某人记忆中

[词形变换] recollect v [尤指努力地]记起

reflect[](reflected, reflected)v. 1.a)make a visible image of sb/sth (镜子等）映某人（某物）的影像：He looked at his face reflected in the mirror.b)(of a surface) throw back (light, heat, sound) (指物体表面)反射（光、热、声）：The moon shines with reflected light. 2.[Tn] show the nature of or express (sth); correspond to 表现某事物的性质；表达（某事物）；符合：Her sad looks reflected the nature of her thought. 3.[no passive] think deeply about, or remind oneself of, past events; consider沉思或思忆（往事）；思考：She reflected that his argument was probably true. 4.show or suggest that sb./sth. is sound, unsound, etc. 表明或显出某人（某事物）健全、不健全等：This scandal will reflect badly on the Party as a whole.

[常用短语] be reflected in 倒映在…；反映在…: She could see her face reflected in the water.

reflect who/what/how etc.反映了…:Does this letter reflect how you really feel?

reflect on/upon sb./sth. 给人们对…的评价造成（尤指不利）影响：If my children are rude, that reflects on me as a parent

[词形变换]

reflection n. 倒影，影像；沉思，思考 （光、热、声音、影像的）反射 reflective adj. 沉思的；表面反光的reflector n. 反光板，反光罩；反射器，反射镜，反射物

[同义词辨析]

think, deliberate, meditate, muse, reason, reflect, speculate 这些动词均有“思考、判

断、思索”之意。

think: 一般用词，指开动脑筋形成看法或得出结论的脑力活动。不着重结论是否正确，见解是否有用。

deliberate: 指缓慢、按部就班地作仔细而认真的思考或判断。

meditate: 语气较强，指认真地长时间集中精力进行思考。

muse: 通常指漫无目的地猜想。

reason: 指根据资料、证据或事实进行推断，作出结论或判断的逻辑思维活动。 reflect: 指回想或回顾，侧重认真而冷静地反复地思考某个问题，尤指对已发生事情的思索。

speculate: 指推论过程，隐含在证据不足的基础上作出推测或设想。 [典型考题]

The tone of the article___ the writer‘s mood at the time. A) reproduced B)reflected C) imagined D)imitated

[试题分析]此题为动词辨义题。答案为B） [试题详解]reproduce“繁殖，复制” reflect“反应，表现”，reflect one’s mood“反映某人的心情”符合句意 imagine “想象,设想”；imitate“模仿， 仿效

refreshment[]n.1.[plural]small amounts of food and drink that are provided

at a meeting, sports event etc. 茶点、

点心和饮料：Refreshments will be served after the meeting. 2.[U]food and drink in general食物和饮料[总称]：We worked all day without refreshment. 3.[U]the experience of being made to feel less tired or hot 恢复精力，凉爽：Hot bath is a great refreshment after a day's work. [常用短语]

liquid refreshment酒 refreshment bar 小吃酒吧 refreshments room 小吃部 [词形变换]

refresh v. 给（某人或某物）新的力量和活力；使恢复；使振作

refreshing adj. 给人以新的力量或活力

[典型考题]We have just had nice___ from

的，提神的，使人重新振作的；（因少见

或新奇）令人欣喜的，使人耳目一新的 customers saying thanks for doing what we

refreshingly adv. 极其老实的，新颖的，

不同的 remark[]v. 1.say or write (sth.)by wayof comment; observe 谈论或评论（某事物）；评述：I could not help remarking on her youth. 2.take notice of (sth./ sb. ); perceive 注意到（某事或某人）；察觉: I remark the likeness between father and son. [补充意义] n[C]something that you say when you express an opinion or say what

you have noticed . 意见；评论:In the light of your remarks , we rejected her offer. [U]important enough to be noticed. 值得 注意的：Nothing of remark has happened since you left. [常用短语]

pass/make a remark on/about…就„发表意见，对„品头论足:She could hear the

other girls making rude remarks about her. pass without remark置之不理；置若罔

闻；默认 (worth）of remark 值得注意的 remark on/upon sth. 谈论某事；评论某事：Everyone remarked on his absence. pointed/cutting remarks 直言不讳的；尖锐的评论

[词形变换]

remarkable adj. 值得注意的；不寻常的； 独特的 remarkably adv. 不寻常地；突出地 [同义词辨析] notice, note, mind, attend, remark这些动词均含“注意”之意。

notice:指对所见、所闻、所感的人或事作出的反应，侧重结果。

note:语气比notice强，指不仅注意到，而且记录下来，侧重注意的认真与仔细 mind:指用心地去观察，了解某人或某物以达到某一目的，常用于命令句中。 attend:一般用词，侧重专心于某事。 remark:一般指经过思维活动而注意到。

did. A)remarks B)reserve C)responsibilities D)restrictions

[试题分析] 此题测试词义，答案为A）。 [试题详解]句意：我们刚收到顾客的好评 感谢我们所做的事。reserve 保存 responsibility 责任；restriction 限 制

resent[]v.[T] to feel angry or upset about a situation or about something that someone has done, especially because you think that it is not fair（因受委屈而）对…感到愤恨，不满，憎恶: I resent the encroachment on my time.

[常用短语] resent doing sth. 对„感到愤恨:He resents having to get my permission first.

greatly/ strongly/bitterly resent 极其不

满: She greatly resented her brother‘s refusal to help. [词形变换]resentment n.[U] 愤恨，不满的憎恶resentfuladj.（对不公平的事）感到 愤怒的，不满的，憎恶的resentfully adv.不满地 ；憎恶地resentfulness n[U] 愤恨,不满，憎恶

颜金钰 rob-tact

rob[]v.(robbed,robbed,robbing)1.[T]to steal money or property from a person or place. 抢劫，掠夺，盗取：Those who robbed the bank were arrested last night. 2.[T] to take away an importantquality, ability etc from someone or something.使丧失，剥夺:Constant failure robbed him of confidence.

[常用短语] rob sb. of sth.抢某人某物；使

某人丧失rob sb. blind骗取某人的大 量钱财rob Peter to pay Paul借新债 还旧账，拆东墙补西墙. rob the cradle 与比自己年轻得多的人发生风流韵事

或性关系

[词形变换]robber n.抢劫犯，强盗。

robbery n.抢劫，掠夺。 on a large scale 大规模地: They are preparing for war on a large scale. 他们正在大规模地备战。

sensational[adj.1.causing great surprise, excitement or interest轰动性的，引起哗然的：The result was a sensational 4-0 victory. 2. trying to get your interest by presenting facts or events as worse or more shocking than

they are really are哗众取宠的，耸人听闻的：the news story has a sensational title. 3.extremely good , wonderful极好的，绝妙的：You look sensational in that dress. [词形变换]sensationalism n.耸人听闻 sensationalize n.大肆渲染sensation n. 感觉(能力），直觉，记忆，轰动 snap

n,adj,v.(snapped,snapped,snap

ping)1.(~sth off) to break sth. Suddenly with asharp noise; to be broken in this way使（喀嚓）断裂，绷断：He snapped a twig off a bush.他啪地从灌木上折下一小枝. 2.to move, or to move sth, into a particular position quickly, especially with a sudden sharp noise.(使啪地)打开，关上，移到某位置：She snapped the bag shut.她啪地一声把包合上了. 3.(~ at sb).to speak or say sth in a impatient, usually angry, voice.厉声说，不耐烦地说: ‗Don‘t just stand there.‘ she snapped. ―别光站在那儿‖，她生气地说. 4.(of animal.~at sb/sth)to try to bite sb/sth.咬：The dog snarled and snapped at our heels.几条狗边叫便照着我们的脚后跟咬起来. 5.to take a photograph拍照，摄影：A passing tourist snapped the incident.一个过路的游客把这件事拍了下来. 6.to suddenly be unable to control your feelings any longer because the situation has become too difficult.突然失去自制力，一下子无法自持：When he said that, something snapped inside her.听他说到这里，她内心的感情一下子沸腾.

[补充意义] n.1.[C]a sudden sharp noise, especially one made by sth closing or

breaking.喀嚓声.She closed her purse with a snap.她啪嗒一声合上了钱包.2.[C]a photograph, especially one taken quickly.照片She showed us hen holiday snaps.她给我们看了她度假时拍的照片. adj. (only before noun) made or done quickly without careful thought or preparation匆忙的，急促的a snap decision仓促的决定.

[常用短语] snap your fingers弹指头

snap（sb）out of it/sth(使)抛掉不愉快情绪

snap to it加把劲，赶快 snap sth out厉声说出

snap sth up抢购，抢先弄到手

snap through使迅速通过 be a snap十分容易（做）

social []adj.1. connected with

society and the way it is organized社会的：social issues/problems/reforms社会话题/问题/改革. 2(only before noun)connected with your position in society社会上的，社会地位的：social class/background社会阶层/背景.3.(only before noun)connected with activities in which people meet each other for pleasure.社交的，交际的a busy/hectic social life繁忙的/忙碌的社交生活. 4(animal)(only before noun)living naturally in groups, rather than alone.群居的. 5.friendly.友好=sociable

[补充意义]n.1.(C)a party that is organized by a group or club.联谊会，联欢会. 2.(the social)(U)=social security.社会保 障金： Now we are living on the social. 我们现在靠社会保障金维持生活. [常用短语] social acceptability社交能力， 社会接受度social class社会地位，社 会阶级social activities社交活动social democracy社会主义

[经典例题]They had some opinions on various questions.

A. social B. socialism C. socialist D. society

[试题分析] 此题考词义辨析，答案为 A. [详细解答] social意为―社会的‖；socialism―社会主义‖；socialist―社会主义者‖、―社会主义的‖；society―社会‖。所以答案选D，意为―社会问题‖。 [词形变换] socialism n.社会主义

socialist n.社会主义者adj.社会主义的society n.社会socialistic adj.有 社会主义倾向的socialite n.社交 名流socialization n.社会化 socialize v.交往，交际

somewhat[adv. to some degree, rather.有点，稍微：I was somewhat surprised to see him.见到他我有点惊讶. tact n.[U].the ability to deal with difficult or embarrassing situation scarefully and without doing or saying anything that will annoy or upset other people.（处事、言谈等的）老练、圆通、得体：Settling the dispute required great tact and diplomacy.解决这个争端需要十分老练和娴熟的外交手腕.

[词形变换]tackful adj.圆通的，得体的tactic n.策略，手段，招数tactical adj.战术上的，策略上的tactician n有策略的人，手段高明的人

第三组 密家宝（be）taken aback---(be) worked up to

(be) taken aback:(be) taken aback=to be very surprised about something对…..吃惊:He seemed quite taken aback by the news.

tempt [tempt] v [T] 1.to make someone want to have or do something, even though they know they really should not 引诱，诱使：If you leave valuables in your car, it will tempt thieves. 如果你把贵重物品留在车上，那是在引诱小偷。2.to try to persuade someone to do something by making it seem attractive 怂恿；引诱[某人] 去做3.a) to do something that involves unnecessary risk and may cause serious problems 冒[不必要的]危险；玩命 b) to say too confidently that something will have a good result, that there will be no problems etc. 言之过甚，过于自

信地说事情会有好结果、会顺利等 [常用短语]

be / feel tempted to do sth被诱惑做某事，想做某事：I‘m tempted to buy that dress even though it‘s expensive. 尽管那件套裙很贵，我还是动了心想买。

tempt sb. into doing sth. 诱使某人做某事：The ads hope to tempt people into buying their brand of coffee. 那些广告希望吸引人们去买他们那个品牌的咖啡。 tempt sb. to do sth. 引诱某人做某事：free gifts to tempt people to join 吸引人们参加的免费礼品

tempt sb. with sth. 用某物来引诱某人：The football club tried to tempt the player with offers of money. 该足球俱乐部试图用金钱收买这名球员。

tempt fate/providence 玩命；冒险；鲁莽：She felt it would be tempting fate to try the difficult climb a second time. [词形变换]

temptation n.1.[C, U] a strong desire to have or do something even though you know you should not 引诱，诱惑2.[C,U] something that makes you want to have or do something, even though you know you should not 很有诱惑力的东西[事]：Having candy in the house is a great temptation! 在屋里防糖果，那多有诱惑力！

[常用词组]temptation to do sth. 诱使做某事：There might be a temptation to cheat if students sit too close together. 如果同学们坐的太近，那有可能诱使他们去作弊。 resist/ overcome (the) temptation (=not do something, even though you want to) 抵挡/战胜诱惑;give way to/yield to (the) temptation (=do something although you know you should not ) 经不住诱惑：I finally gave way to the temptation and had a cigarette. 我终于经不住诱惑，抽了一支烟。

tempter n.引诱者；诱惑者

tempting adj. something that is tempting seems very good and you would like to

have it or do it 诱人的，吸引人的：a tempting job offer 一次很诱人的工作机会;[it is tempting to do sth]. 某事做起来是诱人的：It‘s tempting to just ignore her when she‘s this upset. 看她这么心烦意乱，真想不去理她。

temptable adj.易被吸引的，可诱惑的 temptress n[C] old-fashioned a woman who makes a man want to have sex with her [过时]引诱男人的女子，妖妇

trivial ['l] adj.1.unimportant or of little value微不足道的，没有价值的:I am sorry to bother you with what must seem a trivial problem.因为一些微不足道的问题打扰你，我感到非常抱歉。2.ordinary普通的，平常的:trivial everyday duties普通的日常事务

[典型考题]

Why do you quarrel for such_____matters as weeping the floor or cleaning the dishes? A. small B. trivial

C. minor D. tiny [试题分析]此题测试近义词辨析 [详细解答]答案B。句意：你为什么要为扫地，洗碗之类的琐事而烦恼呢？trivial琐碎的；small和tiny只表示体积大小，不用来表示重要性的大小；minor次要的，但并非不重要。

[词形变换]

triviality noun1.[U]the fact of being not at all important or serious琐碎，平凡，微不足道2.[C]something that is very unimportant琐事；小事

trivialize VT to make an important subject seem less important than it really is使显得琐碎，平凡

troublesome [ə] adj. causing trouble or anxiety ,over a long period of time引起麻烦的，令人烦恼的:a troublesome child/cough/problem烦人的孩子

[词形变换]

trouble V&N. noun.. 问题[C,U]；过错；健康[U]；恶劣环境[U]verb． 1.使忧虑，使

苦恼[VT] find out what is troubling her2.麻烦某人，给某人添麻烦[VT]I won‘t trouble you again.

turnip ['] noun[C,U]a large round pale yellow vegetable that grows under the ground ,or the plant that plants it芜菁，萝卜 well-to-do adj.1.rich and with a high social position富有的，有地位的:well-to-do families 2.the well-to-do=people who are rich富人

(be)worked up to（:be）worked up to=to make sb reach a statement of great excitement or anger激起某人激动，兴奋，生气的情绪 【补充意义】work up to=to prepare yourself to do something that you do not want to do by gradually making yourself more and more determined to do it逐渐下决心{去做不想做的事}:I haven‘t told Cameron I don‘t want to go, I‘m still working up to it.我还没有告诉卡梅隆我不想去，我还在做

心理准备。

邹珊absorbing---broth absorbing [] adj. interesting and enjoyable and holding your attention completely十分吸引人的，引人入胜的，精彩的 ： an absorbing documentary about China 一步引人入胜的中国纪录片 [词形变换] absorb vt.1.to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space around吸收（液体，气体等）: Plants absorb nutrients from the soil. 职务从土壤中吸收养分。2.to take something into the mind and learn or understand it 理解，掌握: I haven‘t really had time to absorb everything that he said. 事实上我还没有时间弄懂它说的一切。3.to interest sb. very much so that they pay no attention to anything else 吸引注意力，使专心4.[often passive] to make something smaller become part of something larger 并入，吞并，同化: This country simply cannot absorb him for several years. 这项工作曾是他沉迷了好几年。5.to use up a large supply of

something, especially money or time 消耗，花去(大量时间，金钱等): Defense spending absorbs almost 20% of the country‘s wealth. 国防开支消耗了这个国家差不多20%的财富。6.to reduce the effect of a sudden violent movement消减，缓冲: The solid walls absorbed much of the impact of the explosion.这些坚固的墙大大减小了爆炸的冲击力。7. to take in and keep heat, light, energy, ect. instead of reflecting it 吸收(热，光，能等) ：Black objects absorb heat more. 黑色的物体吸热多。8.to deal with changes, effects, cost, etc. 承受，承担，对付（变化、结果、费用等）： The company is unable to absorb such huge losses. 公司无法承受如此巨大的损失。

[常用短语]be absorbed in全神贯注于, 专心致志于: Judith lay on the settee, absorbed in her book. 朱迪思躺在长沙发椅上，专心致志的看书。absorb one‘ s attention 吸引某人的注意力 : The video was totally absorbing children‘ s attention. 录像完全吸引了孩子们的注意力。be absorbed into 被并入 : More and more newspapers are being absorbed into the Murdoch empire.越来越多的报纸被并入默多克的媒体帝国。 absorbed adj. [not usually before noun] absorbed in sth. / sb. very interested in sth. / sb. so that you are not paying attention to anything else 被…吸引住；专心致志；全神贯注：She seemed totally absorbed in her book. 她好像完全被这本书迷住了。 absorption n.[U] 1.[+with/in]the fact being very interested in something 专注2.a process in which a material or object takes in liquid, gas or heat 吸收3.a process in which a country or organization makes a smaller country, organization or group of people become part of itself 合并，并入 absorbent adj. able to take in liquids easily 能吸收[液体]的: absorbent material 吸收性材料 [典型考题]

He found his uncle____ the reading of a

worker‘s newspaper.

A. absorbed in B. absorbed by C. being absorbed in D. being absorbed by [试题分析]本题是词组辨析和语法综合题。要求考生既能辨别词组，又能选择出其正确的语法形式。

[详细解答]答案A。句意:他发现他叔叔正全神贯注地读着一份工人日报。absorbed in 是固定词组，表示被……吸引住，专注于……，专心地干某事，后多接名词或动名词。在本句中接the reading of a … newspaper 意思是全神贯注地阅读报纸。因此在选择时可排除B和D。选项C和A的不同之处在于语法形式的不同。本句用的是―find+ sb.+ 分词‖句型。在分词的用法中，现在分词表示主动，也表示正在进行，过去分词表示被动和状态。选项C使用了现在分词形式，并着重强调―正在‖，语义重复，没有必要，因此应选A。 altruistic [] adj. altruistic behavior shows that you care about others more than you care for yourself 利他主义的，关心他人胜过自己的;Were his motives completely altruistic? 他的动机是完全无私的吗？

[词形变换]

altruism n[U] the practice of thinking of the needs and desires of other people instead of your own 利他主义，无私 ample [] adj.

1.enough or more than enough 充足的，充裕的 :There‘s ample storage space in the

new house. 新房子有充足的贮藏空

间;[ample time/evidence/opportunity. etc].: You will have ample opportunity to state your case later. 以后你会有很多机会陈述你的案子。2.ample bosom/figure/torso etc ： large in a way that is attractive or pleasant 宽阔的胸膛/丰满的题型/魁梧的身材 等 [典型考题]

Your stay abroad will give you ____ opportunities to learn a new language. A. enough B. adequate

C. ample D. sufficient

[试题分析] 本题是近义词辨析题。

[详细解答]答案C。句意：呆在国外会使你有大量的机会学习一种新语言。ample表示不仅满足需要，而且还有多余的，与句意更贴切。

[词义辨析]sufficient, enough和adequate多指刚好满足要求，sufficient多可与enough互换。 [词形变换]

amply adv. sufficiently; more than adequately 充足地，详细地 ： Recent US history has amply demonstrated the risks of foreign intervention. 美国近代历史已经充分证明了外国干预的危险。 ant [] n. [C] 1. a small insect that lives in large groups 蚂蚁：an ant colony 蚁群 2. spoken to be unable to sit or stand still 焦躁不安，坐立不安 [常用短语]

have ants in your pants [口]坐立不安 aptly[] adv.aptly named/described/called etc.: named, described etc. in a way that seems very suitable 命名/描述/称呼等很恰当地: Lightfoot was aptly named; we never heard him enter. 莱特福特[意为脚步轻盈]这个名字起的很好，我们从未听到过他进来的声音。 [词形变换]

apt adj. 1.having a natural tendency to do something 有做某事的倾向的，易于做某事的：Some of the staff are apt to arrive late on Mondays. 一些职员星期一常迟到。2.exactly right for a particular situation or propose 适当的，恰当的：an apt and telling remark 既恰当又能说明问题的3.formal quick to learn and understand [正式]反应敏捷的；聪明的

[常用短语] be apt to 常会……，容易……

戴露汐brute---commitment

broth [] n. [U] thick soup with meat, rice, or vegetables 肉汤，米汤，菜汤: chicken broth 鸡汤

brute [noun 1 (sometimes humorous) a man who treat people in an unkind, cruel way 残酷 的人；暴君: His father was a drunken brute.2 a large strong animal 大野兽；牲畜;adj. [only before noun]1 involving physical strength only and not thought or intelligence 蛮干不动脑筋的:brute force/strength.2 basic, simple and unpleasant 未经掩饰的；赤裸裸的: the brute facts of inequality 赤裸裸的不平等事实 [词形变换]

brutal adj.1.violent and cruel 残暴的；兽性的:a brutal attack/murder/rape/killing; 2.direct and clear about sth unpleasant; not thinking of people‘s feelings 直截了当的；冷酷的

brutalize v.使丧失人类情感；使变残忍；残酷对待

brutish adj.残忍的；粗野的；蛮横的 causation

noun

[U] (formal)the process of one event causing or producing another event 诱因；起因；原因: The court has announce the award to meet causation.

[词形变换]

causative [] adj. 成为原因的，起因的；使役的(动词) cause n.原因，起因；动机，理由，缘故；目标，理想；诉讼案;v.使发生，造成，引起，导致

character  noun1 [C, usually sing.] all the qualities and features that make a person, groups of people, and places different from others (人、集体的)品质，性格；（地方的）特点，特性: Generosity is part of the American character.慷慨是美国人性格的一部分。The character of the neighborhood hasn‘t changed at all.2 [C, usually sing, U] the way that sth is, or a particular quality or feature that a thing, an event or a place has (事物、事件或地方的)特点，特征，特色:the delicate character of the light in the evening; buildings that are

very simple in character.3 [U] (approving) strong personal qualities such as the ability to deal with difficult or dangerous situations 勇气；毅力: Everyone admires her strength of character and determination.4 [U] (usually approving) the interesting or unusual quality that a place or a person has (地方或人的)与众不同之处，特色: The modern hotels here have no real character.5 [C] (informal) (used with an adjective 与形容词连用) a person, particularly an unpleasant or strange one (令人讨厌或古怪的)人: There were some really strange characters hanging around the bar.6 [C] (informal) an interesting or unusual person (有趣或不同寻常的)人: She‘s a character !7 [C,U] (formal) the opinion that people have of you, particular of whether you can be trusted or relied on 名誉；声望；名气: She was a victim of character assassination.8 [C] a person or an animal in a book, play or film/movie (书籍、戏剧或电影中的)人物，角色: a major/minor character in the book.9 [C] a letter, sign, mark or symbol used in writing, printing or on computers (书写、印刷或计算机上的)文字，符号，记号: Chinese characters汉字； a line 30 characters long长达30字符的一行. [常用短语]

in character/out of character 符合（或不符合）某人的性格: Her behavior last night was completely out of character.

in character (with sth) (与…)风格相同: The new wing of the museum was not really in character with the rest of the building. [词形变换]

characterful adj.很有趣且富有特色的 characteristic[] adj.(of sth/sb)典型的；独特的；特有的；n.(of sth/sb)特征，特点，品质

characterize[] v.是…的特征；以…为典型；使…具有特点；（sb/sth as sth）描绘，刻画，表现（…的特征，特

点）

characterless adj.无特征的，无个性的，平凡的

cheat [t t] [t it]verb, noun; verb 1 [VN] to trick or deceive sb, especially when they trust you (尤指利用别人的信任)欺骗，欺诈: She is accused of attempting to cheat the taxman.2 [V] ~ (at sth) to act in a dishonest way in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game, a competition, an exam, etc.(尤指在游戏、比赛、考试等中) 作弊，舞弊: He cheats at cards.3 [V] ~ (on sb ) ( of sb who is married or who has a regular sexual partner) to have a secret sexual relationship with sb else 与他人有秘密性关系；对某人不忠（或不贞） noun ( especially BrE) 1 (also cheater especially AmE) [C] a person who cheats, especially in a game (尤指游戏中的)作弊者，骗子: You little cheat !2 [sing.] sth that seems unfair or dishonest, for example a way of doing sth with less effort than it usually needs 欺骗手段；欺诈行为: It‘s really a cheat, but you can use ready-made pastry if you want.

[常用短语]

cheat death 死里逃生；幸免于难 cheat sb (out) of sth （尤指用不诚实或不正当的手段）阻止某人得到某物: The cheated him out of his share of the profits. clause [] [klz] noun.1 (grammar语法) a group of words that includes a subject and a verb, and forms a sentence or part of a sentence 从句；分句；子句: In the sentence ‗They often go to Italy because they love the food‘ ,‘They often go to Italy‘ is the main clause and ‗because they love the food‘ is a subordinate clause.2 an item in a legal document that says a particular thing must or must not to be done (法律文件等的)条款

commitment [] noun1 [C,U] ~ (to sb/sth)/ ~ to do sth a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way; a promise

to support sb/sth; the fact of committing yourself承诺；许诺；允诺承担；保证: She doesn‘t want to make a big emotional commitment to Steve at the moment.2 [U]~ (to sb/sth) the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to a job or an activity (对工作或某活动)献身，奉献，投入: A career as an actor requires one hundred per cent commitment.3 [C] a thing that you have promised or agreed to do, or that you have to do 已承诺（或同意）的事；不得不做的事: He‘s busy for the next month with filming commitments.4 [C] the fact of having to pay an amount of money regularly 定期付款: Buying a house is a big financial commitment.5 [U,C] ~ (of sb) (to sth) agreeing to use money, time or people in order to achieve sth 花费，使用（资金、时间、人力）: Achieving success at this level requires a commitment of time and energy.

[词形变换]

commit verb [VN]1 to do sth wrong or illegal 做出（错或非法的事）2 to kill yourself deliberately 自杀,PS:[commit suicide 自杀]；[commit oneself 承担义务，做出承诺]

committed adj.献身的，忠诚的；表示出明确意图的

concept [] n. [C(of sth /that…)] an idea or a principle that is connected with sth ABSTRACT 概念；观念；想法 ：the concept of social class 社会等级的概念；He can‘t grasp the basic concepts of mathematics; the concept that everyone should have equality of opportunity [典型考题]The astronomer presented a new

_______ of the beginning of the universe.

A. idea B. notion C. concept D. thought

[试题分析]此题测考生对近义词的区分，答

案为 C.

[详细解答] 句意：天文学家提出有关宇宙起源的新观念。concept 指从许多具体事例

中抽取出来的概念，具有典型意义，是可数名词；天文学家经过大量的观测和研究。然后提出新的具有典型意义的新观点，所以，concept 符合题意。 [词义辨析]idea 指各种具体清楚的想法，意图，概念等；notion 指无理性，模糊不清和突然产生的概念，欲望等；thought 主要强调通过充分思考和推理后得出的概念；conception 通常指个人或一些人所持有的具体概念或念头，也可指概念的形成过程，含一定的想象和感情色彩意味。 [词形变换]

conceptual[]adj.[formal]related to or based on ideas 概念（上）的；观念（上）的：the conceptual framework of the play 该剧的概念框架

conceptually adv: conceptually similar/distinct 概念上的相似/不同 conceptualize(BrE also -ise) v[I,T]to form an idea (使)形成概念：two schools of thought that conceptualize things differently对事物进行不同诠释的两个思想派别 conform [k] v. [I] 1 to behave in the way that most other people in your group or society behave 像大多数人那样行事；随潮流：the pressure on schoolchildren to conform 2 (conform to a law/rule etc) to obey a law, rule etc 遵守法律/规定等:You must conform to the rules or leave the school.3(conform to the pattern/model/ideal ect )formal to happen or develop in the way that is normal or that expect [正式]遵照模式/范例/理想等

[常用短语]conform to 依照，遵守 conform with 符合，相符 [词形变换]

conformity[] n. [U](to/with sth) 遵从；遵守；依照:conformity to an agreed standard of taste ;in conformity with

sth 遵循（规矩）；与…一致；符合… conformist n 顺从者；随波逐流者;循规蹈矩的人;adj. 墨守成规的，老一套的 conformism n. 因循守旧，墨守成规 conformation n. 构造，结构，形态；一致，

符合

殷迎春concept---derive

conniver[k] n. a person who does not try to stop sth wrong from happening 纵容者 [词形变换]

connive[] v. 1.(at/in sth)纵容；默许；放任 2.(with sb)(to do sth)共谋，狼狈为奸；同流合污

connivance[] n. 共谋；纵容；默许

conniving adj. 暗算他人的；故意纵容的 context [] n [C,U]1 the situation, events, or information that are related to sth ,and help you to understand it better 场合；环境；周围情景；来龙去脉：This speech needs to be set in the context of Britain in the 1960s.2 the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning 上下文；语境：You should be able to guess the meaning of the word from the context.

[常用短语] in context 在相关环境中；连贯起来

take/quote sth out of context 脱离上下文[断章取义]引用 [词形变换]

contextual[] adj.与上下文相关的；与语境有关的:contextual factors/information

contextualize [] v. 把...与有关的背景一并考虑;将…置于上下文中理解

contortion [] n.1 [U] the state of the face or body being twisted out of its natural shape （脸部或躯体的）扭曲，变形，走样：Their bodies had suffered contortion as result of malnutrition.2 [C] a twisted position or movement that looks strange 扭曲状或姿态 ：The turned as they danced with the most amazing contortions.3 [C] complicated activity in order to do sth 复杂的活动 ：We had to go through all the usual contortions to get a

ticket.

[词形变换]

contort[] v. （使）扭曲,走样 ：His face contorted with anger.

contorted adj. 扭曲的：contorted limbs/bodies

contortionist [] n. 柔体杂技演员

criticize (BrE also –ise)[r [I,T]～ sb/sth (for sth) to express your disapproval of sb or sth,or talk about their faults 批评，指责：The report strongly criticizes the police for failing ti deal with the problem quickly.2 [T] to judge the good and bad qualities of sth 评论；评价：We were taught how to criticize poems. [典型考题]He was _______for his delay in dealing with the matter.

A. commented B. condemned C. complained D. criticized [试题分析]此题测考生对近义词的辨异和词语搭配。答案为D。 [详细解答]句意：他因未及时处理那件事而受到批评。criticize 指对不符合一定标准的事物提出自己的反对意见，后面接宾语，也可与介词for 连用，表示原因，或与as 连用，表示性质或内容，如criticize sb/sth for sth因某事批评…。

[词义辨析]comment 常与on连用，表示―评论，批评‖；condemn谴责，反对，知根据道义上的准则儿对某人进行严重的申诉或谴责，其用法是 condemn sb/sth (for/as sth);complain 抱怨，申诉，常与about/of连用

[词形变换]

critic n. 评论家，批评家；强烈反对[厌恶]…的人[+of] critical adj. 批评严厉的，吹毛求疵的，爱挑剔的[+of];极为重要的，关键性的[be critical to][be of critical importance];危急的，紧要关头的；评判性的；评论家的； critically adv. 极为地，极端地；批判性地 criticism n. 评论，意见；评判，指责 derive [d] v1 [T]to get sth ,usually a

pleasant feeling, from sth or sb得到，获得：[derive sth from] He derived some comfort from the fact that he wasn‘t the only one to fail the exam.。2 [I] to develop or come from sth else 源自，源于：[from] This word is derived from Latin.3[T] technical to get a chemical substance from another substance 【术语】提取，衍生出(化学物质)

[典型考题]She _______on benefit from the course of drugs.

A. derived B. deserved C. designated D. detached

[试题分析]本题测考生的词汇量。答案为A. [详细解答]句意：她用药经此疗程后并无好转。derive sth from sth 从…得到，获得；在本题中符合题意和用法。

[常用短语]derive from sth/to be derived from 由。。。派生，导出，从…衍生出，起源于 [词形变换]

derivation[] n. 起源，由来，派生

derivative[] n. 派生词，派生物，衍生物;adj. 模仿他人的，缺乏独立性的：a derivative design/style

destruction [dis'trn] n. 1.[u] the act or process of destroying something; 破坏，摧毁，消灭: The central argument is that sows the seeds of its own destruction.2.[u] a cause of ruin; something that destroys毁灭的原因；破坏物： Greed was their destruction.

[词性变换] destructive 破坏性的，有破坏作用的，有害的。

[补充意义] be sb‘s destruction [正式] 是毁掉某人一生的东西 : Gambling was his destruction.

[同义词] demolition[]破坏：They

underwent

courses

in

radio

communication, demolition, and sabotage. 他们接受了无线电通信，拆毁和破坏的课程。

[反义词] construction [kEn'strVkSEn]建造：

He works in construction.他在建筑行业工作。

devastating [] adj.1.destroying or badly damaging something 毁灭性的，破坏力极强的: Acid rain has a devastating

effect

on

the

environment.2.extremely shocking and upsetting to a person 令人震撼的: The closure of the factory was a devastating blow to the workers.3.almost impossible to argument against or deal with 难以反驳的，无法应付的: A devastating argument is in favor of legalization.4.impressive and powerful 令人印象深刻的，令人佩服的: His devastating performance in 100 meters. [词形变换]

devastatingly adj. 非常：Mathew looked devastatingly handsome in his white linen suit.

devastation n. （大面积）毁坏，蹂躏: The bomb caused widespread devastation. [同义词]disastrous [] adj. 灾难性的，造成灾害的：Carelessness in driving often results in disastrous accidents.驾驶不慎常带来不幸的意外。

第四组 梁欢妮 discreet- espouse

discreet [] adj. (discreet, discreeter, disdreetest ) 1.done or said in a careful way so that you do not offend, upset, or embarrass people （尤指为避免不光彩或尴尬界面而）言行审慎的，考虑周到的：It wasn‘t very discreet of you to ring me up at the office.2.careful not to talk about things that other people want to keep secret 小心谨慎的（不会泄露别人的秘密）：Don‘t worry about my secretary hearing us; he was discreet.3.unobtrusive 不唐突的；不引人注目的：a discreet touch of rough 不显眼的一抹口红。

[词性变换]

indiscreet adj. 不谨慎的，鲁莽的： It was discreet of him to disclose that information.

discreetly adj. 谨慎地: She coughed

discreetly to announce her presence. [同义词]cautious[] 小心地，谨慎的: Cautious speech averts eavesdropping. 若欲杜人之口，莫若自己谨言。 [反义词]rash[]鲁莽的，轻率的:Don‘t be rash in making your decision.

disregard [] v.&n. (disregarded, disregarded, disregarding)1.[T]to ignore

something or treat it as unimportant 不理会，轻视：The board completely disregarded my recommendation. 2.[U]the act of treating sb/sth as unimportant and not caring about them/it 忽视，漠视： She shows a total disregard for other people‘s feelings. [常用短语]

disregard for sb/sth disregard of sb/sth 漠视 [补充意义]

have an absolute disregard for truth 完全无视真理

show disregard of one‘s life 不顾自己的生命

treat a friend with disregard 对朋友毫不关心

[词型变换]

disregardful 不顾的，轻视的

[同义词] indifference []n. 漠不关心 ；冷淡：He treats me with indifference. 他对我漠不关心。

ignore [v. 不顾，忽视：Let us ignore these irrelevancies. 咱们不必管这些不相关的事。

[反义词]regard[v. 考虑，重视：You never regard what I say. 我说的话你从来不重视。

donut [] n.1.a small round cake, often in the form of a ring 炸面圈，甜甜圈2.a ring-shaped object, esp. physics a vacuum chamber for acceleration of particles in a betatron or synchrotron 环形物, [物理学]环形室（电子间旋加速器或者同步加速器中粒子加速的真空室） [常用短语]

do donut [美，非正式] 让汽车转圈

[词型变换] doughnutting n. 前呼后拥 empathy [] [em-(=in 入) +pathy (感情)]n. the ability to understand other

people‘s feelings and with problems [心]移情，同情，共鸣： The nurse should try to develop empathy between herself and the patient. 护士应该努力与病人建立心理上的沟通。 [常用短语]

empathy with sb/sth: She had a deep empathy with animals.

empathy for sb/sth: I felt real empathy for my mother and what she had been through. espouse [] v. (espoused, espoused, espousing)1.[T] to support an idea or belief 支持，拥护: They espoused the notion of equal opportunity for all in education.2.[U] (对某一目标，主张等的)支持，拥护3.archaic [古义] to marry(通指男人) 结婚，成亲； to give a woman in marriage 嫁女，娶妻

[词型变换]

espousal of sth.: His recent espousal of populism 他最近对平民主义的支持。 [同义词] follow n. 接受…的领导(或指导)；承认…的权威；拥护…的思想(或观点、意见等)；信奉: I am unable to follow your views.

[反义词] oppose v. The government called on the workers to oppose waste. 政府号召工人反对号召。

刘欢 fateful-grapple

fateful [feitful] adj.1. important, decisive, having an important effects (esp. bad) on the future 重要的,决定性的 ， 对将来影响重大的（尤指不好的） Eg . It was a fateful dicision which was to change the rest of his life.2. controled as if by fate 似受命运支配的3. causing or likely to cause disaster 引起灾难的 ， 灾难性的Eg. That fateful day changed his whole life .4. prophetic 预言性的

[词形变换]

fatefully adv. 重要地 ，灾难性地

fatefulness n. 命中注定

flavor / flavour [] n. 1,[C] the particular taste of a food or drink （食物或饮料的）味 ，味道 Eg .Which flavor do you want ---- chocolate or vanilla ?2, [U] the quality of tasting good or pleasant 滋味味道Eg . A pinch of herbs will add flavor to any dish .3, [singular] a quality or feature that makes something have a particular style or character . 特色 ，特点4, [singular] [usu.foll. by of] an idea of what the typical qualities of something are特色 ，风味 ，情调 Eg . Marston‘s book gives you a flavor of life in the 16th century .

[常用短语]

Flavor of the month (or week): the temporary trend of fashion暂时的趋势或时尚 Eg . Health care reform seems to be the political flavor of the month . [补充意义]

v. [T] to give a particular taste or more taste 加味于 ， 给……调味

[词形变换]

flavored adj. having had a flavor added 加味的 ， 调味的

Strawberry-flavored草莓味的

chocolate-flavored 巧克力味的 flavored milk 加味的牛奶

flavoring n.[C,U] a substance used to increase the flavor of sth 调味剂 ，调味品 eg, The yoghert contains no artificial flavorings .

flavorless adj. 无味的 flavorsome adj. 有香味的

flavorful adj. 充满……味道的 ， 可口的 forge [] v. (forged , forged , forging)[T] 1. Brit.make (money etc.) in fradulent imintation [英]伪造（货币等）2.write (adocument or signature) in order to pass it off as written by another 伪造（文件或签名） Eg . Someone stole my credit card and forged my signature . 3. to shape, make,develop (esp. metal) by heating in a fire and hammering 把（尤指金属）锤炼

成 ，锻造 ，打制 [I] move forward gradually or steadily 稳步前进

[常用短语]

forge a relationship/alliance/ links etc. : to develop a relationship with other groups or other counties （与其他团体或国家）建立关系，结盟，联系 forge ahead : 1. to take the lead in a race 在赛跑中领先Eg . He has forged ahead in this competition.2. to move forward or make progress rapidly 快速前进 ， 迅速进步Eg . I think it is now time to forge ahead with our plans to open

n. [C] 1. a place where metal is heated and shaped into objects 锻造车间 ， 铁匠铺2. a furnace or hearth for melting or refining metal 锻铁炉 ， 熔铁炉 [词形变换]

forgeable adj. 可锻造的

forger n.[C] someone who illegally copies documents , money, painting etc. to try to make people think they are real （文件，绘画或纸币的）伪造者

forgery n. 1[C] a document , painting , or piece of paper money that has been forged （文件，绘画或纸币的）伪造品 ， 赝品 Eg . The painting was actually very clever forgery . 2[N] the crime of forging official documents , money etc. 伪造罪 unforged adj. 非伪造的 ，真的

forgo [] 亦作 forego v(forwent , forgone , forgoing) (fml) to decide not to or have sht,esp.sth enjoyable [正式]戒绝，放弃Eg . The monks have to forgo earthly pleasures.

[词形变换]

forgoing adj. the forgoing :(fml) the things that have just been mentioned. [正式] 刚提到的事物 ，前面提到的事物 ，上述事物 [常用短语]

forgone conclusion : if sth is a forgone conclusion , the result of it is certain even though it has not yet happened or been

decided . 是预料中结论， 成为定局Eg . The election result was a forgone conclusion .

gainful [] adj. pro viding a pain , profitable 有利可图的，有利益的 [词形变换]

gainfully adv. 有利益地,有收入地 ungainful adj. 无利的 ，无利可图的 [常用短语]

gainful employment /work /activity :(fml) work or activity for which you are paid. (正式)有报酬的工作/ 活动

grapple [] v. (grappled , grappled , grappling) [I](with)1,try hard to find a solution to a (difficult) problem 设法努力，解决（难题）Eg . The government is grappling with major areas of social policy .2, to fight or struggle with someone, holding them tightly 扭打，揪打 Eg . Two men grappled with a guard at the door [T]1.grip with the hands,come to close quarters with 与……扭打 ，与……搏斗2. seize with or as with a grapnel , grap 抓住 ，（似）用抓钩固定住 ，握紧 ，系牢 [补充意义]

n. 1.hold or grip in or as in wrestling 抓牢 ，抓紧 ，揪扭2.a contest at close quarters 角逐 ，竞赛3.a clutching instrument , a grapnel 抓具 ，多爪小铁锚 ，铁抓钩

[词形变换]

grappler n. 抓东西的人或物,手,抓木器 [常用短语] grappling iron / hook :抓钩

in this regard : concerning what has just been mentioned 在这方面It is used to connect what you are going to say with sth you have just metioned. 关于此事（用于承上启下）Eg . Progress is slow . In this regard , lack of funds is a factor .\\

肖恒仙 inescapable-kingdom

inescapable []adj. (of a fact or

situation现实或状况) that you cannot avoied or ignore 不可避免的；逃避不了

的；不能忽视的Eg .This leads to the inescapable conclusion that the two things are connected . [词形变换]

inescapable adv. 逃避不了地 [常用短语]

An inescapable fact 不可逃避的现实 initiative []n .1.the ability to make decisions and take actions without waiting for someone to tell you what to do 自主决断行事的能力；主动能力 Eg .I wish my son would show a little more initiative . 2.An important new plan or process that has been started in order to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem 计划 ，措施Eg .A government to initiative to help exporters 3. the power to gain an advantage by taking actions that will influence events （会影响事情发展的）主动权 Eg .He was quick to seize the initiative and launched a massive counter attack . 4. to be the first one to take action to improve a situation or relationship , especially when other people are waiting for someone else to do something 带头，率先（改善情况或关系，尤其指其他人都在等待某人先行动时）Eg .Why don‘t you take the initiative and arrange a meeting . [常用短语]

on your own initiative 主动地，自主地Seize/hold /lose the initiative 抓住或失去主动权Take the initiative 带头、率先（改善情况或关系，尤其指其他人都在等待某人先行动时）Use your own initiative 发挥自己的决断能力 [词形变换]

initiation n 1.(加入俱乐部或社团的)正式仪式2.(青年男女的）成年仪式3.(正式程序，新计划的等的）发起实施

initiate v.1.formal开始实施【重要的官方程序或新计划；发起;2.向（某人）传授专门知识，技巧;3.【通常指通过特殊仪式】【某人】加入【组织、俱乐部、社团等】 N．被吸纳加入某组织并授以诀窍的人

initially adv. 起初

initial adj. 开始的，最初的

innate []Adj. an innate quality has been part of your character since you were born（素质）天生的，固有的Eg .Donna had an innate ability to sense when someone one was unhappy.

[词形变换]

innately adv.天生的，固有的

integrity []n.1.[U] quality of being honest and of always having high moral principles 正直，诚实Eg .He was a man of absolute integrity ，with the highest moral standards. 2.[fml].the state of being united as one complete thing 【正式】完整、完全Eg .Removing the chapter destroys the integrity of the book .

[词形变换]integration n. 1.结合、综合、集成、整体2.（群体或社会中的）同化，融入3．种族隔离法规的废除integrated adj. [各组成部分]相互协调的、综合的integrate v.1.（使或帮助）融入（某群体或社会），（使）成为一体integrate into / with2. 使合并（成为有效系统），使结合integrate something with something3.（使）取消种族隔离

invoke []v.[formal] 1. to use a law , principle , or THEORY to support your views 援引【法律、原则或理论以支持自己的论点】 Eg. .Such legislation has frequently been invoked to silence political opposition .2.to make a particular idea ,image or feeling appear in people‘s mind (在脑海中)唤起（某个想法、形象或感受）；引起；产生 Eg .His earlier novels invoke a romanticized picture of life in the countryside .3.to ask for help from someone more powerful than you , especially a god 祈求（有权力者，尤指神灵）帮助Eg. Isagoras invoked the aid of King Cleomenes .

kingdom []n. [C] 1. a country governed by a king or queen 王国Eg .The kingdom of Thailand 泰王国2.an

imaginary place where a particular thing or quality has the greatest influence (以某物或某品质为主宰的)领域The kingdom of +something3. （the animal / plant / mineral kingdom）one of the three parts into which the natural world is divided 动物界、植物界、矿物界4..the kingdom of heaven 天国

李阳 latter-motivate

latter  being the second of two things, people or groups that have just being mentioned, or the last in a list（刚提及的两者中）后者的；（系列中）最后的，末尾的：The latter point is the most important.2. adj. [l]nearer to the end of a period of time than the beginning 后半期的；后面的：the latter half of the year /during the latter stages of the tournament3. (the latter) noun.(pl. the latter) the second of two things , people or groups that have just being mentioned , or the last in a list (刚提及的两者中)后者；（系列中）最后一位，末位：He presented two solutions . The latter seems much better. / The town has a concert hall and two theatres. The latter were both built in the 1950s. [词形变换]

latter-day adj. [only before noun] being a modern version of a person or thing in a past (旧时的人或物的) 现代翻版的：a latter day Robin Hood

latterly adv. 1.most recently 最近；最新：Latterly his painting has shown a new freedom of expression.2.towards the end of a period of time 最后一段时间：Her health declined rapidly and latterly she never left the house.

[反义词] former

long-lasting adj. that can or does last for a long time (可) 持久的；长期的 [常用短语]

long-lasting effects 长期影响

a long-lasting relationship 持久关系 metaphorical[] adj.[l]

connected with or containing metaphors 隐喻的；含隐喻的；比喻性的：metaphorical language

[近义词]figurative [反义词]literal

[词形变换]metaphorically adv. I‘ll leave you

in

Robin‘s

capable

hands-metaphorically speaking!

missionary [’（名词后缀

(pl. –ies)a person who is sent to a foreign country to teach people about Christianity 传教士：She spoke about her new project with missionary zeal(=with great enthusiasm). [常用短语]

Baptist missionaries 浸会传教士 missionary work 传教士的工作

missionary statement Noun. An official statement of the aims of a company or an organization (公司或组织的)宗旨说明，任务说明

morality [] noun. 1.[U] principles concerning right and wrong or good and bad behavior 道德；道德准则；道义：Standards of public/private morality seems to be dropping.2. [U]the degree to which something is right or wrong, good or bad, etc.. according to morality principles 合乎道德的程度3. [U]a system of moral principles followed by a particular group of people 道德规范，道德体系

[常用短语]

matters of public/private morality 公共/个人道德问题

a debate on the morality of abortion 有关堕胎是否道德的辩论

Christian morality 基督教的道德标准 [反义词]immorality

motivate [] verb1.[VN] (often passive) to be the reason why somebody does something or behaviors in a particular way 成为做某事的动机（或原因）：He is motivated entirely by self-interest 他做事

完全出于私利2.to make somebody want to do something , especially something that involves hard work and effort 推动…甘愿苦干；激励，激发：[VN] She‘s very good at

motivating

her

students./[VN

to

informal]The plan is designed to motivate employees to work more efficiently [词形变换]

1.motivated adj. a racially attack 种族问题引发的攻击 a highly motivated student 学习积极性很高的学2.motivation noun What is the motivation behind this sudden change ？/ Most people said that pay is their main motivation for working. / He is intelligent enough but he lacks motivation.3.motivational adj. (formal) an important motivational factor 重要的促进因素4.motivator noun. Desire for status can be a powerful motivator.

第五组 蒋红莲 negative-prior

negative ［neg (否)+ative］ n. 1. a negative statement, word, or gesture 否定；拒绝；否定的回答： Such a request will surely meet with a negative. 2 . a developed photographic film showing the dark areas of an actual scene as light and light areas as dark from which the final picture is printed （照相的）底片；负片： Would you give me the negative of our photographs. 3 . the result of a test or an experiment that a substance or condition is not present 属阴性（或否定）的结果 : The percentage of false negatives generated by the cancer test is of great concern.

v. 1 . to refuse to accept a proposal or request 否决;拒绝： The committee negatives the proposal that government will reduce the tuition . 2 . to prove something to be untrue 否定；否认； 证明某事错误： The detector negatives the Inference opposing the truth.

adj. 1 . bad or harmful 坏的；有害的： The crisis had a negative effect on trade. 2 . considering only the bad side of something

or somebody 消极的；负面的： Scientists have a fairly negative attitude to the theory. 3 . expressing the answer ―no‖ 否定的： I did not do well in the interview with company and I am afraid of getting a negative reply. 4 . containing a word such as ―no‖ ―not‖― never‖ etc 含有否定词的；否定的: Can you write down a negative form of this word?

[常用短语]: have a negative effect on 产生坏的影响: The policy has a negative effect

on

economy.

a

negative

charge/current 负电荷，电流： We have learned a negative current in physics. be negative (about) 消极对待： Do not be negative _of course you can win! negative attitude 消极态度： Her negative attitude really annoys me

[词形变换]:negatively adv. 消极地：To react negatively to stress.

[反义词] positive adj. 肯定的；正面的；积极的；n. (电) 阳；（数）正

obligation  n. 1. law, moral pressure, promise etc that forces one to do something （法律，道义上的）的义务，责任，职责: You can look at the books without any obligation to buy. 2. to have to do something because it is a legal or moral duty 有义务做某事： We have the obligation to help the poor. 3. to owe someone loyalty ,thanks, money because they have done something for you (+to) 欠某人人情： I don‘t want to be under an obligation to anyone

[常用短语]: obligation to do something 有义务干：Government have the obligation to deal well with their people‘s difficulties. meet /fulfill an obligation 履行义务，职责 Have the employers met their obligation? have obligation to 负有义务： I have certain obligation to my family .a sense of obligation 责任感： I helped you because I wanted to not out of any sense of obligation. be under no obligation 没有义

务： We are invited but we are under no obligation to go. under an obligation( to ) 有义务做;（对某人）感恩图报: We are under an obligation to support parents. place somebody under an obligation 使某人负有义务： Signing a contract places you under a long-term obligation.

[词形变换]: obligated adj. 有义务的；必要的：obligatory (因法律，规律等)必须履行的；oblige v.迫使（某人）做某事，负有义务，使感激：

[近义词]: obligation “义务”指为完成某项协议或诺言或社会要求而必须担当的义务，即因做出承诺而必须履行的某种义务，也指道义上或法律上对他人的义务，强调强制性 international obligations 国际义务 I have no obligation to that child. duty “义务，本分，职责”指我们对他人或自己应尽的天职，着重指道德或法律驱使而受客观要求所产生的责任感，强调自觉性; Let everybody attend to his duties

responsibility ―责任（感），义务，负担上”任何义务，职责，责任或职务上所尽的本分 。也指某人，公众，社会对某事应尽的义务，职责; I am relieved of my responsibilities to him

liability “责任，包袱”可指“债务（复数形式）”或“缺陷，不利条件（单数形式）”; Heavy liabilities forced the company into bankruptcy

function 因职务或职责去履行某种义务 optional adj. if something is optional, you do not have to do it or use it but you want to 可选择的; 非强制性的： Certain courses are compulsory, other are optional.

[常用短语] ：an optional extra 可选择的额外之物 Leather seats are an optional extra in the hatchback

[词形变换]: option 选择；选择权；选修课 overwhelming ［over(越过,凌驾)+whelm(压倒)+ing］adj.1. very great; too great to resist, overcome, or

handle 压倒性的；势不可挡的： The resolution was approved in the UN assembly by an overwhelming majority. 2. having such a great effect on you that you feel confused and do not know how to react 令人迷茫而不知所措的：The sheer size of the place will seem overwhelming and confusing at first [常用短语] overwhelming

numbers/majority/odds

etc压倒性的数字/多数/差距： An overwhelming majority of the members were against the idea. an overwhelming sense of loss/relief 极端失落的/如释重负的感觉： She had the almost overwhelming sense of relief to him the truth. overwhelming victory 势如破竹的，压倒性的胜利：The campaign is the overwhelming victory for those solders [词形变换] overwhelm v. （以数量上的）优势打败；压倒，制服（一群人）,淹没: overwhelmingly adv.压倒多数地

peer [v . 1. ［always + adv/prep］to look closely or carefully as if unable to see well(尤指因看起来费劲而)凝视；盯着看；端详 ; He peered at his father‘s face. 2) equal to 比得上，同等： Your brother peers with him

n . someone of the same age, social class etc as you 同龄人，社会地位相同的人：As peers, we should communicate with each other more

[常用短语] peer at 端详,凝视： He peers closely at the photograph. peer across 望过去： She peered quietly across the mountain. peer into 望着：Every few paces they stopped to peer ahead into the gloom. peer through望穿： The young man peers through the forest in thought .peer over 回头看： He kept peering over his shoulder

peer out 向外看 ： He went to the window and peered out

[典型考题]He____ through the mist, trying

to find the right path

A. pecked B. peered C. peeped D. peeled

[试题分析] 此题测词组意义，答案为 B. [详细解答] 句意: 他试图透过迷雾找到正确的道路。peck 啄; 啄食; 小口地吃 peep 偷窥; peel 果皮，削皮

pleasurable  adj. giving pleasure; enjoyable 令人愉快的，适意的： We do everything we can to make your trip pleasurable

[常用短语] a pleasurable feeling of anticipation 愉快的期待心情；a pleasurable activity/experience/sensation愉快的活动/经历/快感;

[词形变换] please v. 使高兴，请 pleasure n.愉快，快乐 pleasurably adv. 愉快地 prior ［pri(在前) +or ］ adj. 1.coming before in time or importance 在前的，优先的： He gives up his job as he feels that his family has a prior claim on his attention. 2 .［only before noun ］happening or existing before something else or before a particular time先前的；较早的： Although not essential, some prior knowledge of statistics is desirable. 3. already existing and therefore more important 优先的；占先的： They have a prior claim to the property. [常用短语]

prior warning/notice/discussion etc.预先警告/通知/讨论；prior agreement/arrangement etc 事先协议/安排： Under a prior agreement, the company will sell the land in ten years time. a prior engagement预先的约会：I won‘t be the meeting as I have a prior engagement. prior written consent 事先征得书面许可： This information must not be disclosed without prior written consent.

[词形变换]priority n. 优先；重点；优先考虑的事 prioritize v.划分优先顺序，优先处理

肖霞 procreate- rational

procreate []v [I ;T] formal or technical to produce children or baby animals [正式或术语]生育，生殖[词形变换]procreation /‚prəʊkrɪ'eɪʃn/ n [U]生殖，生育

profoundly[] adv1.in a way that has a very great effect on sb or sth 极大地；深刻地: We are profoundly affected by what happens to us in children.2.(medical 医) very serious ; completely 严重地；完全地；彻底地：profoundly deaf

[词形变换]profound  adj1.very

great; felt or experienced very strongly 巨 大的；深切的；深远的：My father‘s death had a profound effect on us all.2.showing great knowledge or understanding 知识渊 博的；理解深刻的；深邃的：profound thought/understanding/insights3.needing a lot of study or thought 玄奥的：profound question about life and death 4. (medical 医)very serious; complete 严重的；完全的；彻底的：profound disability5. literary deep or far below the surface of sth (文) 深的；深处的：Her work engages something profound in human psyche.

[典型例题] The publisher considered the author‘s work to be ________, so he decided to publish it right away. A. profound B. superficial C. superior D. sharp

[详细解答] A句意：出版商认为那位作家 作品意味深长，因而决定立刻出版。 superficial 虚伪的；superior 高级的， 上级的；sharp 尖锐的

profundity/prə'fʌndəti/n1. [U]the quality of understanding or dealing with a subject at a very serious level （理解或处理问题 的）深刻性；彻底性：He lacked profundity and analytical precision.2. [U]the quality of being very great, serious or powerful 巨大；严重；强大：the profundity of her

misery. 3. [C usually plural 一般用复数] sth that someone says that shows this

quality 深奥的话语：The profundities of his speech were lost on the young audience.

protect v1. [T]protect (sb/sth) (against/from sth) to make sure that sb/sth is not harmed, injured, damaged, etc 保护；防 护：Troops have been sent to protect aid workers against attack.2.[T][usually passive]to introduce laws that make it illegal to kill, harm or damage a particular animal, area of land, building etc (制定法 律)保护：a protected area/species3. [T] [usually passive]to help an industry in your own country by taxing goods from other countries so that there is less competition 实行贸易保护（通过征关税）保护国内企 业4. protect (sb/sth)(against sth) to provide sb/sth with insurance against fire,

injury ,damage, etc 投保；为…买保险： Many policies do not protect you against personal injury.

[词形变换] protectionn1. [U] protection (for/of sb/sth)(against/from sth) the act of protecting sb/sth; the state of being protected 保护；保卫：Remember to bring clothes that provide adequate protection against the wind and rain.2. [C singular] protection (against sth) a thing that protects sb/sth against sth 保护物；护身符：They wore the charm as a protection against evil spirits.3. [U] protection (against sth) insurance against fire, injury, damage, etc 保险：Our policy offers complete protection against fire and theft.4. [U] the system of helping an industry in your own country by taxing foreign goods 贸易保护；关税保护制：The government is ready to introduce protection for the car industry.5. [U] the system of paying criminals so that they will not attack your business or property (付给罪犯分子以求平安的)保护费：to run a protect racket

protected adj 受保护的：spotted owls are a protected species.

protectionism n [U]the principle or practice of protecting a country‘s own industry by taxing foreign goods (贸易)保护主义

protectionist [] n贸易保护主 者

protector []n a person, an organization or a thing that protect sb/sth 保护人（或组织，装置等）：I regarded him as my friend and protector.

protectorate [n1. [C] a country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country 受保护国；受保护领地: a British protectorate2. [U]the state or period of being controlled and protected by another country （一国对一国的）保护关系 protective [adj 保护的 protective[]adj1.[only

before

noun] providing or intended to provide protection 保护的；防护的：Workers should wear full protective clothing.2. protective (of/towards sb/sth) having or showing a wish to protect sb/sth 出于（对…的）保护：He had been fiercely

protective towards him as a teenage.3. intended to give an advantage to your own country‘s industry 有贸易保护倾向的 [词形变换]protectively [adv 保护地；防护地: She clutched her bag protectively.

protectiveness [n [U] quiver [‘]v to shake slightly ; to make a slight movement 轻微颤动；抖动；哆嗦：Her lips quivered and then she started to cry.

[补充意义] n 1. an emotion that has an effect on your body; a slight movement in part of your body 强烈感情；哆嗦;He felt a quiver of excitement run through him.2. a case for carrying arrows 箭筒；

rationalization-la-/n

[U,C]justifying sth by giving a rational explanation 合理：No amount of rationalization could justify his actions [词形变换] rationalize (BrE also-ise) v1. to find or try to find a logical reason to explain why sb thinks, behaves, etc, in a way that is difficult to understand 对…加以科学的说明；对…进行理性的解释：an attempt to rationalize his violent behavior.2. (BrE) to make change to a business, system, etc, in order to make it more efficient, especially by spending less money 是合理化；使有经济效益：Twenty workers lost their jibs when the department was rationalized.

rationaladj1. (of behavior, ideas, et

行为，思想等) based on reason rather than emotions 合理的；理性的；明智的：There is no rational explanation for his action.2.（of a person）able to think clearly and make decisions based on reason rather than emotions 理智的；清醒的：No rational person would ever behave like that.

彭海玲reciprocal-restore

reciprocal []adj

[formal]

involving

two people or groups who agree o help each other or behave in the same way to each other [正式]互惠的；相应的：The two colleges have a reciprocal arrangement whereby students from one college can attend classes at the other.

[词形变换] reciprocally [] adv 相互地；互易地reciprocity  n[U](formal)a situation in which two people countries provide the same advantage to each other 互惠

reflexive [adj. 1.involuntary and responding instinctively to a stimulus 本能的；自发的；反射的 2.a reflexive word or formaffects the parson who performs the action 反身的: In ''he cut

himself'', ''cut'' is a reflexive verb and ''himself'' is a reflexive pronoun.

［词形变换]：reflex n. an action or a movement of your body that happens naturally in response to something and that you cannot control; something that you do without thinking 反射动作；本能反应；反射作用：to have quick/slow reflex反射动作快/慢/a reflex response/reaction反射性反应

reputation /repjute/n.1.the opinion that people have about a particular person or thing because of what has happened in the past 名誉；名望：He has the reputation of being a coward.2.live up to your reputation to behave in the way that people expect 名不虚传；不负盛名：Martin lived up to his reputation and arrived late.3.live up to its reputation to be at least as bad or good as people had thought [行为]与名声相符:a mountain that lived up to its fearsome reputation 名副其实令人生畏的火山

[常用短语]have a reputation for 以…而闻名：She has a reputation for honesty. [词义辨析]reputation, fame (1)reputation 可指好名声，亦可指坏名声，强调人们心目中的印象

(2)fame 仅指好名声，强调较高的知

[经典例题]The English have a bad ____ for food.

A. attitude B. position C. status D. reputation

[试题分析] 此题测试词义。答案：D.

[试题详解]句意：英国人的食物糟糕人尽 皆知。attitude 态度，position 职位， status 地位

retort// v.（restored ；restored ；restoring）[I;T] to reply quickly, in an angry or humorous way[立即愤怒或幽默地]反驳；回嘴：―It‘s all your fault!‖ he retorted. [补充意义]：n.1.a short and angry or humorous reply [简短而愤怒或幽默的]反驳，回嘴：She bit back a sharp retort. 2.a

bottle with a long narrow bent neck, used for heating chemicals 曲颈瓶；蒸馏瓶 [词义辨析]：answer, reply, response, retort

(1)answer 回答，答复，最常用词，指口头，书面或行动问题、电话等作出相应的反应。

（2）reply 回答，答复，指对某人的问题，意见给以答复或作出对等的反应。 (3)response 回答，反应，指对一种刺激的反应。

（4）retort 回报，反击，指对批评、指责等的严厉且迅即的反驳。 sacrifice//［sacr(i)(神圣)+ f ic(做)；为神圣而做]（sacrificed ；sacrificed ；sacrificing ）v.[T]1.to willing stop having something you want or doing something you like in order to get something more important.牺牲，献出[~something

to

do

something]:He

sacrificed a promising career to look after his handicapped daughter. [~something for]:It‘s not worth sacrificing your health for your career.2.to offer something or someone to a god as a sacrifice.献祭，以…作祭品3.(非正式)贱卖；亏本出售：I need the money and I‘m having to sacrifice my car.

[补充意义]：n.1.something valuable that you

decide not to have, in order to get something

that is more important.牺牲，舍弃：Her parents made sacrifices so that she could have a good education.2.the act of offering something to a god, especially in former

time by killing an animal or a person in a religious ceremony.献祭（尤指从前在宗教仪式中把动物或人杀死作祭品）：It was common to make a sacrifice to the gods to ensure a good harvest.3.an object or animal that is offered to a god in a ceremony of sacrifice.祭品，供品Human sacrifice(=a human killed as a sacrifice)杀死后用作祭品的人4.(library)the final /supreme sacrifice the act of dying while you are

fighting for a principle(文)牺牲自己的生命，捐躯

[词形变换] sacrificial: adj. connected with or offered as a sacrifice(用于)献祭的，牺牲的:a sacrificial gift 供品，祭品

[常用短语]：sacrifice oneself/one’s life for 为…而牺牲;at the sacrifice of 牺牲…;offer (up) a sacrifice 献上祭品；sell at a sacrifice 贱卖，削价出售；to sacrifice for (to) 为…而牺牲

reward/r/（rewarded ；rewarded ；rewarding）v.[T(for, with)]to give something to someone because they have done something good or helpful.酬谢，报答，给予奖赏:How can I reward your kindness?

[补充意义]：n.1.something that you receive because you have done something good or helpful.报答，报酬，酬谢，奖赏2.an amount of money that is offered to someone who finds something that was lost or gives the police information.赏金：A reward was offered for the return of the jewels.3.be its own reward if something that you do is its own reward, it makes you feel happy and satisfied.本身就是奖赏:Working for a good cause can be its own reward.

[常用搭配]a reward for good behavior 优秀行为奖；a cash/financial reward 现金/财政奖励；reward for：You deserve a reward for being so helpful. in reward for 作为对…的回报reward somebody with something：She started singing to the baby and rewarded with a smile.

reward somebody for something：She was generously rewarded for her word.

[词形变换]：rewording adj. making you feel happy and satisfied because you feel you are doing something useful or important, even if you do not earn much money.值得的，有益的，有意义的：a rewarding experience/job有意义的经历/工作：Teaching can be a very rewarding career. [词义辨析]：award, reward

(1)award 指根据判决或决定授予奖品。 （2）reward指因可嘉之行为或应获酬劳的工作而得到的报酬。

restore// v.［re-(=back,回)+store（贮存）；放回原处以复原］（restored ；restored ；restoring）[T] 1.to make something return to its former level or condition. 使回复，使恢复：The government promises to restore the economy to full strength.2.restore order to make people stop fighting and breaking the law.恢复秩序:Police were called in to restore order.3.to repair an old building, piece of furniture, or painting etc, so that it is in its original condition.修复（建筑物、家具、画作等）:Her job is restoring old paintings.4.to give back to someone something that was lost or taken from them归还:The police have restored the painting to its rightful owner.5.restore somebody‘s sight/hearing etc to make someone able to see, hear etc again 使某人复明/恢复听力等:an operation to restore his sight使他复明的手术6.to bring back a law, tax, right etc 重新采用（法律），恢复（税收，权利等）:to restore ancient rights/traditions恢复古老的权利/传统7.restore somebody to power/the throne :to give back power to a king, queen, or president使某人重新掌权/恢复王位

[常用短语]：restore hope/confidence/calm etc: to make a parson or group feel hopeful, confident, calm etc again. 恢复希望/信心/镇静等：Such kindness restore

your faith in human nature.

[词义辨析] restore, recover (1)restore[T]强调用外力来恢复原状——多以被动语态的形式出现

(2)recover[I,T]强调用自己的力量来恢复原状——多以主动语态的形式出现 [经典例题]Jimmy earn his living by ____works of art in the museum.

A. recovering B. restoring C. renewing D. reviving

[试题分析]此题测试词义。答案：B. [试题详解]题意为：吉米靠修复博物馆的艺术品来度日。根据博物馆里保护文物的一般常识，旧的或者有损坏的艺术品一般都是对其进行复原，因此只有restore“使恢复原样，修复”有这个意思。

[词形变换] restoration (n.) restored adj.(not before noun) feeling better and healthier精神得到恢复的restorer n. a person whose job is to repair old building, works of art etc, so that they look as they did when new 做修复工作的人

文芳 solitary-seemingly

solitary  adj.1.[only before noun ] done alone ,without other people 独自的： She enjoy long solitary walks. 2 . [of a person or an animal 人或动物] enjoy being alone frequently spending time alone 喜欢(或惯于)独处的： He was a solitary child . 3 . (of a person thing or place 人或物的处所) alone with no other people or thing around 孤单的，孤零零的： a solitary light burned dimly in the hall . 4 . [usually before noun] (especially in negative sentences and questions 尤用于否定句和疑问句) only one ,single : There was not a solitary shred of evidence. [补充意义] ：n .1 .[U] informal solitary confinement 单独监禁 2 .[C] someone who lives completely alone 隐居者： The old is a solitary .

[常用短语]： to be in solitary confinement 单独监禁

seduction n. 1.[C U] an act of persuading someone to have sex with you for the first time 勾引，诱奸：The report shows Mike ’seduction of Mary . 2. [C usually plural ] something that strongly attracts people ,but often has a bad effect on their lives .(常指对人产生不良后果的)诱惑物：People always like the seduction of money. 3 . [C ,usually plural U] the qualities or feathers of something that make it seem attractive 诱惑力：Who can

resist the seduction of the tropical island . [词形变换]:seduce v. 诱奸；哄骗 seducer n . 诱奸者

seductress n .勾引男人的女人 seductive adj. 诱人的；性感 seductiveness n [U] 具吸引力的事物 scorn [AN] to feel or show that you think someone or something is stupid and you do not respect them or it .鄙视：She scorned

their

views

as

old-fashioned .2 .[formal] to refuse to have or do something because you are too proud . 不屑于（接受或做）；轻蔑的拒绝：We invited him ,but he scorned our invitation . [补充意义]：n . 1 . [ U] (+for someone or something ) the feeling that someone or something is stupid , old – fashioned or unreasonable 轻蔑，鄙视：Most young people today scorn the idea that virginity is important .

[常用短语]:pour or heap scorn on somebody or something 嗤之以鼻，不屑一顾； laugh somebody to scorn 嘲笑，控告（某人）；think scorn of 蔑视，瞧不起

[词形变换]:scornful adj. 鄙夷的 scornfully adv. 鄙视地

self-indulgence

n .[ singular ,U] the act of allowing yourself to have or do something that you enjoy but do not need 自我放纵：My one self-indulgence is expensive coffee. [词形变换]：self-indulgent adj. 放纵自己的；self-indulgently adv. 放纵自己地 self-advancement 

the promotion of one‘ s own qualities or abilities 对自身利益的促进：Self-advancement is powerful innate drives for personal statues and pleasure.

self-involved [] adj .

concerned with oneself 沉迷于自我的:Pleasure is self-involved .

seemingly [] adv .1 .appearing to be something when this is not actually true

看上去，表面上:The road was dusty and seemingly endless. 2 .[sentence adverb] according to the facts as you know them 从已知事实来看，看样子 : There is seemingly nothing we can do to stop the plans going ahead. [词形变换] seeming adj. 似乎是的，表面上的

第六组 刘利梅(status-vibrancy)

status['steitəs] n 1.[U, C ,usually sing] the legal position of a person , group or country法律地位(或身份): They were granted refugee status. 2.[U ,C ,usually sing] the social or professional position of sb / sth in relation to others 地位;身份;职位: Women are only asking to be given equal status with men. 3.[U] high rank or social position 高级职位;社会上层地位: The job brings with it status and a high income. 4.[U ,C ,usually sing] the level of importance that is given to sth重视(或崇尚)程度: The high status accorded to science in our society. 5.[U] the situation at a particular time during a process(进展的)状况,情形: What is the current status of our application for funds? [常用搭配]

high/low status高/低职位或地位 status symbol社会地位的象征 [易混词]

statue['stætju:] n 雕像;塑像 stature['stætʃə] n 名声;声望

statute['stætju:t, -tʃu:t] n 法令;法规;条例;章程

sustain[sə'stein][vn](sustained ,sustained ,sustaining) 1.to provide enough of what sb /sth needs in order to live or exist 维持(生命,生存): I only had a little chocolate to sustain me on my walk. 2.to make sth continue for some time without becoming less使保持;使稳定持续: She managed to sustain everyone's interest until the end of her speech. 3.(formal)to experience sth bad遭受;蒙受;经历: The company sustained

losses of millions of dollars. 4.to provide evidence to support an opinion ,a theory ,

etc.证明;证实 5.(formal)to support a weight without breaking or falling 支撑;承受住: The ice will not sustain your weight. 6.(law)to decide that a claim ,etc. is valid 认可;确认;准许;支持: The court sustained his claim that thecontract was illegal. [词形变换]

sustainable[sə'steinəbl] adj 1.不破坏生态环 境的,合理利用的:sustainable forest management 合理的森林管理 2.可持续的:sustainable economic growth/recovery 经济的可持续增长/复苏

transgression[træns'greʃən] [C,N]the act of going beyond what is morally or legally acceptable越轨;违背(道德);违犯(法律) [词形变换]

transgress[træns'gres,trænz-]v[VN](formal) to go beyond what is morally or legally acceptable越轨;违背(道德);违犯(法律): They had transgressed the bounds of decency.

transgressor n [C]越轨的人;违背道德的人 transitory['trænsitəri]adj(formal) continuing for only a short time 暂时的;片刻的;转瞬即逝的[SYN]temporary: These feelings tend to be transitory.

verbal ['və:bəl]adj 1.relation to words文字的;语言的;词语的: The job applicant must have good verbal skills. 2.spoken,not written口头(而非书面)的: a verbal agreement/warning. 3.(gramma) relating to verbs动词的: a verbal noun [词形变换]

verb [və:b] n 动词

verbalize ['və:bəlaiz] v [VN]用语言(或文字)表达

verbally ['və:bəli] adv口上头(而非书面上) vibrancy ['vaibrənsi] n [U]生气

[词形变换]

vibrant ['vaibrənt] adj 1.full of energy 充满生机的;生气勃勃的;精力充沛的[SYN]exciting Thailand is at its most

vibrant during the New Year celebrations. 2.(of colours)very brightand strong鲜艳的;醒目的[SYN]brilliant.The room was decorated in vibrant reds and yellows. 3.(of music ,sounds, etc.音乐,声音等)loud and powerful响亮的;洪亮的;强劲的: vibrant rhythms/tunes强而有力的节奏/曲调

刘淑兰(astound-bound)

astound[[VN]to surprise or shock by very much使震惊，使大惊: The judge‘s decision and astounded everyone. [词形变换]:

astounded: adj. ~(at/by sth)very surprised or shocked by sth, because it seems very unlikely感到震惊的:I was astounded to see her appear from the house.

astounding:adj. So surprising that it is difficult to believe令人震惊的: There was an astounding 20% increase in sales. astonish:v.to surprise sb very much使吃惊:She astonished us by saying she was leaving.

astonishing: adj. very surprising; difficult to believe: 使人大为惊奇的，难以置信的: I find it absolutely astonishing that you didn‘t like it.

astonishingly:adv. Jack took the news astonishingly well.

astonished: adj. ~(at/by sth/sb)/~(that…) very surprised 使感到十分吃惊: [典型考题]

It is ___to him how easily and quickly they had become friends.

A. astonished B. astonishing C. horrified D. horrifying [试题详解]本题测试动词的现在分词和过去分词作形容词所表示的不同意义，答案为B. 句意：他们这么轻易而迅速的成了朋友,对他来说太令人惊讶了。astonished:表示人惊讶的；astonishing:指事物令人惊讶的；horrified: 指人吓坏的,感到可怕的；horrifying:指吓人的。

astonishment: n. a feeling of very great

surprise惊讶:He stared in astonishment at the stranger. [常用短语]

in with astonishment惊异地

to a person’s astonishment令某人感到惊讶的是……To my utter astonishment, she remembered my name.

[同义辨析]

amaze, astonish, astound, surprise(吃惊) (1)amaze指“由于认为不可能或极少发生的事而感到大为诧异，迷惑不解”，语意较强，如: I was amazed at his impudence. (2)astonish指“由于出乎意料而又不能理解而感到吃惊”，语气较强，如: I was astonished to see he got up so early. (3)astound指“使震惊”，语意比amaze强，如: I was astounded at the news. (4)surprise指“由于出乎意外而惊异或诧异”,如: His coming surprised me.

barbarian[]:n 1.a person long ago in the past who belonged to a European tribe which was considered wild and civilized（古时欧洲原始部落的）野蛮人:The Roman Empire came under severe pressure from the. barbarians across the Rhine. 2.a person who behaves very badly and has no respect for art,. education, etc没文化的人，粗鲁的人 [词形变换]

barbaric[]adj.

1.cruel

and

violent and not as expected from people who are educated and respect each other残暴的，野蛮的：The way there animals are killed is barbaric. 2.connected with a tribe of barbarians: 蛮部落的，原始部落的。 barbarism n. 1.a state of not having any education, respect for art, etc.野蛮，不文明2.cruel or violent behavior残暴的行为

barbarous[]adj. 1.extremely cruel and shocking残酷的：The trade in exotic birds is barbarous. 2.showing a lack of education and good manners缺乏教养的，粗鲁的.

[常用短语]

a barbaric act/custom/ritual: 野蛮的行为/习俗/仪式

the barbarism of war战争的残酷

a savage barbarous people一个野蛮粗鲁的人.

barbarously :adv.

things牲口

bosom[]n. 1.[C]a woman‘s chest or breast女人的胸部（或乳房）: her ample bosom她的丰满的乳房. She pressed him to her bosom. 2.[C]the part of a piece of clothing that covers a woman‘s bosom女衣胸部（或胸襟）:a rose pinned to her bosom

beak[]n..1.the hard pointed or curved 别在她胸襟上的一朵玫瑰. 3.the bosom of outer part of a bird‘s mouth鸟啄:The gull held the fish in its beak. 2.(humorous)a person‘s nose, especially when it is large

and/or printed坚鼻,鼻子3.(old-fashioned)a person in a position of authority, especially a judge掌权者，（尤指）法官. [词形变换]

beaked: adj. having a beak or the type of beak mentioned有鸟啄的:flat-beaked扁平啄的

beaker: n. 1.a plastic or paper cup, often without a handle, used of coffee一杯咖啡. 3.a glass cup with straight sides that is used in chemistry for measuring liquid烧杯:A graduated container ,such as a cylinder or beaker.

beast[]n. 1.(old-fashioned or formal)an animal, especially one that is large or dangerous or one that is unusual(尤指大型或凶猛，独特的）动物，兽:wild/savage/ ferocious beasts野兽，猛兽，凶残的动物 2.a person who is cruel and whose behavior is uncontrolled性情凶残的人，行为粗鲁的人. 3.(informal)an unpleasant person or thing讨的人或事物: The math exam was a real beast. 4.(informal)a thing of a particular kind某种东西: His new guitar is a very expensive beast.

[词形转换]

beastly: adj.(old-fashioned) unpleasant令人讨厌的，讨厌的: Don‘t be so beastly to him.

beastliness: n.兽性，粗暴

[常用词组]

beast of burden: n. an animal used for heavy work such as carrying or pulling

sth/sb : a situation in which you are with

people who love and protect you: 和爱护自己的人在一起的情形:to live in the bosom of your family: 生活在家庭的温暖怀抱中. 4.(literary)a very close friend 5.（literary）a word meaning someone‘s feelings and emotions, used especially when there are bad or unpleasant . Jim harbored bitterness in his bosom.. [常用短语]

in the bosom of:在亲人之间 bosom friend/buddy:密友知己 [典型考题]

His sorrows were locked in his own _____. A. blossom B. belly C. blond D. bosom

[试题详解] 本题是词义辨析题，答案为B句意：他把忧伤深深的锁在心里。bosom:指人的前胸。one‘s bosom:指怀中，内心。blossom: n(果树的)花；belly: n腹部，胃；blond:作名词，指金发碧眼的人。 bound[]:adj. 1.~ to do/be sth: certain or likely to happen, or to do or be sth:一定会，很可能会: It‘s bound to be sunny again tomorrow. 2.~ (by sth)/~ (by sth)(to do sth):forced to do sth by law, duty or a particular situation:受（法律，义务或情况）约束（必须做某事）；有义务（做某事） We are not bound by the decision. 3.(in compounds) prevented from going somewhere or from normally working by the conditions mentioned:因……受阻（或不能正常工作）：Strike-bound travelers face long delays. 4.~ (for…)(also in compounds):traveling o ready to travel, in a particular direction or to a particular place

正旅行去某地准备前往某地: He wants to take a plane bound for Dubin. [典型例题]

So they knew that were ____ for the Far North.

A. border B. bound C. bounce D. board [试题详解] 本题是形近词辨析题，答案为 B. 句意：于是他们知道他正开往北 be bound for:向……去，开往某地； border:名词边界；bounce:动词弹起；board:动词登上船等。

[常用短语]

be bound together by/in sth: to be closely connected因……（或在……方面）密切联系

be bound up in sth: very busy with sth; very interested or involved in sth忙于做某事，热衷于做某事：He‘s too bound up in his work to have much time for his children. bound up with sth: closely connected with sth和某事密切相关：From that moment my life became inextricably bound up with hers.

I’ll be bound:(old-fashioned) I feel sure. bound and determined:(American English) very determined to do or achieve something, especially something difficult. e.g. Klein is bound and determined to win at least five races this year.

[补充意义] v.1.to run with long steps,e specially in an enthusiastic way跳跃的跑: The dogs bounded ahead. 2.[usually passive](formal) to form the edge or limit of an area形成…..的边界（或界限）: The field was bounded on the left by a wood. [常用短语]

be bounded by something: if a country or area of landis bounded by something such as a wall, river ect, it has the wall etc at its edge：The US is bounded in the north by Canada and inthe south by Mexico. [补充意义]n.. a high or long jump跳跃，蹦跳 bounds[plural]n.1.the limits of what is

possible or acceptable限制范围：Public spending must be kept within reasonable bounds. [常用短语]

be within/beyond the bounds of possibility(=be possible/not possible) It was not beyond the bounds of possibility that they could meet again.

know no bounds:(formal)it someone‘s honesty, kindness etc knows no bounds, they are extremely honest etc. His enthusiasm knew no bounds.

in bounds/out of bounds: inside or outside the legal playing area in a sport such as American football or basketball界内，界外His shot went out of bounds.

out of bounds (to/for sb):if a place is out of bounds, you are not allowed to go there禁止入内，不准进The path by the railway line is officially out of bounds to both cyclists and walkers.

by leaps and bounds/in leaps and bounds(British English) if someone or something increases, develops etc by leaps and bounds, they increase etc very quickly Julie‘s reading is improving in leaps and bounds.

韩娜(champagne-egoist)

champagne] [U] 1. 香槟酒 a French SPARKLING white wine (=one

with bubbles) that is drunk on special occasions : a glass of champagne 依国际 法，只有在法国香槟区，合符法规的气泡酒才能冠上香槟酒的称号, 香槟的优劣视乎酒酸是否均衡及气泡的粗细和顺滑度 2. 香槟酒色(指淡橙黄色或浅褐黄色)

coachman]n.[coach(马车)+man（人）原意为（in the past）a man who drives a coach pulled by horses‖(旧时)马车夫] He ordered the coachman to stop at a florist's where he bought a bouquet of roses. [词形变化]

coachee 马车夫 coachfellow 伴侣. coachful 满载coach coat 马夫式大衣 royal coachman假蝇

decorate[]vt.1.装饰,

[(+with)][transitive]to make something look more attractive by putting something pretty on it:2.粉刷;油漆3.授勋(章)给[(+for)][transitive]to give someone a

MEDAL as an official sign of honour

[常用短语]

1 .decorate something with something 2 . decorate somebody for something [词形变换]

decoration n.- something used to beautify装饰品； the act of decorating something (in the hope of making it more attractive)装饰，装潢；decoration - an award for winning a championship or commemorating some other event 勋章，奖章 decorator n. 油漆工

decorative adj. 装饰的，可作装饰的decorated adj.经装饰的，盛装的

dill[dil] n. [植]莳萝;莳萝的种子(叶)(调料) a plant with yellow flowers whose leaves and seeds have a strong taste and are used in cooking as a herb: dill pickles加了土茴香的泡菜 dill is beaten out with a rod, and cummin with a club

dreamy['dri:mi]adj. 1. 爱作白日梦的；心不在焉的looking as though you are thinking about something pleasant rather than what is happening around you: 2.梦幻般的;朦胧的as if you are in a dream or asleep. The misty scene had a dreamy quality about it. 雾景给人以梦幻般的感觉. 3. 不现实的;不切实际的someone who is dreamy has a good imagination but is not very practical: a dreamy girl 爱幻想的女孩 4. 引起梦幻感觉的,悦耳的,轻柔的pleasant, peaceful and relaxing: soft and dreamy music 梦幻般轻柔的音乐 5. [俚]妙不可言的;吸引人的very attractive and

desirable Isn't that dress dreamy! 那件衣裳好漂亮! [词形变换]

dream away虚度 dream up构思

would not dream of不会有……想法，不能……（这样做）

dreamer n. 做梦的人, 梦想家 egoistn. 利己主义者;自我中心者;自负的人You need to be an egotist to succeed in politics. [词形变换]

ego: your sense of your own value and importance自我价值感，自尊心；(psychology) the part of the mind that is responsible for your sense of who you are自我

egoist; a person who is always thinking themselves or what is best for themselves egoism - the habit of valuing everything only in reference to one's personal interest.利己主义，自我主义，自高自大

egocentric以自我为中心的，自私自利的 ego trip自我表现，自我满足的行为

龙晓品(exasperate-informal)]

exasperate [] 1.vt.irritate or make furious 使恼怒.激怒.使恶化 He had begun to exasperate her at last. 2. adj. 被激怒的，表面粗糙的He shouted in an exasperate voice. [词形变化]

exasperating:extremely annoying or displeasing: He's the most difficult and

exasperating man I know. Exasperation:actions that cause great irritation (or even anger): Stop that noise, ' he cried out in exasperation.

exasperated :greatly annoyed; made furious.

She was becoming exasperated with all the

questions they were asking. [典型考题]

Constant interruption of his work _______

him。

A. portrayed B. subtracted

C. refrained D. exasperated She grimaced as the needle went in. He [试题分析]：本题是词义辨析题，答案为D。 grimaced at the bitter taste. [n]. an ugly [详细解答]：portray 是―描写‖―描绘―subtractexpression made by twisting your face, used 是―减去，扣除‖ refrain 是―克制，控制‖ to show pain, disgust, etc. or to make sb

laugh面部歪扭,鬼脸，痛苦的表情 [同义辨析]

infuriate: to make furious His lips contorted into a grimace.

geranium[] to make / give a grimace of sth , 冲 ….扮

make an ugly expression with your face to show pain, disgust, etc做鬼脸，面部歪扭

n. a garden plant with a mass of red, pink or

white flowers on the end of each stem [植]天竺葵，老鹳草属植物 The geranium is a garden plant . any of numerous geraniums of the genus geranium. 老鹳草属多种植物中的一种 常识 Geranium is a genus of 422 species of species of flowering annual, biennial and perennial plants.

haunt[]1.vt if the ghost of a dead person

haunts a place, people say that they have seen it there(鬼魂)出没 Headless rider haunts the country lanes. 2.Vt if sth unpleasant haunts you, it keeps coming to your mind so that you cann‘t forget it.萦绕脑际 The memory of that day still haunts me. 3.vt to continue to cause problems for sb. for a long time长期缠绕某人 That decision came back to haunt him in his later life. 4. n. a place that sb visits often or where they spend a lot of time常到的地方 Is this one of your usual haunts? [补充意义]

haunting]adj.beautiful, sad or frightening way that cannot be forgotten不易忘怀的，难忘的

a haunting melody / experience / image At the enchanted metropolitan twilight I felt a haunting loneliness sometimes.

His poetry has had a haunting effects on readers for more than a century.

grimace [] <-ace>[vi]~ (at sb/sth)

to

鬼脸 hint[hint] 1.n. something that you say or do in an indirect way in order to show sb what you are thinking暗示，提示Should I drop a hint (= give a hint) to Matt? 2.n something that suggests what will happen in the future征兆，迹象 The opening scene gives us a hint of things to come. 3.n. [usually sing.] ~ (of sth) a small amount of sth There was more than a hint of sadness in his voice. 4.n. [usually pl.] ~ (on sth) a small piece of practical information or advice秘诀，窍门 5.vi ~ (at sth) to suggest sth in an indirect way. 暗示，建议 What

are you hinting at?

[常用短语] drop/take a / the hint：to understand what sb wants you to do even though they tell

you in an indirect way领会某人的暗示 Sarah hoped he'd take the hint and leave her alone.

[典型考题]

She dropped a few _ about her birthday to make sure that no one would forget it. A. intimation B. hint

C. innuendo D. suggestion [试题分析]

本题属词义相近名词的辨析，答案为B. intimation指一件件轻轻点出innuendo复数应为innuendoes .suggestion表更直接的暗示。

hover []1.vi(+prep.)(ofbirds,

helicopters , etc.) to stay in the air in one place翱翔，盘旋 A hawk hovered over the hill. 2. (of a person) to wait somewhere

使（某人）大怒; 激怒（某人）: I was especially near sb, in a shy or uncertain angry

manner（在某人身边）彷徨，踌躇 He hovered nervously in the doorway. 3. [+adv./prep.] to stay close to sth, or to stay in an uncertain state靠近某物，于不稳定状态Temperatures hovered around freezing. 4. n. 盘旋;徘徊, 犹豫[U] [常见短语]

hover over盘旋

hover between摇摆不定 indecision[](in+decision) n. [U] the state of being unable to decide优柔寡断，下不了决心 She went through a period of terrible uncertainty and indecision. Indecision is his chief defect。 反义词-decision决断力，果断

This is not a job for someone Who lacks decision. [词形转换]

indecisive:1)不明确的 2）优柔寡断的 informal[]1.adj.relaxed and friendly; not following strict rules of how to behave or do sth不拘礼节的，友好随便的，非正规的2.adj.(of clothes) suitable for wearing at home or when relaxing rather than for a special or an official occasion 日常的，随便的 ~casual3.adj. (of language) suitable for normal conversation and writing to friends rather than for serious speech and letters: [常见短语]

an informal atmosphere

an informal arrangement / meeting / visit

Discussions are held on an informal basis within the department.

The aim of the trip was to make informal contact with potential customers. [词形变换]

informally [in'fɔ:məli]adv.不拘礼节地，非正式地 I wish to speak to you informally.

第七组 文隽鸽infuriate- mysteriously

infuriate [] [in- +fury(愤怒)+ -ate(动词后缀)] Tn] make (sb) extremely

infuriated by/with their constant criticism. [常用短语]

Infuriate that: It infuriates me that she was not found guilty. [词形变换]infuriating adj that infuriates 使人大怒的 infuriatingly adv

loathe [] [Origin: lathian, from lath; loath] 1. [Tn] feel great hatred or disgust for (sb/sth) 憎恨; 厌恶（某人[某事物]）: loathe the smell of fried fish 2. [Tn, Tg] (infml 口) dislike (sth) greatly 极不喜欢（某事物）: I loathe having to go to these conferences.

[常用短语] loathe doing sth讨厌做 [词形变换] loathing n [U]disgust 厌恶; 憎恨 loathsome / -səm / adj causing one to feel disgusted or shocked; repulsive 讨厌的; 令人震惊的; 令人厌恶的

luxury [ n plural luxuries 1. [U] state of life in which one has and uses things that please the sense(regular use and enjoyment of) the best and most expensive food and drink, clothes, surroundings, etc 豪华; 奢华; 奢侈* [attrib 作定语] a luxury hotel, flat, liner 2. [C] thing that is expensive and enjoyable, but not essential 奢侈品: caviar, champagne and other luxuries 鱼子酱﹑ 香槟以及其他奢侈品 [常用短语]

in the lap of luxury : adv. 在奢侈环境中 in luxury: 奢侈地

afford/have/enjoy the luxury of sth:方便地享有某物(往往不能常有的)

[典型考题] Sleeping in a warm bed was a(n) _____ for the poor man. A. blessing B. luxury

C. entertainment D. enjoyment

[试题分析] 本题是名词解析题。要求根据题干的逻辑含义选择最适当的词。 [详细解答] 答案为B. 句意：在温暖的床上睡一觉对这个可怜之人来说是一大享受。luxury 享受，奢侈; A. blessing(上帝的)恩

赐; C. entertainment娱乐(活动); D.enjoyment享受,乐趣.

[词形变换]luxurious adj.①爱好奢侈的，放纵的 ②奢华的，非常舒适的

luxuriant adj.繁茂的，丰富的，多产的 maniac [] n [C] a person who behaves in an extremely dangerous, wild, or stupid way疯子，热衷者: He leapt into the car and drove like a maniac to the hospital. [常用短语] a homicidal maniac 杀人狂 [词形变换] maniacal adj.发疯的，狂热的 melancholy [] [Origin: melancolie, from Late Latin melancholia, from Greek, from melas 'black' + chole 'bile'原指伤心得胆汁发黑] 1. n [U] (tendency towards) deep sadness which lasts for some time; depression 忧郁; 抑郁:A mood of melancholy descended on us. 2. adj very sad; depressed 悲哀的; 沮丧的: a melancholy mood, person 3. adj causing sadness 使人忧郁的: melancholy news. [词义辨析]

sad: 最常用词，泛指一切形式的悲伤，着重暂时的不幸或感觉的忧伤。

unhappy: 多指日常生活中遇到不如意的事而感到不愉快、不幸，侧重指心理状态。 gloomy: 指愁眉苦脸，令他人也感到扫兴。 blue: 非正式用词，语气较随便，指较强烈的忧郁或沮丧。

sorrowful: 多指因丧失亲人等原因所引起的悲哀，也指由于错误而产生的悔恨交加的心情。

melancholy: 指经常性的忧郁或悲哀，多用于文学描写中。

dejected: 通常指短时间的不快、失望。 depressed: 通常指极度的忧伤，可导致冷淡，对周围的事物失去兴趣。

[典型考题] Why were you so _____ as we came along in the cab? A. dejected B. depressed B. melancholy D. blue

[试题分析] 测试考生近义词的辨义。

[详细解答] 答案为C. 句意：当我们一起在出租车上时你为什么那么忧伤？

melancholy形容人在一段时间或某时期的心理状态及精神状态；也可指令人忧伤、不快的消息、事件或场面。 [词形变换]melancholia n. 忧郁症 melancholiac adj. 患忧郁症的

melancholic adj (having a tendency to be) melancholy 忧郁的; 抑郁的

moan [] 1. n [C] long low mournful sound, usu expressing regret, pain or suffering 呻吟声; 呜咽声: the moans of the wounded 2. n [sing] similar sound as made by eg the wind 似呻吟的声音（如风声）. 3 n [C] (infml 口) grumble or complaint 牢骚; 怨声: We had a good moan about the weather. 4. v [I, Ip, Tn] utter moans or say (sth) with moans 呻吟; 呻吟着说（某事）: He was moaning (away) all night long. 6. v[I, Ipr, Ip] (infml 口) grumble or complain 抱怨; 发牢骚: moaning and groaning (away) [常用短语] moan of …的呻吟声

have a moan (about sth) BrE informal 抱怨(某事)

moan at BrE抱怨(某人) moan about 抱怨 moan that

mockery [] 1. n [U] action of mocking sb/sth; scorn or ridicule 嘲弄; 嘲笑;讥笑: He replied with a note of mockery in his voice. 2. n [C] completely inadequate or ridiculous action or representation (of sth); travesty 拙劣可笑的模仿或歪曲: The performance was an utter mockery. 3. [sing] person or thing that is mocked; occasion when this happens 嘲弄的对象或场合; 笑柄.

[常用短语] make a mockery of sth使某事物显得荒谬或无价值

[词形变换 ]

mock v取笑,嘲笑 mournful ] adj. very sad悲恸的，悲哀的，令人惋惜mournful eyes / mournful music : I couldn't bear the mournful look on her face.

mysteriously [] adv. in a way

that is difficult to understand or explain 神秘地,难以解释的: Jackson had mysteriously disappeared.

[词形变换] mysterious adj.神秘的,可疑的,难以理解的

高琪 pagoda- prick

pagoda [] n religious building in India and E Asia, usu a tall tower with several storeys each of which has its own overhanging roof （印度和东亚的）塔, 宝塔: Be sure to keep the pagoda within the view-finder.

parrot [ 1. n any of various types of tropical bird with hooked beaks and brightly-coloured feathers, some of which can be trained to imitate human speech 鹦鹉. 2. n (esp derog 尤作贬义) person who repeats sb else's words or imitates his actions without thinking 盲目重复他人的话或模仿他人行为的人. 3. v [Tn] to repeat someone else's words or ideas without really understanding what you are saying - used to show disapproval 盲目重复(他人的话)或模仿(某人的行为): He just parroted his father's opinions.

[常用短语] sick as a parrot 非常失望

parrot-fashion adv (derog 贬) without thinking about or understanding the meaning of sth 鹦鹉学舌般地

peel [] v 1.[Tn, Dn.n, Dn.pr] take the skin off (fruit, etc) 除掉（水果等）的皮: peel a banana, an apple, a potato, etc 剥香蕉皮﹑ 削苹果皮﹑ 刮土豆皮 * Would you peel me an orange? 2. [I] have a skin or outer layer which comes off 脱皮; 外层脱落: These oranges peel easily. 3. [I] (of a surface) lose its covering in strips or flakes （指表面）脱皮, 剥落: My face is peeling. 4.n [U] outer covering or skin of fruit, vegetables, etc （蔬菜﹑ 水果等的）皮: lemon peel

[常用短语]

peel from/off 剥落,脱掉 peel sth away/off/back 剥掉

keep one's eyes peeled/skinned v. 谨慎小心，警惕

[词形变换] peeler n (esp in compounds 尤用以构成复合词) device for peeling (fruit, etc) （水果等的）剥皮机, 削皮器 peelings n [pl] (esp of fruit and vegetables) parts peeled off （尤指水果和蔬菜）削下或剥下的皮.

perfume [] (per到处+fume烟,气味→到处冒香气)[fum=smoke,表示\"烟\"] 1. n [C, U] fragrant or pleasant smell 香味;芳香: the perfume of the flowers 2. (any of several types of) sweet-smelling liquid, often made from flowers, used esp on the body 香水: She was wearing the perfume that he'd bought her. 3. v [Tn] (of flowers, etc) give a fragrant smell to (sth) （指花等）使（某物）带香味: The roses perfumed the room. 4. v [Tn] put perfume on (sb/sth) 向（某人[某物]）洒香水: She perfumed her bath with fragrant oils.

[词义辨析]

aroma: 酣香，指浓烈的香气，如 the aroma of coffee咖啡之香; the aroma of aged wine老酒之香。

fragrance: 芬芳，指优雅美好的芳香，如 the fragrance of flowers花香; fragrant memories芬芳的回忆。

perfume: 常指香水之香，如 the perfume of cologue 古龙水之香; 可作动词，如 a perfumed handkerchief; 若花香甚浓，亦可用perfume，如 The perfume of lilies has overcome the fragrance of orchids.百合花之浓香掩盖了兰花之清香。

[词形变换]

perfumer (also perfumier) n 香水制造商; 售香水者.

perfumery n ① [C] 香水制造厂; 香水商店. ② [U] 香水的制造. perfumed adj 充满香气的

pickle [] 1. n [C usu pl 通常作复数] particular vegetable preserved in this way 泡菜: The dish was accompanied by a variety of pickles. 2. n [C] (Brit infml 口)

mischievous child 调皮孩子: She's a real little pickle! 3. v [Tn] preserve (vegetables, etc) in pickle （用腌菜汁）腌渍（蔬菜等）: pickled cabbage, onions, walnuts, etc [常用短语]

be in a (sad, sorry, nice, pretty, etc) pickle 处境困难或不愉快; 又脏又乱.

[词形变换]pickled adj (infml 口) 醉的

prick [] 1. n act of pricking 刺; 戳: I gave my finger a prick with a needle. 2. n pain caused by pricking 刺痛（感）: I can still feel the prick. 3. v [Tn, Tn.pr] pierce sth with a sharp point; make a tiny hole in sth 刺或戳某物; 在某物上穿孔: The child pricked the balloon and it burst. 4. v [I] feel a sharp pain or a sensation of being pricked 感到剧痛; 有刺痛感: My fingers are beginning to prick after touching that paste. 5. v [Tn] (fig 比喻) cause mental discomfort to (sb) 使（某人）感到不安: His conscience is pricking him now that he realizes what he has done.

[常用短语] kick against the pricks螳臂挡车, 作无益的抵抗

prick sth (with sth) 用某物戳

prick the bubble (of sth) 使某人对某事物的幻想破灭

prick up one's ears (a) （指动物, 尤指马或狗）竖起耳朵. (b)（指人）突然开始注意听.

肖沛君 purr- sufficient

purr [] 1. v [I, Ipr] (of a cat) make a low continuous vibrating sound （指猫）发低而连续的呼噜声: if a cat purrs, it makes a soft low sound in its throat to show that it is pleased 2. v [I, Ipr] (of machinery) make a similar smooth vibrating sound （指机器）发低沉而连续的呼隆声: a car engine purring smoothly. 3. v [I and T] to speak in a low and gentle voice用低沉温柔的声音说话 4. n purring sound （猫的）呼噜声; （机器的）呼隆声: the contented purrs of the cat

scrape [] 1. v [Tn, Tn.p, Cn.a] make

(a surface, etc) clean, level or smooth by drawing a sharp tool or sth rough across it 擦净, 削平, 磨光（某物）: She is scraping the path clear of snow. 2. v [Tn.pr, Tn.p] remove (mud, grease, paint, etc) in this way 除掉（泥﹑ 油渍﹑ 油漆等）: scrape paint from a door 3. v [Tn, Tn.pr] injure or damage sth by rubbing with sth rough, sharp, etc 擦伤或刮坏某物: I fell and scraped my knee. 4. n (esp sing 尤作单数) act or sound of scraping 刮擦声: the scrape of sb's pen on paper, of sb's fingernail on a blackboard 5. n injury or mark made by scraping 擦伤; 擦痕:a scrape on the elbow, eg as a result of a fall 6. n (infml 口) awkward situation caused by foolish behaviour or by not thinking carefully （因举动愚蠢或考虑不周而陷入的）尴尬处境: She's always getting into scrapes. 她总是作茧自缚. [常用短语]

scrape (up) an acquaintance with sb (infml 口) 挖空心思与某人结识 scrape a living勉强维持生活

scrape along/by (on sth) 勉强活下去 scrape sth away/off 刮掉

scrape in; scrape into sth 勉强获得（工作）; 勉强进入（学校）

scrape through (sth) 勉强做成某事物; （尤指）勉强及格

scrape sth together/up费力地或小心翼翼地获得某事物 self-engrossed adj. occuied with one‘s own thoughts or interests; paying no attention to anything other than one‘s own; self-centered 以自我为中心的

settle [] (set+tle表动词,)[set=fix,表示\"安置好\"] 1. v [I, Ipr] make one's home in a place 定居; 安家落户: After years of travel, we decided to settle here. 2. [I, Ipr] come to rest on sth; stay for some time on sth 在某处停歇或停留一时: bird settled on a branch. (fig 比喻) A tense silence had

settled over the waiting crowd. 3. [I, Ip, Tn] make (sb/oneself) comfortable in a new position 使（某人[自己]）在新位置上觉得舒适: The nurse settled her patient for the night. 4. [I, Tn] (cause sb/sth to) become calm, composed or relaxed （使某人[某事物]）平静﹑ 镇静或放松: Wait until all the excitementhas settled. 5. [Tn, Tn.pr, Tf, Tw] make an agreement about sth; arrange sth finally or satisfactorily; deal with sth 对某事物达成一致意见; 终于或满意地安排好某事物; 解决; 处理: settle a dispute, an argument, an issue, etc 解决一争端﹑ 争论﹑ 问题等 6. [I, Ipr, Ip, Tn] pay (what is owed, a bill, etc) 偿付, 结算（欠债﹑ 帐单等）: You owe a lot, and it's now time to settle (with your creditors). [常用短语]

pay/settle an old score => settle one's/an account (with sb)为受到的伤害﹑ 侮辱等复仇

settle sb's`hash (infml 口)终於整治一下那个闹别扭﹑ 找麻烦等的人.

settle down ①舒适地坐或躺 ②过更安定或宁静的生活; 习惯於新的生活方式﹑ 工作等

settle (down) to sth 开始注意某事物 settle for sth 勉强认可某事物

settle (sb) in/into sth （帮助某人）迁入新居﹑ 做新工作等, 并安顿下来

settle on sth 选择某事物; 决定做某事 settle sth on sb (law 律) 将（财产等）转让给某人

slumber [] 1. v [I] (fml or joc 文或谑) sleep, esp peacefully and comfortably 睡眠（尤指睡得安稳而舒服）: The baby was slumbering peacefully. 2. n (often pl 常作复数) (fml or joc esp fig 文或谑, 尤作比喻) sleep 睡眠: She fell into a deep and peaceful slumber.

[词义辨析]

sleep: 普通用词，指一般的睡眠。可用作引申指长眠或静止不动。

doze: 多用于口语中，指轻微的小睡或处

于半睡状态。

nap: 指白天的小睡。

slumber: 多指人安详地或长时间地睡。 [词形变换]slumberer n (fml 文) 睡觉的人. slumberous adj (fml ) 昏昏欲睡的; 困的. sufficient [] (suf+fici做+ent→在下面先做好,用的时候→足够的) adj enough 足够的; 充足的: Is 10 sufficient for your expenses? [常用短语]

sufficient to do sth 足够做某事 sufficient for 足够供(…)

[词义辨析]

adequate: 指数量上足够，质量上适当。 enough: 最普通用词，口语、书面语可用，较侧重分量或数量的足够，多指希望的满足。

sufficient: 正式用词，侧重数目或数量或程度达到某一特定要求或需要。 [词形变换]sufficiency n ~ of sth [sing] (fml 文) 足量; 充足 sufficiently adv 足够地

蔡威 thunder-struck-wasp

thunder-struck [] adj. greatly amazed吓坏了的,大吃一惊的: He was thunder-stuck after he realized where he was.

unfold [] [否定前缀un+fold(折叠)] 1. v [I, Tn] (cause sth to) open or spread out from a folded state （使某物）展开, 打开: The garden chair unfolds to make a camp-bed.

2. [I, Tn, Dn.pr] (fig 比喻) (cause sth to) be revealed or made known （使某事物）显露, 展现: The landscape unfolded before us. [词义辨析]

unfold: 主要指把原来包好、卷好或叠好的东西再打开。

open: 普通用词，指把原来关起来或盖紧的东西打开。

veil [] [veil=cover,表示\"盖上\"] 1. n [C] covering of fine net or other (usu transparent) material worn, esp by women, to protect or hide the face, or as part of a

head-dress 面纱, 面罩（尤指女用的）: She raised/lowered her veil.. 2. v [Tn] put a veil over (sb/sth) 给（某人[某物]）带面纱或面罩: a veiled Muslim woman 3. v (fig 比喻) hide or disguise (sth) 遮掩, 掩饰（某事物）: a thinly veiled threat, insult, hint, etc 含沙射影的威胁﹑ 侮辱﹑ 暗示等: He could hardly veil his contempt at my ignorance. [常用短语]

draw a veil over 避而不谈,隐瞒 take the veil 当修女

veil of secrecy/deceit/silence etc 秘密/欺瞒/沉默的掩盖

be veiled in mystery/secrecy etc 在神秘的掩盖下

velvet [] n [U] woven fabric, esp of silk or nylon, with a thick soft nap on one side 立绒; 天鹅绒: [attrib 作定语] a velvet jacket, curtain

[常用短语] an iron fist/hand in a velvet glove外柔内刚

smooth as velvet十分柔软﹑ 光滑 [词形变换]

velvety adj (approv 褒) 天鹅绒般柔软的 verbena [] n type of herbaceous plant whose garden varieties have flowers of many colours 马鞭草, 美人樱: Verbena, belonging to verbena family, is a perennial herbal plant.

wasp [] n any of several types of flying insect, the most common of which has black and yellow stripes, a narrow waist and a powerful sting in its tail 黄蜂: Her face was covered in wasp stings.

[词形变换]

waspish adj (derog 贬)尖刻的; 易怒的; 暴躁的

waspishly adv. waspishness n [U].