自考-英语(一-)重点语法复习-(全)

一．名词 I. 名词的种类： 专有名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 不可数名词量的表示语：

(1) 不可数名词可加表单位的形容片语，表示数的观念。其公式为： 数词＋单位词＋of＋不可数名词 (2) 各类表单位的形容词片语。

(A) 物质名词：a piece (suit) of armour a piece (slice) of cake a piece (sheet) of paper

a cake of soap

a bit (blade) of grass a piece (strip) of land (B) 抽象名词 a word of abuse

a piece (an article) of furniture

a piece of jewelry a piece (stick) of chalk

a piece (slice) of bacon 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 普通名词 不可数名词 物质名词 a bit (grain) of rice a bowl of soup

a bit (an amount) of interest;

an item (a bit) of business an attack of fever

a fit of passion a piece (word) of advice a piece of evidence a piece (an item) of information a piece (an item) of news; (C) 自然现象：a flash of lightening; a bolt of thunder;

名词种类的表示语：kind of, sort of, type of, 三者都可接可数名词及不可数名词，其后的冠词a (an)常被省略。之前可加a, the, some, any, etc. What kind of (a) pencil did you buy? I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating. I like this kind of flower. I like flowers of this kind. （置名词后更强调种类） II. 名词的数：

1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法和读音规则列表如下： 规则 1 2 3 4 5 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 加-s 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos medium media, child children, 规则 1 2 3 4 5 6 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 单复数相同 只有复数形式 一些集体名词总是用作复数 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） 复数形式表示特别含义 加-s 7 表示“某国人” 合成名词 单复数同形 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women 将主体名词变为复数 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 例词 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, people, police class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜) Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese Englishmen, Frenchwomen sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es 不少外来词加-s 两者皆可 6 7 8 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s 特殊变化 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下： 8

将两部分变为复数 III. 名词的所有格：

名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. ’s所有格的构成： 单数名词在末尾加’s 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ 不规则复数名词后加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, the children’s toys, women’s rights, Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples the life’s time, the play’s plot a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) women singers, men servants 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 2. ’s所有格的用法： １ 2 3 4 5 6 7 表示时间 表示自然现象 表示国家城市等地方的名词 表示工作群体 表示度量衡及价值 和人类活动有特殊关系的名词 某些固定词组 3. of所有格的用法：

用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book

用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二．冠词

冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。 I. 不定冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 表示“每一”相当于every，one，per 表示“相同”相当于the same 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或和某名人有类似性质的人或事 用于固定词组中 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 物质名词或抽象名词加a (an)即成普通名词 “have (or take) + a + 抽象名词”，和抽象名词的动词形同义 表示某一类人或物 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 用于乐器前面 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 用于专有名词前：国家党派、公共建筑、机关、江河湖海、山A plane is a machine that can fly. A boy is waiting for you. We study eight hours a day. We are nearly of an age. A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time This room is rather a big one. She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. This is a good cloth for summer. Let us take a swim. = Let us swim. II. 定冠词的用法： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The horse is a useful animal. the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean Would you mind opening the door? play the violin, play the guitar the reach, the living, the wounded the Greens, the Wangs He is the taller of the two children. the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French

川群岛、报刊、经典的名词前 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 用于表示单位的名词前 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 用于为片语或子句所修饰的名词之前 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 学科，语言，球类，棋类，颜色名词前 和by连用表示交通工具的名词前 两个相对的名词并用时 表示泛指的复数名词前 表官职、身份或亲属关系的名词当补语，或作同位语时不加冠词。 School; church; hospital等字，指原有的用途时不加冠词，若指建筑物本身或场所时，则要加冠词 The compass was invented in China. in the 1990’s I hired the car by the hour. He patted me on the shoulder. This is the book that I promised to lend you. Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? March, Sunday, National Day, spring Lincoln was made President of America. He likes playing football/chess. by train, by air, by land husband and wife, knife and fork, day by day, man to man Horses are useful animals. He was elected president. School begins at eight. （school作抽象名词用） The school stands on the hill. （school指建筑物） III. 零冠词的用法： 10 三．代词：

I. 代词可以分为以下七大类： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 指示代词 疑问代词 关系代词 不定代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them my, your, his, her, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves this, that, these, those, such, some who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever that, which, who, whom, whose, as one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点： 1. one, some和any:

1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。any表任何或任何一个时，也可用于肯定句。Come any day you like. some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks. I have some questions to ask.

2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some和any后没有名词时，当做代名词， 此外两者也可做副词。 Some of them are my students.〔代名词） Is your mother any better?（副词） 4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可和比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each和every:

each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.

3. none和no：

no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle.

How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other和another:

1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常和其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,

the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others表示其余所有的人或物。如： He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.

Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.

2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：

I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).

The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和both, neither和either

all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四．形容词和副词 I. 形容词： 1. 形容词的位置：

1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置： 1 2 3 4 5 6 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 和空间、时间、单位连用时 成对的形容词可以后置,为加强语气或音调美 形容词短语一般后置 代词 冠词 冠词前的形容词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 the all both such a this another your 3) 复合形容词的构成： 1 形容词+名词+ed 2 形容词+形容词 3 形容词+现在分词 4 副词+现在分词 5 副词+过去分词 6 名词+形容词 2.形容词的用法：

1) 紧靠着〔代）名词的形容词：upper; former; latter; outer; inner; utmost; mere; only; utter; main; certain; very; live; spare

字尾为en或表比较的形容词，大多只能放在名词的前面a wooden leg; earthen ware (2)形容词前有so; no; too; how等字时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

kind-hearted dark-blue ordinary-looking hard-working newly-built world-famous 7 8 9 名词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 数词+名词+ed peace-loving snow-covered three-egged twenty-year three-hundred-year-old second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 数词 大小 长短 形状 nobody absent, everything possible the best book available, the only solution possible the only person awake a bridge 50 meters long a huge room simple and beautiful a man difficult to get on with 性状形容词 新旧 温度 国籍 产地 材料 质地 名词 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序： 颜色 10 数词+名词 11 数词＋名词＋形容词

He could not do it in so short a time. He is no less remarkable a man than his elder brother (is). 2) 作补语的形容词：

(1) be＋形容词＋介系词：由此结合而成的片语，有些等于及物动词。be capable of; be concerned with; be (un)familiar with

(to); be late for; be subject to; be worthy of; etc.

(2) 某些已转化为形容词的过去分词，其后通常接at; about; with; in; of等介词。 John is interested in English grammar. He was surprised at her behaviour.

(3) be＋形容词＋介系词：可接〔代〕名词，动名词，或名词子句，但名词子句若是that子句须省略介词，因that子句

不可直接作介词的受词。

She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned. She was not aware that there is danger. (4) It+ be ＋形容词＋that子句 此类形容词有：certain; likely; obvious; plain; possible; true;

(A) that子句中的假设法。 It is appropriate that he (should) get the post. （should可省略）

(B) 人称形容词亦可接其他连接词引导的子句。 I'm not sure why he came. 3) 有关worth; worth while; worthy的句型 如下: (A) 主词(含it) + be worth + (动)名词

(B) It(虚主词) + be worth while + 不定词或动名词 (C) 主词 + be worthy + of + (动)名词 (D) 主词 + be worthy + 不定词

This book is worth reading. = It is worth while to read this book.

= This book is worthy of reading. = This book is worthy to be read. 4) many和much的用法：

〔1〕many修饰复数可数名词，表许多； much修饰不可数名词，表量或程度。 He has many friends, but few true ones. There hasn't been much good weather recently. (2) many a要和单数名词及单数形动词连用。

Many a prisoner has been set free. (=Many prisoners have been set free.)

〔3〕as many和so many均等于the same number of。 前有as, like时, 只用so many。 They worked like so many ants.

(4) as much等于the same amount of, 表同量和同一事情。 He bought two pounds of sugar and as much tea. 〔同量）

I was not in the least surprised, for I had fully expected as much. 〔同一事情） (5)many和much之后不接名词时，作为代名词；另外much也可用副词。 I don't eat much for lunch. 〔代名词） He is much taller than I. （副词〕

5) (a) few和(a) little的用法： (a) few用在复数可数名词之前，(a) little用在不可数名词之前。Few,little含否定的意味。 6) 其他的数量形容词：

(1) plenty of, a lot of, lots of均表许多，修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。

(2) a great (or a good) deal of, a large (or a small) quantity of, a large (or a small) amount of, 均表（量）， 修饰不可数名词。 (3) a number of “许多；一些”；a great (large, good) number of “许多”，修饰复数可数名词，并且要和复数动词连用。 the number of ＋复数名词←→单数动词

7) hundreds of, dozens of, thousands of, scores of +复数可数名词

冠词或数词(one, two...) ＋ (hundred, dozen, thousand, score) +复数可数名词

8) the rest of “其余的”， 可接复数可数名词及不可数名词，作主词时，接可数名词则用复数动词，接不可数名词则用单数动词。 The rest of the students are absent. （复数可数名词） The rest of the water was thrown away. 不可数名词） 注：the rest作代名词， 等于 the others， 和复数动词连用。 II. 副词 副词的分类： 1 2 3 4 时间副词 地点副词 方式副词 程度副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently here, nearby, outside, upwards, above hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather 5 6 7 8 频度副词 疑问副词 连接副词 关系副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never how, where, when, why how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile when, where, why 副词的位置：

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 副词修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。 及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。 置于句首修饰全句 同类副词 单位较小者 + 单位较大者排列 地点+状态+次数+时间 在一般动词前 频率副词 在be动词后 在助动词和实义动词间 8 9 10 11 三种时间副词“期段＋频率＋时侯” Seldom, rarely, never等有否定意义的频率副词置于句首，要将助动词或be动词放在主词之前。 地方副词通常置于句尾，加强语气时可放在句首。 两个地放副词并列时，地方确定的副词在后面，地方不确定的副词在前面。 The mountain is very beautiful. She speaks English well. She was born in Taipei in 1948. Fortunately he succeeded in the examination He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China. She arrived there safely the other day. They always say so I am always busy This job will never be finished. I was there for a day or so every year during my childhood Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs. He lives in a small village. They are not there. The children running around upstairs. 几个特殊副词的用法：

(1) enough放在所修饰的形容词和副词后面; too放在形容词和副词前面。 She’s old enough to do some work. She’s too old to do any work.

(2) very, much (A) very修饰原级形容词，副词； much (或very much)修饰比较级，最高级的形容词及副词或动词。 He spoke very carefully. This is much better. .This is much (by far) the best. It is much talked about these days. (3) already, yet, still

(A) Already用于肯定句，作“已经”解； yet用于否定句，作“还”解，用于疑问句作“已经”解。Already用在疑问句或否定句时，表惊讶。 I already like him. He can’t drive yet. Have you already seen him? (= That was quick.) (B) Still表动作或状态的持续，作“仍然”解。Still放在动词前后，有时句意不同。 He is still standing. (continue to stand) He is standing still. (= standing motionless) (4)only和 also常随句中位置的变动，句意和语气也会改变。

Only John phoned Mary today. John phoned only Mary today. John phoned Mary only today (today only). (5) just, merely, purely, simply等字放在所修饰的词语之前； alone则放在其后。

You can get a B grade just (merely, purely, simply) for that answer. You can get a B grade for that answer alone.

副词应注意的事项：

(1) 有些字可当形容词又可当副词, 例如: early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late; hourly; early; weekly; etc.

We had an early breakfast. (形容词) We had breakfast early. (副词)

(2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。 The above statement (= the statement which is above) (3) 有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。 (A) easy“安适地”; easily“容易地”; Stand easy! He’s not easily satisfied.

(B) clear ( = completely“完全地”; clearly“显然地”) The bullet went clear through the door. The thieves got clearly away. (C) high“高”; highly“很; 非常” The birds are flying high. He was highly praised for his work.

(D) Slow和slowly当副词时同义, 但slow比slowly语气强. I told the driver to go slow(er). Drive slowly round these bends in the road. (E) hard“辛苦地”; hardly“几乎不” He works hard. (= He is a hard worker.) He hardly does anything nowadays. (= He does very little nowadays.) (F) just“刚才; 仅”; justly“公正地” I’ve just seen him. He was justly punished.

(G) late“迟”; lately (= recently)“最近地” He went to bed late. I haven’t seen Mr. Green lately.

(H)pretty (fairly, moderately)“十分, 颇”; prettily (in a pretty way, attractively)“漂亮地” The situation seems pretty hopeless. She was prettily dressed. (I) near“接近地”; nearly“几乎” The time for the examination is drawing near. I nearly missed my train.

III. 形容词和副词比较等级：

原级 good, well bad, badly, ill many, much(作形容词是大量的; 作副词是非常地) little adj小的 adv一点地 far old late up上 前加more 和most。 同级比较 不同级比较 1）可以修饰比较级的词： much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal，somewhat 2）句义相当或同类的东西, 才级as…as… not so(as)…as… as + 形容词+(a)+ 名词+ as 比较级+than more than的用法 (1) = over“过多; …以上” (2) 修饰名词、形容...the + 比较级 + of the two 形容词比较级 We’ll give you as much help as we can. I am not so good a player as you are. He wants to be as great a scientist as Newton. He is more careful than her. It takes more than an hour. It is more than I can understand. (= It is beyond Jim is the more stupid of the two boys. He is better now. You will understand it easier if you consult the dictionary. He is junior to me. (to之后接受格) = I prefer to read rather than talk. Our school is three times larger than yours. Our school is four times as large as yours. Our school is four times the size of yours. 表示一方随另一方变化The + 比较级…, the The more he has, the more he wants. + 比较级… “越…, 越…” 最高级 没有最高级和比较级的形容词 favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect ...the + 最高级（或least + 原级）（+ 单数名词或one) + of (or among) + 人物复数 （或in+地点） 用原级表示最高级 比较级 + than any other + 单数名词 否定的比较级表示最高级 叙述用法的最高级形容词 含有否定词的比较级区别

(1) no less than = as much (or many) as“多达”和not less than = at least“最少”

I have no less than (= as much as) 10,000 dollars. He has not less than (= at least) 5 dollars. (2) no less...than = as...as“和...一样”和not less + 原级 + than“至少不比...差; 也许比...更...” She is no less rich than (= as rich as) her sister. She is not less rich than her sister. (3) no more than = only“只”和not more than = at most“最多”

He has no more than (= only) 10 dollars. He has not more than (= at most) five.

He is as happy as he can be. This is more difficult than any other book here. Nothing can be simpler than this. Summer is hottest in July. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be). A giraffe is the tallest of (or among) all animals. Jack is the least diligent boy in his class. 比较级 better worse more smaller less 最高级 best worst most smallest least farther(更远, 表距离), further(更进步, 表程度) farthest, furthest older(表年龄或新旧), elder(表长幼顺序) later(表时间) latter(表顺序) upper oldest, eldest latest(最近的) last(最后的) upmost ，uppermost 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词

词、副词、动词或子句，表“远超过；何止” my understanding.) 比较Most of the highways in 接if子句的比较级. America are wider than those in Europe. 3）使用比较级时, 必须把本身除由拉丁文而来的比较级senior,junior,superior,inferior,major minor,prior, I prefer reading to talking. 外, 常于other或else连用This prefer (接to不接than). book is more interesting than any 表示倍数的比较级 other book（than any book else）.

(4) no more...than = not...any more than“和...一样不...”和not more...than = not so...as “没有到…的程度; 不像...那样...” I am no more mad than you are. (= I am not mad any more than you (are). = You are not mad, nor am I). He is not more generous than John. (= He is not so generous as John.) 五．介词 I. 介词分类： 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 简单介词 合成介词 短语介词 双重介词 分词转化成的介词 形容词转化成的介词 表示时间的in, on, at 表示时间的since, from 表示时间的in, after 表示地理位置的in, on, to 表示“在…上”的on, in 表示“穿过”的through, across 表示“关于”的about, on between和among的区别 besides和except的区别 about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between considering(就而论), including like, unlike, near, next, opposite at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是和日子有关 since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 in表示在某范围内，on指和什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 through表示从内部通过，和in有关，across表示在表面上通过，和on有关 about指涉及到，on指专门论述 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似.like只能作介词不能作连接词; as则两者都可I hoped to succeed as you have (succeeded).I hoped to succeed like you. in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 II. 常用介词区别： 10 表示“用”的in, with 11 as和like的区别 12 in和into区别 主要掌握介词和某些其他词的固定搭配关系，考前要重点复习上册第12单元和下册第7单元的语法讲解和语法练习，书后所附的词组表也是复习的重点。常考的介词搭配如：as to, as for, substitute for, lay aside, in terms of ; result in, result from, as a result of, be concerned about / be concerned for, rely on, live on, lie in, consist of, be satisfied with, look up, in addition to, regardless of, despite, in spite of, contribute to, at least,in terms of, in accordance with, in line with, except, except for, due to, owing to, vary from …to , attach to, be irrelevant to, distinguish …from, 等等。 六、数词 基数one, two, three... 数词＋复数名词强调单一性则用单sermon. 若强调一个一个的个别数则用复数。名词（无冠词）＋基数 Ten years have passed since I saw you ＝the ＋序数＋名词（非专有名词，可last. 不用大写，但等号两边须一致。〕 序数 first, second, third... 序数的简体9th = the ninth; 12th = the twelfth; 16th = the sixteenth 分数 分子用基数，分母用序数；分子大于2时，分母须加“s”以形成复数 分数接名词，谓语动词根据名词单复数来确定 倍数词 half, double, treble（三倍） half还可作名词，代名词及副词 1/2 = a (one) half; 1/3 = a (one) third; 2/3 = two-thirds; 1/4 = a (one) quarter; A third of the peach was bad. A third of the bananas were bad. Two halves make a whole. （名词） This is half as much again as that. （副词） 序数前面必须附以定冠词 日期多用序数 除one接单数名词外，其余均接复数名词 forty five World War Ⅱ= World War Two or the Second World War a second, a third等，则是another的意思 It's on Friday, the fifth of October (= October the fifth = October 15th). He has one sister and three brothers. 数。Thirty minutes is sufficient for a good hundred的后面须加and（但可以省略） 12,345 = twelve thousand three hundred (and) half a, a half, half the ＋名词，（一半的） He ran a half mile in half an hour.

倍数常用的表达法 (half; double; I had to pay double (= twice) the usual fare. treble; twice; two times; three times; four That window is three times the size of this. times...) ＋定冠词或所有形容词＋名词或所有代名词 各种数字的读法 年号的读法 电话号码；货币的读法 1979←→nineteen seventy-nine or nineteen hundred (and) seventy-nine 1023←→one o two three; 1227←→one double two (or two two) seven; $4.25←→four dollars (and) twenty-five (cents) 小数点的读法 算术式的读法 13.91←→thirteen decimal (point) nine one; 0.23 = nought demical two three 2+3=5 Two plus three is (equals, is equal to) five. 5-3=2 Five minus three is equal to two. 3×2=6 Three times two is six. or Three by two are six. 9÷3=3 Nine divided by three makes three. 七、连词

•连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, which ever •连接副词 when, how, why, where, whenever, wherever

•并列连词 and, but, or, so , therefore, yet, however, nevertheless, for, hence, as well as, both..and, not only..but also, either..or, neither..nor,

•从属连词 after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, although, though, if , even if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that, as soon as, as long as, in order that, as if, as though, in case, now that, so..that, such..that, as .as. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, --- we should not play it. A. otherwise B. instead C. nevertheless D. either 词形转换试题

1.The continuing professional education of __ ___ （high） educated adults will become a third level in addition to undergraduate and professional or graduate work. highly

2.The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a __ ___ （trick） situation. tricky 3.These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is __ _ （specialize） in its function. special __ 4. The child was playing __ __ （danger） near the edge of the swimming pool. dangerously _

5.We would like to take this opportunity to express our sincere __ ___（appreciate）of your help. appreciation

6.Robots, becoming _ __（increase）prevalent in factories, are programmed and engineered to do more jobs. increasingly 7.The author of the text expresses a strong ____（disapprove）of working on and off frequently. disapproval _ 8. The government has taken measures to reduce the total energy __ ____（consume）. consumption

1. The more time you waste, the _____（easy）it is to continue wasting time. easier 2.The _____ （far）away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. farther

3.The greenest and _____ （plentiful） leaves are the leaves of grasses living all over the world. most plentiful

4.We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the _____ （old） its population is likely to be. older

5.Large or fat people who want to look _____（small）than they are usually wear dark clothes. smaller 6. As Jane was the _____ （old）, she looked after the other children in the family. eldest

7. The effect of rapid travel on the body is actually far _____ （disturb） than we realize. More disturbing 8. The _____ （far） away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes. farther 9.He was unable to sit still for _____ （long） than a few minutes. longer

10.The more stress you are under, _____ （likely） you are to catch a cold. the more likely

11. Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply _____ （well） prepared？better

12. They are too easily regarded as evaluated certainties rather than as _____ （raw） of raw materials crying to be processed into the texture of logic. the rawest

13. The _______ （good） he feels, the more work he will do. better

1.Almost everything a manager does _____ decisions； indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.

A. imposes B. improvises C. involves D. indicates

impose vt.征税, 强加, 以...欺骗vi.利用, 欺骗, 施影响 A. towards … towards B. into … from C. out of … from D. through … through

3.American men don‘t cry because it is considered not _____ of men to do so. A. characteristic B. tolerant C. symbolic D. independent

characteristic adj.特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的n.特性, 特征tolerant adj.容忍的, 宽恕的, 有耐药力的Symbolic adj.象征的, 符号的 4.At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help _____ domestic workers from abuse by their employers. A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspectvt.检查, 视察v.检查 5.The specific use of leisure _____ from individual to individual. A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers

6.Nations are _____ as \"aged\" when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above.

A. limited B. classified C. originated vt.引起, 发明, 发起, 创办vi.起源, 发生D. processedn.过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, vt.加工, 处理

7.It is touching动人的, 令人同情的to see how a cat or dog - especially a dog - _____ itself to family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.

A. attributes B. applies C. assigned D. attaches 8.She was more _____ than frightened. A. surprising B. interested C. hated D. surprised

9.The attention of the public was continually _____ to new possibilities in scientific fields and the discovery of new knowledge. A. applied将...使用于 B. drawn吸引到...方面来, 使 接近 C. referred 查阅, 提到, 谈到, 打听D. thrown 10.Few, _____ any,live their lives without some degree of unhappiness and suffering. A. like B. except C. if 即便要D. when

11.Many women are too concerned _____ staying thin and they believe that vitamins are some kind of magic cure to replace food. A. of B. by C. with D. on

12.In education, there should be a good balance among the branches of knowledge that contribute _____ effective thinking and wise judgment. A. at B. in C. for D. to捐献 有助于

13. _____ the numbers in employment, the hotel industry was the second largest industry in this country last year.

A. In line with 符合B. In terms of 根据, 按照, 用...的话, 在...方面C. In accordance with 根据, 依照; 和...一致, 合乎D. In proportion to和...成比例

14.Air travel is so quick nowadays that we can leave London after breakfast and arrive in New York ____ eight hours. A. in B. for C. after D. until

15.It is also true that the effect of a drug is much _____ upon youngsters than adults. A. bigger B. fewer C. greater D. little

big强调体积，质量，容量和重量大。big特别强调比正常标准大, 修饰人时指身材高大。如：a big box。Big也有抽象意义，指重大的事件或行为。如：a big mistake great带感情色彩，多指程度和质量，指具体事物或人时，表“突出”，“引人注目”。 great常用于抽象含义, 若用于指数量和体积时有强烈的感情色彩, 还可以指(伟大, 重大, 非常)。如：a great man large多指面积，数目或数量大。large 形容大得远远超过标准, 通常用于具体事物, 不修饰人。如：a large population, a large number等。

16.Because the reading _____ in most college courses are very heavy, students should plan to read every day.

A. assignments分配 B. schedules 时间表C. activities活跃, 活动性, 行动, 行为, D. programs节目, 程序, 纲要, 计划 17.For long-time efficiency效率, 功效and happiness it is best to observe the _____ of health and sound working conditions. A. principles法则, 原则, 原理B. ideas C. elements D. factors

18. _____ their differences, they fell passionately充满热情地in love with each other.

A. As for至于 B. Owing to由于, 因...之缘故 C. Despite不管, 尽管, 不论D. Through穿过, 通过, 从开始到结束, 经由, 以 19. _____ yourself to the job in hand, and you‘ll soon finish it. A. Reply B. Imply暗示, 意味C. Apply申请, 使用 D. Supply

20.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to ___ on your class assignments and projects. A. day B. date使记到最近时期；使跟上时代C. number D. time 21.I can't _____ the meaning of his poem because it's too vague.

A. turn out打扫, 驱逐, 使外倾, 生产, 起床, 翻出, 制造, 关掉 B. put out放出, 伸出, 生产, 消除, 打扰, 麻烦, 作出努力, 使退场 C. figure out合计为, 计算出, 解决, 断定, 领会到 D. look out面朝, 留神, 照料

improvise v.临时准备

2.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space _____which matter has fallen and _____ which nothing can escape.

22.Some people think that animal research is irrelevant _ our health and that it can often produce misleading results. A. with B. at C. on D. to

23. These networks are on the _____ for warning signs that show the weakening of rock layers that can precede an earthquake. A. eagerness热心 B. alarm警报, 惊慌, 警告器 C. alert警惕着D. guard守卫, 警戒, 护卫队, 防护装置 24. _____ it was raining, many international tourists were having picnics in the woods. A. In spite B. In spite of不管 C. In spite of that D. In spite of the fact that 25. The students would not have made so much progress under less _____conditions.

A. popular通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的 B. welcome欢迎 C. favorable赞成的, 有利的, 赞许的, 良好的, 讨人喜欢的, 起促进作用的D. prosperous繁荣的

26.The party has failed to _____ the majority of voters that it is capable of governing the country.

A. trust信任, 信赖, 盼望, 希望, 赊卖, 热望, 切望B. credit相信, 信任, 把...归给C. convince使确信, 使信服D. believe 27. _____ driving around all day looking for somewhere to park,why don't you take a bus to town？ A. In spite of adv.不管 B. Rather than conj胜于C. In place of adv.代替D. Other than adv.不同于, 除了 28.The kids are _____ be hungry when they get home-they always are.

A. obliged to迫使, 责成 B. bound to跳跃, C. desired to想望, 期望D. motivated to激发 29.All the characteristics that distinguish birds _____ other animals can be traced to prehistoric times. A. to B. between C. for D. from

30.When the city was _____, everyone knew that total defeat was certain.

A. cut off切断；阻拦B. cut down削减：C. cut across抄近路通过 D. cut out切去，删去 31.In his composition there were no other errors _____ a few misspelled words. A. beside B. except“with the exclusion of” or “other than”C. then D. than 32. Is a phone conversation a good substitute _____a face-to-face talk？ A. for B. to C. of D. by

33. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, _____ we should not play it.

A. instead代替, 改为, 抵作, 更换B. otherwise另外, 否则, 不同地, 别的方式C. nevertheless然而, 不过D. either或者, 也 34. He asked Julia to marry him but she _____ his proposal.

A. turned up找到, 发现, 出现, 折起, 拐入, 卷起, 使仰卧, 突然发生B. turned on开启, 变得兴奋, 突然装出, 开始C. turned over打翻, 营业额达到, 周转, 移交给, D. turned down拒绝 35. He said he wouldn't _____what would happen next.

A. guarantee保证, 担保B. speculate推测, 思索, 做投机买卖C. oppose D. promise允诺, 答应 36. The literary critics should be as _________ as possible in analysis and judgment. A. positive B. negative C. subjective D. objective

37. It took a long time for her to _____ the fact that her husband was dismissed.

A. come up against碰到B. come up to达到, 符合C. come up with赶上, 提出D. come to terms with达成协议, 妥协, 让步 38. As activity carried _____ as one thinks fit in one's spare time, leisure has several functions.

A. on 继续开展, 坚持, 举止失常B. out 完成, 实现, 贯彻, 执行C. off夺去...的生命, 获得, 成功对付 D. over继续, 结转次页, 延期至... 39. The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks, which, left ___ would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. A. behind留下, 遗留, 超过B. alone不管C. out省去, 遗漏, 不考虑D. aside (把某事)搁置一边 40. It has been years _____I returned home. A. after B. that C. since D. when

41. We' ll keep you _____ any news.

A. up to date with直到最近的, 新式的, 现代的B. in step with步调一致 C. in line with符合 D. in terms of根据 42. I'd like to go to the cinema, but I' m _____to.

A. enable B. disable使残废, 使失去能力, 丧失能力C. unable D. able 43. I‘m wondering why he hasn't turned _____ at the meeting.

A. down (被)向下折转, 拒绝B. up找到, 发现, 出现, 折起, 拐入, 卷起, 使仰卧, 突然发生C. out打扫, 驱逐, 使外倾, 生产, 起床, 翻出, 制造, 关掉D. over打翻, 营业额达到, 周转, 移交给, 反复考虑, 翻身, 折腾, 翻阅 44. Contrary _____popular belief, moderate exercise actually decreases your appetite. A. on B. at C. against D. to

45. _____ the storm, we have to postpone the flight.

A. Owing to prep.由于, 因...之缘故B. Thanks to adv由于C. Because D. As

46. By using both ears one can tell the direction _____ a sound comes. A. in which B. from which C. over which D. with which

47. When she worked with the government, she _____ the difficult task of monitoring elections.

A. overworked (使)工作过度B. overtook赶上, 追上, (暴风雨、麻烦等)突然来袭, 压倒 C. underwent经历, 遭受, 忍受D. undertook承担, 担任, 许诺, 保证 48. Apparently, it wasn't an accident. Someone must have done it on _____.

A. intention意图, 目的B. determination决心, 果断C. purpose故意地；有意地D. reason 49. _____ conclusion, walking is a cheap, safe and enjoyable form of exercise. A. In最后， 总之B. On C. By D. As 50. Julie went to the _____ to buy a pair of shoes. A. shoes store B. shoe's store C. shoe store D. shoes' store

51. He has called a meeting of all parties with a _____ to form a new government. A. purpose B. reason C. view以...为目的D. goal

52. Gazing into his eyes, she seemed to have _____ all he said.

A. taken up拿起, 开始从事, 继续, 吸收, 责备, 拘留, 占据, 认购B. taken over把...从一地带到另一地, 接收, 接管 C. taken off拿掉, 取消, 脱衣, 起飞, 减弱, 离开, 岔开, 复制D. taken in接受, 接待, 吸收, 理解, 包括, 轻信, 注意到, 欺骗 53. In every major city there are more _____apartments than there are homeless people.

A. blank空白的, 空着的, 失色的, 没有表情的B. vacant空的, 空白的, 空灵的, 头脑空虚的, 神情茫然的, 空闲的, 空缺的 C. empty空的, 空洞的, 空虚的D. bare赤裸的, 无遮蔽的, 空的 . They claim that _____$150 million is to be spent on improvement.

A. sufficiently十分地, 充分地B. approximately近似地, 大约C. considerably相当地D. properly适当地, 完全地 55. These two areas are similar _____that they both have a high rainfall during summer. A. except B. so C. now D. in

56. It offers us a fuller sense of being intensely alive from _____ to moment. A. time B. moment C. period D. instant

57. It may be worth remembering that _____ John Major didn‘t himself go to Oxford, most of his ministers did. A. after B. since C. while当...的时候, 虽然D. if

58. The effects of rapid travel _____ the body are far more disturbing than we realize. A. on B. in C. for D. to

59. Her powers of persuasion were _____ no avail. A. for B. by C. with D. to完全无用

60. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the _____of all shaking hands with you.

A. process过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移B. prospect景色, 前景, 前途, 期望 C. precedent先例D. presence出席, 到场, 存在

61. It is the right to change employers which _____employment from slavery.

A. distinguishes区别, 辨别B. derives起源C. releases释放, , 放弃, 让和D. relieves减轻, 解除, 援救, 救济, 换班 62. It is touching to see how a cat or dog _____ itself to a family and wants to share in all its goings and comings. A. sacrifices牺牲B. opposes反对C. exposes使暴露, 受到, 使曝光D. attaches 63. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties _____.

A. rise vi.升起, 起身, 发源, , 高耸, 增长, 上升, 复活vt.使飞起B. raise vt.升起, 唤起, 提高, 使出现, 解除, 饲养, 筹集, 使复活 C. arise vi出现, 发生, 起因于D. arouse vt唤醒, 唤起, 鼓励, 引起vi.睡醒

. The challenge is not one of expansion _____. the rapid growth in enrollment over the last 40 years has come to an end. A. As a result结果B. By all means尽一切办法, 一定C. In contrast相反, 大不相同D. On the contrary正相反 65.Hey, leave _____！I hate people touching my hair.

A. behind留下, 遗留, 超过B. out省去, 遗漏, 不考虑C. off停止, 不再穿D. over留下 66.I thought the problem of water shortage would _____ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it.

A. come up走近, 上来, 发芽, 流行, 发生, 被提出 上升,讨论,出现B. come up to达到, 符合；达到(标准),比得上,等于 C. come over过来,抓住D. come to达到, 继承, 复苏, 停止；想起,共计

67.There is a deadlock （僵局） in the discussion when neither side gives _____ to the over . A. a way B. way让路,让步C. the way D. its way

68. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted _____ the height of students at different ages.

A. with B. for C. to D. in

69. The next generation of robots will have a sense of _____. A. feel B. touch C. contact D. grasp

70. Scientists believe that you usually _____ to one idea at a time.

A. attend专心, 注意, 照顾B. tend注意, 趋向C. pretend to do sth.假装做某事D. extend 71. From a systems point of _____, problems have multiple causes. A. sight B. idea C. perspective D. view

72. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be _____, some of them only recently recognized. A. shown B. proposed被提议C. derived D. added

73. He argues that euthanasia安乐死doesn't take into _____ that there are ways of caring for the dying. A. opinion B. thought C. mind D. account重视, 考虑

74. Two-thirds of the nation's voters still identify themselves _____ Democrats of Republicans. A. for B. as C. by D. over

75.Since we have a focused subject, we should not talk _____.

A. at once立刻B. at hand在手边, 在附近, 即将到来C. at intervals不时, 相隔一定距离D. at random胡乱地, 随便地 76. It would be better to make a decision now, ______ leave it until next week. A. other than不同于, 除了B. rather than胜于C. less than小于, 决不D. more than 77. We'll inform you as soon as tickets become ______.

A. valuable贵重的, 有价值的, 颇有价值的 invaluable无价的, 价值无法衡量的B. capable 有能力的, 能干的, 有可能的, 可以...的 C. acceptable 可接受的, 合意的D. available可用到的, 可利用的, 有用的, 有空的, 接受探访的 78. The foreign company has been______ running this factory for decades.

A. enormously 非常地, 巨大地B. effectively 有效地, 有力地C. infinitely 无限地, 无穷地D. extremely极端地, 非常地

79. The two sisters are _____ in many ways, not only in appearance but also in temperament. 气质, 性情

A. like n.爱好, 同样的人(或物)adj.相似的, 同样的vt.喜欢, 希望, 愿意vi.喜欢, 希望prep.象, 如同adv.可能 B. likely adj.很可能的, 合适的, 可靠的, 有希望的adv.或许, 很可能

C. alike adj.相同的, 相似的adv.以同样的方式, 类似于 D. lively adj活泼的, 活跃的, 栩栩如生的, 真实的 alike;like

两者都可以作形容词, 表示(相像的,类似的)。alike只有形容词的叙述用法, 置于系动词后。若作前置修饰语只能用 like。在程度上 alike 强调特别的相像,而 like 仅有相似的意思。

80. The purpose of the program is to provide training for employees so that they can work ______.

A. late adj.迟的, 晚(期)的, 已故的, 新近的adv.晚, 迟, 最近, 在晚期B. later adj.更迟的,更后的adv.稍后,随后 C. lately adv.近来, 最近D. latest adj. 最近的

81. I hope my boy friend will be handsome, strong and ______ kind.

A .above all 最重要, 首先B. in all 总共C. at all 根本D. after all毕竟 动词搭配

1.add to增加，增进 add … to把…加进…

1) I don't think these facts will ________ anything. 2) Fifty new books have been ________ the library. 3) The music _________ our enjoyment of the film.

4) You must have made a mistake when you _______ the bill ________. ( add up to, added to, add to, added…up )2. break away from打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉 break down出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开 break off暂停，中断 break in强行进入，插话 break into闯入

1) The criminal managed to break _______ ______ the police and ran into the woods. 2) When he heard the news, he broke _______ and cried. 3) Don't break ________ while others are speaking.

4) Why don't you break ________ for a few minutes and have some coffee? 5) When does school break ________?

6) After harvest we break _________ the soil with a tool pulled by two oxen. ( away from, down, in, off, up, up ) 3. bring up抚养，呕吐，提出 bring about造成 bring out拿出，出版

bring in引入，引进，挣钱 bring back使回想起 bring down使下降，使倒下break into pieces成为碎片 break out爆发

break up捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散 break through突破 add up相加

add up to总计，所有这一切说明

1) The shopkeeper brought his price _________ to only five dollars.

2) The school has brought _________ new foreign teachers to teach oral English. 3) The song brought ___________ happy memories of our schooldays. 4) Do you know what brought ___________ this misunderstanding? 5) The kind old man agreed to bring __________ the young orphan. 6) We decided to bring the matter ___ at the next meeting. 7) The wind brought _______ a lot of trees last night.

8) Next month they will bring ________ a new edition of the book. ( down, in, back, about, up, up, down, out )4. call on号召，拜访（某人） call at拜访、参观（某地） call for去叫某人, 要求, 需要 call up使回忆起, 征召入伍

1) Doctors are often called _____ in the middle of the war.

2) Please wait for me at home. I'll call _______ you at your house at seven tonight. 3) The trains calls _______ several big cities between Beijing and Guangzhou. 4) He called her name __________, but she didn't answer. 5) The sports meet was called ____ on account of the rain. ( in, for, at, out, off)5. come about发生，出现

come down下跌，落，降，传下来 come in进来

come into (sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) come on来临/ 快点 come out出版，结果是

come along一道来，赶快

come to达到 (an end/an agreement/a stop)苏醒，合计，总共是

come over走过来 come up发芽，走近 come across偶然碰到 call in召集，请某人来 call out大喊，高叫 call off取消，不举行

come back回想起

1) I come _________ the book I lent you last month.

2) How did it come _________ that you both got lost? I thought you had a map. 3) It suddenly came _________ to me where I had seen the boy before. 4) Come __________ now, or else we shall be late. 5) He came __________ me like a tiger.

6) The price of petrol has come _________ since the beginning of this year. 7) The word came __________ use many years ago.

8) When the examination result came _________, he had already got a job. 9)The bill came __________ over a thousand dollars.

10) I sowed the seeds over a month ago, but they haven't come __________ yet. ( for, about, back, on, at, down, into, out, to, up )6. cut across抄近路 cut down砍倒，削减 cut off切断，割掉，断绝关系 cut up连根拔除，切碎

1) Don't cut ___ this tree. It will be very shady in summer.

2) You must cut ________ the number of cigarettes you smoke, or it will cause illness. 3) We decided to cut _________ the moor（旷野） to the village. 4) Cutting the tree ____ means cutting the tree into pieces.

5) The electricity was cut ___________ when the lady refused to pay the bill. 6) We were having a pleasant conversation when Tom cut __________. （down, down, across, up, off, in ）

7. die of (disease/hunger/grief/old age)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）

die from死于（意外事故、情形） die away渐渐消逝 8. fall behind落后 fall over one's feet 跌跤

1) Babies often fall _____ when they are learning to walk. 2) Our team seems to have fallen __________ the others.

3) As soon as the enemies fell __________, the people returned to their village. 4) She fell__________ the bench and had her leg broken. （down, behind, back, over ） 9. go in for从事，喜爱，参加 go through通过，经受 go over复习，检查

go up（价格）上涨，建造起来 go after追捕，追赶 go against违反

go ahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧 go away离开 go by时间过去

1) Many new factories have gone __ in the past few years. 2) Rents have gone __________ greatly recently. 3) Many years have gone ___________ since we first met. 4) Let's continue our journey until the sun goes _______.

go down下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉 go on(with)继续进行 go with相配，陪同 go without没有，缺少 go out外出，熄灭 go all out全力以赴

go off爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应 go back on背约，食言 go beyond超出 fall down掉下，跌倒 fall back撤退，后退 die out绝种 die down(炉火)渐熄 die off逐一死去 through剪断，凿穿 cut out删（省）掉，戒掉 cut in插嘴

come from来自，源自

5) His actions went ___________ the will of the people, 6) I can't do it, for it goes ___________ my duty.

7) Over 100 students went ____________ this entrance examination. 8) The bomb went ____________ and killed ten people.

9) The buyer went ___________ the car carefully before reaching a decision. 10) This tie doesn't go ___________ my blue shirt. 11) If you think you can solve the problem, go ______. 12) Many students went __________ playing basketball.

(up, up, by, down, against, beyond, through, off, over, with, ahead, in for ) 10. get down下来，记下，使沮丧 get down to致力于，专心于 get on进展，进步，穿上，上车 get off脱下,下车 get in收集，插（话） get away逃跑，逃脱，去休假

get over忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复 get along with进展，相处

1) She spoke so fast that I couldn't get ____ what he said. 2) We will find ways to get _________ difficulties.

3) The story has got __________, and everyone knows about it. 4) When I get _________ with the report, I'll go to the cinema. 5) After a delicious meal the two men got __________ to business. 6) Don't always get __________ a word when others are speaking.

7) It took me a long time to get ___________ such an unpleasant experience. (down, over, round, through, down, in, over)11. give away赠送，泄露，出卖 give out发出，疲劳，分发，公布 give off发出（光、热、气体） 1) His accent at last gave him __________. 2) The liquid gave ________ a strong smell.

3) The headmaster gave ___________ the names of the prize-winners. 4) The soldiers gave _________ the town to the enemies. 5) Who will help me to give the books ___________? 6) Don't believe in those who give his friends ________. 7) After a long walk, my strength gave ____________. (away, off, out, up, out, away, out)12. hand in交上，提交 hand out分发 13. hang about闲逛 14. hold back阻止，隐瞒 hold up举起，使停顿 hold on别挂电话，等，坚持

1) I'm sure he is holding something _________.

2) She managed to hold ______ her emotion until her guests had left. Then she cried. 3) Tell him to hold ________ a moment. I'll come soon.

4) Our food supply won't hold _________ for more than a few days. 5) The train was held ________ as a result of the floods.

hang up挂电话

hold out持续，坚持，伸出 hold down控制， hand down流传，遗传 give in (to sb.) 屈服 give up放弃，让（座位） get up起床

get through打通电话，完成，通过 get round消息传开 get close to sth. 接近，几乎 get into (trouble) get to (know) get back取回，收回 get out

6) These measures helped to hold ___________ the city's population. 7) Hold ___________ your left arm, please. (back, back, on, out, up, down, up)15. keep up (courage, English, spirits)保持， keep up with跟上

keep off (grass)不接近，离开

keep away from避开，不接近，离…远远的 keep out of

1) The angry lady told the strangers to keep ________ from her. 2) I can hardly keep ________ my tears after hearing his words. 3) Only pride kept her __________ bursting into tears.

4) I can scarcely keep __________ asking him what he has done. 5) \"Don't touch me,\" screamed the woman, \"Keep __________!\" 6) Keep _________ until you succeed.

7) Keep _________ your courage, and you'll succeed in the end. 8) The thick coat can keep the cold ___________.

9) Always try to keep ___________ the rules when you play a game. 10) I can't keep ________ with everything you're doing. (away, back, from, from, off, on, up, out, to, up) 16. knock at/on敲

knock into撞到某人身上 knock down撞倒

1) The boxer soon knocked his opponent _________. 2) The office stuff knocks _________ at six every day.

3) Try knocking __________ the window and see if there is anyone indoors. 4) He was so absorbed in his book that he knocked __________ the car parked there. (down, off, on, into)17. leave for离开前往 leave out删去，遗漏 leave behind遗留,忘记拿走

1) \"Whose name has been left __________?\" demanded the teacher. 2) When he died, he left all his property _____ his niece.

3) He suddenly realized that he had left his umbrella ___________. 4) Don't leave this matter _________ until tomorrow. 5) Leave some meat ___________ for tomorrow. 6) Those are questions left _________ by history. (out, to, behind, over, over, over)18. look up查找，向上看 look through翻阅，浏览 look on旁观 look on…as看作 look into调查

look after/ at / for 照顾/看/寻找

1) I spent two hours looking ______ the students' papers. 2)Look _______! There is a big hole in front.

3) He took part in the game, and the rest of us just looked ______ and cheered for him. 4) The old man looked _____ upon the days of his youth.

look out(for)当心

look about / around/round四下查看 look down upon瞧不起 look back upon回忆，回顾 look ab. up and down仔细打量某人 look ab in the face/eyes直视某人 leave to留给，遗嘱赠于 leave over遗留，剩下，延期 knock out of把…敲出 knock over撞倒 knock off停止工作，休息

keep to (rules, promise)坚持，遵守 keep on继续，坚持下来

keep back阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下 keep from克制，阻止

5) She was so snobbish（势利）that she looked __________ upon all his neighbours. 6) The police promised to look __________ the case as soon as possible. 7) He looked __________ but saw nobody, and he listened but hear nothing. (through, out, on, back, down, into, about/around/round)19. make up编造，配制，打扮，组成 make up for弥补 make into / of / from 制成

1) Can you make this length of cloth __________ a suit? 2) I asked the driver if he was making ___________ London? 3) My father made __________ a check for me to buy the camera.

4) We must make the loss _________ next week./ He tried hard to make ________ for the damage he had done.

5) He made __________ a story, which I found hard to believe. 6) Someone is coming, but I can't make ___________ who it is. (into, for, out, up/up, up, out)20. pass away去世 pass by经过

pass down(on)…to传给

1) The old clock has been passed ________ to me from my grandfather's grandfather. 2) The man passed ___________ last week in peace. 3) We are passing ____________ difficult times.

4) The secretary passed ___________ the details in the first part of his report. (down, away, through, over)21. pay back还钱，报复

pay for付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应 1) How much did you pay __________ the dictionary?

2) You should pay _________ the money you borrowed from me. 3) I'll pay him ____________ for all his crimes(罪行) against me. 4) Some day, you'll pay __________ what you have done today. 5) Has she pay ____________ the debt yet? （for, back, back, for, off）

22. pick up拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language /knowledge)，恢复重获(pick up health) pick out挑选，辨认，看出

1) I picked the information __________ while waiting in the queue. 2) My friend has arranged to pick me _________ at 6:00.

3) The patient has picked _________ health during the last two weeks. 4) She picked _______ the most expensive pair of shoes. 5) I can't pick John ___________ in the crowd.

6) Can I pick __________ VOA with this short-wave radio? 7) He fell down suddenly, but picked himself ___________ quickly. (up, up, up, out, out, up, up) pick cotton/flower/leaves/words选词

23. put up搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下 put up with忍受 put out伸出，扑灭 put off推迟 put into放进，翻译

put away放好，存钱 put down记下，平息

put on穿戴，上映，增加(put on weight/speed) put forward 提出，提前 put through 接通电话 pay off还清 pass through经历 pass over漠视，忽视

make out弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单） make for走向，驶往，促使

put aside放到一边

1) He put _________ half his wage every week.

2) The government soon put __________ the revolt（）. 3) Put your watch __________. It's slow. 4) He put __________ his hand for me to shake. 5). Please put me __________ to Extension（分机）2. 6) We put ___________ for night at the village inn.

7) He is very proud, and he often put _________ airs.（摆架子） 8) We had a telephone put _____________ in our office. 9) I can't put __________ with your laziness. (away, down, forward, out, through, up, on, up, up) 24. pull down拆掉，推翻 pull on匆匆穿上 / off 脱 pull in进站 pull out取出,(火车)离站 pull down往下拉,拆毁 pull over驶到一边

pull through恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pull up（使）停住 1) The train slowly pulled __________ and disappeared in the distance.

2) All the old houses here have now been pulled ______, and new ones are to be built. 3) The car pulled _________ when I blew the horn. 4) The doctor thinks the man will pull __________. 5) The driver pulled ________ at the traffic lights. (out, down, over, through, up)25. push over推倒，刮倒

push ahead(on, forward)继续前进，坚持下去

1) We've decided to push __________ with our plan to build a new road 2) Many trees were pushed __________ in the hurricane.

3) They were determined to push the new rules ________ at any cost.. 4) Take care not to push the baby _________.

5) They pushed ___________ the crowd and at last reached us. (on, over, through, over, through )

26. run across偶然碰到 run after追逐，追捕 run away逃跑 run for竞选 run into偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞 run out of用完

1) If you drive so fast, you'll run _________ someone some day. 2) I ran __________ a friend of mine in the exhibition.

3) Our water has run __________. Can you fill up some more bottles? 4) Why do you always run __________ adventure? 5) He didn't want to run ___________ president that year. 6) In that way you will only run __________ difficulties. ( into, across/into, out, after, for, into)27. see off送行

see through看透，识破 28. send for派人去请 send off送行 29. set up建立

set off出发，触发，引起 set out动身，着手(to do)，陈述

send out发出（光亮）等 send up发射

set about开始着手(doing) set to work(n.)开始做 set back拨回，使推迟 see to照料，照管

push through排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过 put back放回

1) I shall set my watch ___________ by five minutes.

2) We set __________ reading the text aloud immediately the bell rang.

3) We set _________ at daybreak yesterday and we've been travelling ever since then. 4) I set __________ to advise him not to drink.

5) What were the reasons he set ___________ in his report?

6) The president set __________ a special group of soldiers to guard him. 7) The unpopular law set _________ a series of protests.（） (back, about, off/out, out, out, up, off)

30. take off脱掉，起飞 take on呈现 雇佣 take away拿走 take in吸收，领会 take up从事，占用（时间空间）

take down记录，取下 take back收回 take for误认为 take along随身带 take over接管 take out

take charge of负责, take sth. for granted想当然,

take hold of抓住, take pride in以… ……为自豪,

take the place of, 代替 take turns to do轮流做, take office就职 1) I take _________ all I said about his dishonesty.

2) He went to the shelf and took __________ a book of poems. 3) At first I took him _________ a doctor.

4) I can see that most of you have taken ________ everything that the teacher taught. 5) Bill has now taken __________ his father's business. 6) My job takes __________ most of my time.

7) The boss took ____________ twenty people for his new company. (back, down, for, in, over, up, on)

31. think of想起 think of…as把…看作 think out想出 think up想出 think about考虑 think over仔细考虑 think well of sb. 对某人看法好 32.

turn off / on打开

turn over翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转 turn out证明为，结果，制造成品 turn to转向，求助 turn down调低，拒绝 turn against变得敌视，反对

1) The child turned __________ its mother for comfort. 2) Turn ___________ and let me see your face.

3) However much he turned the problem ________ in mind, he could find no satisfactory solution. 4) The English evening party turned _________ a great success.

5) The sight of the accident was too much for her to bear, and she turned _______. 6) The football stadium was full, and many people had to be turned __________. 7) The army turned him ___________ on account of (因为) his poor health. 8) She turned the whole house ___________ in her search for her missing purse. 9) Where did your purse turn ____________? I found it in the snow.

10) The villagers suddenly turned __________ the foreigners who lived nearby. 11) The factory turns ____________ 2000 new cars last year.

turn away打发走，驱逐，转过脸去 turn back返回，转回去 turn round转过身来

turn up向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大 turn in上缴

turn upside down把倒置，弄得乱七八糟

(to, round, over, out, away, away, down, upside down, up, against, out) 六．动词

I. 动词的时态和语态：重点复习上册第6、7单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。 1. 动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态和被动的构成形式列表如下： 一般 被动 进行 被动 完成 被动 完成进行 含有情态动词的被动 时态的用法：

1一般现在时：通常有六种用法，其中最重要的考点是：在时间或条件状语从句中表示将来的动作；安排或计划好的将来发生的动作。如：1>. The train for Shanghai leaves at 11a.m a.m and arrives at 11p.m. 2>. As soon as the manager comes back, I will tell him about it.

2. 一般过去时: 关于该时态最主要请大家掌握它的概念：一个开始于过去结束于过去的动作，或存在的状态。记住这一点很重要，需要和现在完成时区分。过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑和现在的关系。过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 如：The other day she ran across an old friend in the street. 3. 一般将来时的表达方式： 将来时 用法 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 例句 My sister will be ten next year. It’s going to clear up. We’re going to have a party tonight. He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. We’re to meet at the school gate at noon. The meeting starts at five o’clock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. 1 will/shall+动词原形 2 be going to+动词原形 3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 现在时 ask / asks am/is/are asked am/is/are asking am/is/are being asked have/has asked have/has been asked have/has been asking can/must/may be asked 过去时 asked was/were asked was/were asking was/were being asked had asked had been asked had been asking 将来时 shall/will ask shall/will be asked shall/will be asking ---------- shall/will have asked will/would have been asked shall/will have been asking 过去将来时 should/would ask should/would be asked should/would be asking -------------- should/would have asked should/would have been asked should/would have been asking 4 be about to + 动词原形 5 be to + 动词原形 6 一般现在时表示将来 4. 现在进行时: 除了众所周知的表正在进行动作外，还有如下特殊用法：预计一个将要发生的动作；常和某些副词连用，表示某种感情色彩，如赞叹、惊讶或不满。如：1>. How many of you are going to the party tonight. 2>. The teacher is always criticizing us.

5.现在完成时: 这应该是五个基本时态中最令大家迷惑的一个。该时态分为已完成和未完成两种。常见的标志性的词有：since, for, already, so far, up to now, in the last few years, in the past three months etc. 汉语提示语：已经，早已，了 如：1>. He has lived here since he got married.

2>. In the past two decades, research has expanded our knowledge about sleep and dreams. 3>. In the last ten years great changes have taken place in China.

现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：

1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：

I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)

2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：

I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，和现在无关）

6.过去将来时: 只有一个考点：用于主句的谓语动词是过去时态的间接引语中，遵循时态呼应原则。 如：she said she would pay us a visit when she had enough time.

7.过去进行时: 表示在过去的某个时刻发生的动作或某段时间内一直进行的动作。 如：1>. At nine o’clock last night, I was counting the stars in the sky. 2>. When the girl came in, the two dogs were fighting for a bone. 3>. While I was preparing for the exam, the power was cut off.

8.过去完成时: 别名“过去的过去。”考题中对该时态的使用有要求，只有当句中有一个动作是过去时，才有可能用过去完成。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train.

He said he had missed the train.

2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）和过去事实相反的虚拟语气中 If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam.

9.将来完成时: 该时态只有一个考点，请大家注意和过去完成的区别： 如: By the time he is ten, he will have built himself a chemistry lab.

10.现在完成进行时: 表示现在以前一直发生的动作，强调动作在进行过程中的不间断，常有背景句作为铺垫。从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直

如：---You are all wet!---Yes, I have been playing basketball all the morning. The water has been running the whole night. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别：

两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。

I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。 语态的用法：大家需记住：只有及物动词才有被动语态。

除了大家熟悉的基本用法外,被动语态还有一些特殊用法,比如用主动的形式表达被动的概念,顾名思义,看起来是主动,实则为被动。

下面,我们将英文中常见的主动形式表被动含义的情况总结一下: 1> 动词read, sell, last, wash, write, lock等带状语,如well, easily时.

e.g.① This kind of cloth washes easily.(这种布好洗) ②The meeting lasted three hours.(会议持续了三个小时) ③My new pen writes well. (我的新钢笔好写)

2> 感官动词feel, look, smell, sound, taste, prove等和形容词连用时. e.g. ①You look very well today. ②Your bedroom smelt so terrible. ③My words proved right.

3> begin, end, stop, open, close等表示开,关,结束的含义时,及break out, take place, happen等动词表示爆发,发生概念时. e.g. ①The library opens at ten. ②Class begins at half past eight.

③An earthquake took place in Tang Shan in 1976.

4> 某些做表语的形容词后,用不定式的主动形式. e.g. ①The question is easy to answer. ②His clothes are hard to wash. ③The fish is not fit to eat.

④He has an important meeting to attend. 时态的呼应

I thought the experiment was going on now. She said this apparatus would be available next week. • No sooner had I arrived at the theatre than the film began. Hardly….. when

Some people think that the relations between people have deteriorated-( deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.

Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened (happen) to her. 历年考题中的动词时态和语态

1. Much of the carbon in the earth ___ (come) from things that once lived.

2. In the past two decades, research ___ (expand) our knowledge about sleep and dream.

3. Some proverbs ___ (be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example, A friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. ___ (stand) at the gate was a young man in green coat.

5. In 1991, after the Gulf War, Bush’s approved rating reached 91 percent, the highest level recorded since polling ___ (begin) in the 19302.

6. Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ___ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should. 7. So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years. 8. The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.

9. The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. 10. All the worries they might have felt for him ___ (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face. Key:

1. comes 一般现在时，主语为不可数名词，谓语用单数2. has expanded 现在完成时 3. has been 现在完成时4. Standing 过去进行时的倒装形式

5. began 一般过去时6. makes 一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语用单数 7. has been living 现在完成进行时8. had been sent 过去完成时的被动形式 9. witnessed 一般过去时10. were driven 一般过去时的被动

2.1 强化练习

1. I (hire) by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 19.

2. However, many people doubt whether this (reduce) the incidence of abuse. 3. Up to that time, the blues (be) an essentially black medium.

4. Of these 20,000, just under 2000 physically, sexually and psychologically (abuse). 5. If you (not, control) it, it will control you.

6. You will enjoy your fun time more after you (complete) your study responsibilities. 7. Maintaining a healthy self-esteem (be) a challenge that continues throughout life.

8. The second half of the nineteenth century (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. 9. All the worries they might have felt for him (drive) off by the sight of his cheerful face.

10. Attempts to break up this old system (make) in every presidential election in the past one hundred years. 1分析：过去时的被动语态， 标志语：19。was hired 2分析：一般将来时，表示\"会减少\"的意思。will reduce

3分析：过去完成时，标志语：up to that time，表示\"过去的过去\"。had been 4分析：现在进行时的被动。are being abused

5分析：一般现在时。主讲从现：主句用将来时，但是时间状语、条件状语和让步状语从句中用现在时。do not 6分析：现在完成时，表示\"已经完成\"。have completed 7分析：一般现在时，动名词做主语，谓语动词用单数。is

8分析：一般过去时，标志语：the second half of the nineteenth century。witnessed 9分析：一般过去时的被动were driven

10分析：现在完成时的被动，标志语：in the past one hundred years。have been made 七．情态动词重点复习上册第14单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。

I. 情态动词基本用法：情态动词开始它表示说话人的语气, 如:建议, 要求,可能和意愿.它有三大特点:没有人称和数的变化;其后必须跟动词原形;具有自己的含义. 情态动词 can could may might must have to ought to 用法 能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中） 可以（问句中表示请求） 可能，或许（表推测） 祝愿（用于倒装句中） 必须，应该（表主观要求） 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should 将要，会 shall 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 should will would dare need 应当，应该（表义务责任） 本该（含有责备意味） 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） should not/shouldn’t do will not/won’t do would not/wouldn’t do dare not/daren’t do need not/needn’t do used not/usedn’t/usen’t to used to 过去常常（现在已不再） do didn’t use to do Should…do…? Will…do…? Yes,…will. No,…won’t. Dare…do…? Yes,…dare. No,…daren’t. Need…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t. Used…to do…? Yes,…used. No,…use(d)n’t. Did…use to do…? Yes,…did. No,…didn’t. shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…? Yes,…shall. No,…shan’t. might not do must not/mustn’t do don’t have to do ought not to/oughtn’t to do 否定式 can not / cannot /can’t do couldn’t do may not do 疑问式和简答 Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. May…do…? Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. Might…do…? Yes,…might No,…might not. Must…do…? Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’t have to. Do…have to do…? Yes,…do. No,…don’t. Ought…to do…? Yes,…ought. No,…oughtn’t.

情态动词部分重点测试以下内容： 1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 2）情态动词+行为动词进行式 3）某些情态动词的特殊用法

II. 情态动词must, may, might, could, can表示推测：

以must为例。must + do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行。must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情，某动作现在是否正在进行；must +have done是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1. must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。

He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there. 2. may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task.

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中) 4. should have done ／ ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should not have done ／ ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。 need have done：表示过去本来有必要去做某事，但事实上没有做。

need not have done：表示过去本来没有必要做某事，但事实上却做了。

注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。 III. 情态动词注意点：

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

2. used to和would: used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。 3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do 时态 现在时 情态动词need You need (not) do He need (not) do You need (not) do He need (not) do 时态 现在时 过去时 现在时 过去时 现在时 过去时 情态动词dare dare 少用 dared少用 daren’t/dare not do dared not do Dare he do? Dared he do? 实义动词 need You (don’t) need to do He needs (doesn’t need) to do You needed (didn’t need) to do He needed (didn’t need) to do You will (not) need to do He will (not) need to do 实义动词 dare dare/dares to do dared to do do/does not dare (to) do did not dare (to) do Do you/Does he dear (to) do? Did he dare (to) do 过去式 将来时 句型 肯定句 否定句 疑问句 4. must 和 have to:

must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”，但有几点区别：

（1）must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”，而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。

（2）have to可用于多种时态，而must一般用于现在时，其过去时和将来时分别由had to和shall / will have to代替。 （3）在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或don’t have to，因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。例如： 1）You must come to the classroom before eight. 2）It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now. 3）“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.” 5．用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如：

1）The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2）The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy. 3）I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4）If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home.

注：这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形.would (had) rather, would (had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句，that 常省去，从句要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如： 1）I would rather you came on Sunday.

2）I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 练习

1) My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon, so he ＿＿＿＿ your lecture． 本题选A。

2) Jack ＿＿＿＿ yet, otherwise he would have telephoned me．

A． mustn’t have arrived B． shouldn’t have arrived C． can’t have arrived D． need not have arrived （C）

3) I was really anxious about you． You ＿＿＿＿＿ home without a word．

A． mustn’t leave B． shouldn’t have left C． couldn’t have left D． needn’t leave“本不应该离家出走却走了”，故本题选B。 4) I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ＿＿＿＿＿ for her．

A． had to write it out B． must have written it outC． should have written it out D． ought to write it out 由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系，分析题意可知本题应选C。

5) —Is John coming by train﹖ —He should, but he ＿＿＿＿＿＿ not． He likes driving his car． A． must B． can C． need D． may

mustn’t 表示“禁止、不准”；cannot 表示“不可能”；need not 表示“不必要”；may not 表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。

6) —I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins． ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I have a look﹖ —Yes, certainly． A． Do B． May C． Shall D． Should

分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可，may表示“允许、可以”，语气比较委婉shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示，如果此空用shall，则意为“要（我）看一下吗？”，不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。 7) The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ＿＿＿＿ get out． A． had to B． would C． could D． was able to

该题考查了could和be able to的区别，二者都可表示过去时间的能力，但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was ／ were able to do，故本题选D。

8) —Shall I tell John about it ﹖ —No, you ＿＿＿＿＿． I’ve told him already． A． needn’t B． wouldn’t C． mustn’t D． shouldn’t

情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示 “没有必要了”，故本题选A 八．非谓语动词重点复习上册第8、9、10单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。 I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

A． couldn’t have attended B． needn’t have attended C． mustn’t have attended D． shouldn’t have attended

非谓语形式 to do 不定式 to be doing to have done 现在分词 分词 过去分词 动名词 doing having done doing having done being done having been done done being done having been done 在非谓语前加not 具有副词和形容词的作用 sb’s doing 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 构成 时态和语态 to be done to have been done 否定式 复合结构 for sb. to do sth. 特征和作用 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较： 情况 只接不定式做宾语的动词 常用动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词，但不定式还可以作but, except, besides等介词的宾语 若不定式有自己的表语，我们通常会用it作形式宾语代替它。 连接代词或副词 + 不定式，相当于一个名词从句，常用于一些动词后作宾语，如：show, wonder, remember, explain, teach, decide begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） 意义基本相同 两者都可以 意义不同 意义相反 need, want, require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则使用被动形式） allow doing sth. 允许做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 (注意被动：sb. be allowed to do sth.) stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事（continue to do） stop doing 停止正在做的事（continue doing） remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生） remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生） try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力） try doing（试一试，看有何结果） go on to do（接着做另外一件事） go on doing（接着做同一件事） mean to do（打算做，企图做） mean doing （意识是，意味着） Have you decided whether to leave or not? Please tell me when to set off? Last summer I took a course on how to make up. We think it important to listen to our parents. ① what do you like to do besides sleep in your spare time? ② I have done nothing except eat and sleep this week. can’t help to do（不能帮忙做） can’t help doing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别： 常见动词 want, wish, encourage have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 出现在一些感官动词和使役动词后面 have, feel,make, let, have, get, keep 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 We found the village greatly changed. I found her listening to the radio. 和宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 完成 例句 I heard him call me several times. ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经不定式 learn doing学着做某事 learn to do学会做某事 过去分词

notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel

+ do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调\"我看见了\"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调\"我见他正干活\"这个动作）

❖ 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.

使役动词 被动以后要还原to Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn. help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

help sb do sth意思是帮忙的人参和了一部分;help sb to do sth 帮忙的人自己做，或只仅仅表示某种事物所起的帮助作用，这种帮助更多的是带有感情色彩的，比如让人振奋等Help yourself to some fish. 请自己动手吃点鱼吧。 关于分词作宾补，需要大家牢记两个重要的句型： 1>. have sth done 使别人做某事 2>. make oneself done使自己被别人…

⑴ He had some pictures taken in the park.⑵ I can’t make myself understood because of my broken. 使自己被（他人）理解。 IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别： 不定式 动名词 现在分词 过去分词 区别 和被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示和谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 和被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作和谓语动作同时发生 和被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成 举例 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. Shall we go to the swimming pool? the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves 1.若作定语的不定式是不及物动词时，则要在它后面加上介词，使被修饰的词成为介词的逻辑宾语；有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具，不定式后也要加介词。

① He is looking for a room to live in. ② Please pass me some paper to write on.

2.当不定式修饰something, anything, nothing时也需放在它们后面，若有形容词修饰上述三个词，那么词序应是：something/anything/nothing + 形容词 + 不定式Do you have anything interesting to tell me? 3.不定式作定语时有时用主动表示被动含义。

1>There be句型中There is a letter to write. (= There is a letter for sb to write.)

2>当不定式修饰want, have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时。We have no homework to do today. 动名词作定语：一般以单个单词的形式出现而不是短语，只能放在被修饰词前，一般表示所修饰名词的用途，因此当遇到动名词作定语的情况都可以改为：sth for doing

如：drinking water = the water for drinking; writing desk = the desk for writing etc e.g. A sleeping boy is sleeping in a sleeping car.

其中，第一个sleeping为现在分词作定语；第二个sleeping为现在进行时；第三个sleeping为动名词作定语。

分词作定语，当遇到单个分词作定语时，放在修饰中心词的前面；当遇到分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰词后面。 e.g.⑴ The swimming boy is my brother. ⑵ The boy swimming in the river is my brother. ⑶ The girl dressed in white is Mary.

请注意：①若分词修饰由any/some/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代词或those时，分词须放在被修饰词的后面。 e.g. Anything swimming will be punished.

②现在分词作定语和过去分词作定语意义不同：前者表示主动、和谓语动词同时发生或正在发生；后者表示被动、常常早于谓语动词发生。二者均可以改写成相应的定语从句。 e.g. ⑴ They lived in a room facing the north thirty years ago. = They lived in a room which faced the north thirty years ago. ⑵ This is a picture painted by my mother.

= This is a picture which was painted by my mother. 非谓语动词作定语练习

1) If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made) 2) Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)

3) The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 4) The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition. (built) V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别： 区别 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。经常会用到for sb和of sb作不定式的逻辑主语，但是二者不同。for sb的句型中通常使用表示客观情况的形容词, 如：easy, 不定式 difficult, important, possible, necessary, interesting etc；of sb的句型中通常使用表示主观情况的形容词, 如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, foolish, careful, polite etc.。 做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。 动名词 和不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，It is no use saying that again and again. 或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。不可以的是现在分词。 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。 分词 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。从时态上看，现在分词表示正在进行的动作；而过去分词表示完成的动作。 做主语谓语动词为单数

另外请注意区别①作表语的过去分词和被动语态中的过去分词。 e.g.⑴ The blackboard was broken by him.（被动语态，表示动作） ⑵ The blackboard is broken.(系表结构，表示主语的状态) ②作表语的现在分词和进行时态中现在分词 e.g.⑴ The situation in our country is encouraging. (系表结构，表示主语的特征和性质)

Do you know the woman talking to him? I like the picture painted by Xubeihong. China is a developing country and America is a developed country. Teaching is my job. 举例 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用) ①It’s important for us to express our opinions. ②It’s clever of him to leave that place.

⑵ The situation in our country is encouraging the people. （现在进行时，表示正在进行的动作） VI非谓语动词作状语 目的、原因、结果、程度等 区别 举例 I came here to meet you. He hurried to the rail station only to miss 不定式 为了加强语气，可以把目的状语提前到句首，也可以用in order to(可放句首) 或so as to(不可放句首) the train. In order to speak fluent English, we must practice frequently. We must practice frequently so as to speak fluent English. 时间、原因、条件、方式、结果、让步、伴随等 Walking along the street, he met his old friend. 分词 Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us. Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball. 关于分词作状语，请注意：

1.分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑上的主语必须是句子的主语。

2.若强调分词所表示动作早于谓语动词发生，则要用分词的完成形式。 e.g. ⑴Having turned off the radio, he began to go over his lessons. ⑵Having receiving his letter, I decided to write back.

3.分词短语的位置，一般来讲，时间、原因、条件、让步等分词放在句首；结果、伴随的分词会放在句尾。

分词的主格：当分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，而是有自己相对的主语。称之为主格。一般由名词担任，位置在分词短语之前。请对比下列句子。

常见的主格的固定句型: with + n/pron + 动词的现在分词/过去分词.但大多数时候,大家在判断是否是主格时通过逗号连接的前后两部分的形式来判断.

请对比下列句子。

1>. Being so sad, she cried.(现在分词作原因状语)

It being Sunday, we needn’t go to work. (现在分词主格作原因状语)

2>. After having finished all work, we went to the Summer Palace(现在分词作时间状语) All the work having been finished, we went to the Summer Palace. (主格作时间状语)

3>. The hero sat there, surrounded by so many people. (过去分词作伴随状语)

The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind his back. (过去分词的主格作伴随状语) 非谓语动词，状语从句和结构

1) Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语) 2) After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）

3) After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句） 4) With homework done, the children began to play. （结构） 其他注意事项： 不定式的省略

不定式在某些感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时省去to, 但在被动语态中要还原to. e.g. 1>. Didn’t you hear someone knock at the door? 2>. To tell you the truth, I saw a man steal a woman’s purse. 3>. Please let me stay alone. 一些常见句型中：

too + adj/adv + (for sb) + to do sth 太…以至于…The book is too hard for the boy to read.

adj/adv + enough + (for sb) + to do sth 够…可以…The road is wide enough for six cars to go side by side. To tell you the truth, I don’t like your new hair style. To be frank, he is not a hard studying student.

To make matters worse, when I got off the bus, I hurt my foot. had better + do sth 最好做…You had better not talk in class.

would rather + do sth + than + do sth 宁愿…而不愿…I would rather walk to work than take by bus.

当建议别人去做某事，常用句型why not do sth?形式上是否定，但意义是肯定。Today is Sunday. Why not go out to relax yourself?

不定式的否定形式：not + 不定式He warned his younger brother not to touch his articles.

I prefer to wait here. （所以啊，你不介意的话，我就等下去。） I prefer waiting here.（我正在这里等，我就喜欢这么做。） I prefer swimming to cycling. （这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。）

It’s no use / no good + doing sth; it's no/little/hardly any/ use; it's not/hardly/scarcely use; it's worthwhile; spend money/time; there's no; there's no point in; there's nothing worse than; what's the use/point... Object to , confess to , look forward to + doing.

It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

动名词的主动形式代替被动形式常见句型如下：

1. 主语 + want/need/require/deserve + doing = 主语 + want/need/require/deserve + to be done The room needs cleaning. 2.主语 + be worth doing The piano is well worth buying.

否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon． A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C your calling 也对）

I regret not having taken your advice. 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法： 非谓语动词答题要点

1. Anyone wanting (want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 2．A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted (convict)of murder.

3. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used ( use) in experiments may decrease. Not have got (not, get)enough hands she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task．

It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control ( control) his direction. As I’ll be away for a year，I’d appreciate hearing (hear)from you now and then． prefer的用法：我宁愿在这里等。

历年考题中的非谓语动词

1. A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys ___ (do) is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 2. Anyone ___(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

3. It is a well-known fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ___ (control) his direction. 4. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals ___ (use) in experiments may decrease. 5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 6. This poem, if ___ (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense.

7. They may have their passports _____ (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. 8. Her body, with hands and feet ____ (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 9. I couldn’t help but ___ (feel) this is a very strange life.

10. Let us consider the earth as a planet ____ (revolve) round the sun. Key:

1. doing 动名词做enjoy的宾语 2. wanting 现在分词作定语 3. to control 动词不定式作目的状语 4. used 过去分词作定语 5. being 现在分词用在结构中 6. translated 连词加过去分词作状语 7. removed 过去分词作宾补 8. bound 过去分词用在结构中 9. feel couldn’t help but 后接动词原形 10. revolving 现在分词作定语 2．非谓语动词强化练习

1. The mother didn’t know who to blame (blame) for the broken glass. 分析：who+动词不定式做know的宾语

2. The children brought (bring) up in this way tend to be healthier. 分析：过去分词作定语，表被动。

3. It reminded the president to keep the campaign focused (focus) on the economy. 分析：过去分词做宾补。

4. Putting (put) food into an empty stomach helps synchronize the body clock. 分析：动名词作主语。

5. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things being (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 分析：现在分词用在结构中

6. This poem, if translated (translate) word for word into Chinese, will make no sense. 分析：连词加过去分词作状语

7. They may have their passports removed (remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. 分析：过去分词作宾补

8. Her body, with hands and feet bound (bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 分析：过去分词用在结构中

9. I couldn’t help but feel (feel) this is a very strange life. 分析：couldn't help but 后接动词原形

10. Let us consider the earth as a planet revolving (revolve) round the sun. 分析：现在分词作定语 十三。虚拟语气 类别 和现在事实相反 If引导的条件从句 用法 从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 例句 If he were here, he would help us. If I had been free, I would have visited you. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 和过去事实相反 和将来事实相反 其它状语从句 as if/ as though引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. can see it clearly. He suggested that we not change our mind. I wish I could be a pop singer. should be our friends. you (should) keep watch. Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time. It’s high time that we left. I would rather you stayed at home now. If only our dream had come true! He came to the office earlier lest he (should) miss the important meeting. If they had studied hard, they 错综时间非真实条件句中的虚拟语气p235下册即从句和主句的动作发生的时间不同。 could do it easily now. If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn’t do it much better like this. 1) 情态动词所表达的可能性程度：must/can't  should/shouldn't  might/may (not)

2) 注意，虚拟条件句中的if可以省略，造成were/had提前，产生倒装。Had the doctor been available, the child would have

been saved.

3) 隐含的非真实条件What would you do with 50 thousand dollar?How could I be happy without you?

主谓一致p75下册

主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原则： 1、 语法一致的原则：

语法一致的原则是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要和其相呼应。但我们要注意一些特殊情况；

1）以along with, together with, with, as well as, accompanied by, rather than, but, except， including 连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数以第一个主语为主。例如：

Several passengers, together with the driver, were hurt.

2）表示时间，重量，长度，价格等的复数名词，作主语从整体来看时，谓语动词用单数。例如： Fifty years is not a long time.

3） 非谓语动词，从句或其他短语作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如： Early to bed and early to rise is healthful.

4）如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词，但前面有each, every, no 等词修饰时，谓语用单数。例如： Every boy and girl in this region is taught to read and write.

in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / Turn on the light so that we would等+动词原形；否定的时候，多用shouldn't demand, suggest, order, insist包含\"建议，假设，应该\"这类的含义，后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形Insist表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表宾语从句 示事实。Suggest表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。 wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示和现在，过去和将来情况相反 主语从句 同位语从句 在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / It is strange that such a person ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形 preference等名词后的同位语从句； suggestion, proposal, advice, motion, order, requirement, request, desire, Do you know the order that 主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish/desire)、建议(suggestion/advice)、要求(requirement/demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词， 表语从句的谓语动词用（should）+ do. It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望：若是…, 那该多好啊；真希望…；只要，只要…, 就好 表语从句 其它句型中 由lest, for fear that, in case 引起的从句中多使用should but for,but that,with,without，otherwise，or句中有使用虚拟情况

5）陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one或 no +复数名词等作主语时，反意部分用they。而陈述部分用everything, something, nothing, anything时，反意部分代词则采用单数，用it。 Somebody is waiting for you, aren’ they? Everything is all right, isn’t it?

6）在强调结构中如被强调的是句子的主语，则who或that 后面的谓语动词的人称和数应和主语一致。 It is Mike who always helps me study maths after class

7）wish后接宾语从句用 虚拟语气，如表示和现在事实相反，无论主语是单数还是复数，be动词用were。 I wish I were ten years younger.

8）在定语从句中主语是关系代词who, that, which,谓语动词的数应和先行词的数一致。 I, who am your teacher, will teach you everything I know. 2、 意义一致的原则

意义一致的原则指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。例如，

1）由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each, every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。 No student and no teacher is invited to the party.

2）百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.（取决于 of 后的名词） 3）many a +n.

4）某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。例如： The population of the earth is increasing very fast.

类似这样的集体名词有：family, class, audience, committee （委员会）, crowd, crew, group, party, population, team, public, council （理事会）, village等。

主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes, trousers, glasses, compasses, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语用单数。

主语是以-ics 结尾的学科名词以及news, works (工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。学科名词前如有物主代词修饰时，谓语常用复数。My mathematics are week.Mathematics seems to be difficult to learn.

A new means of teaching is being used in that school.

主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓语一般用单数形式。The United States is a developed country. “one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。She is the only one of these women who plays the violin.

主语是疑问代词who, what, which,不定代词all, more, most, any, none等以及名词half, part, the rest等既可表示复数意义又可表示单数意义，其谓语视情况而定。Half of the visitors are from Europe. Half of the fruit is bad.

主语是表示数量的“one and a half +复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two + 复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。One and a half bananas is left on the table. There are one or two things I‘d like to know about.

the +形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人。其谓语用复数，如指抽象概念，其谓语用单数。如：The rich are not always happy. The new is sure to replace the old.

主语 people 作“人们，人民”解时，谓语动词用复数，作“民族”解时，有单复数之分。 Our people is a great one. There are 56 peoples in China.

主语是a / this / that kind of +名词，谓语用单数形式，主语指的不是一种而是多种，谓语动词用复数。This kind of cloth feels soft. There are different kinds of animals.

police, cattle等集合名词作主语时，谓语用复数。 The murderer has run away. The police are searching for him. 算式中表示数目的主语通常看作单数，其谓语常用单数形式，也可用复数。Five times four is twenty.

youth作“青年们”解作主语时，谓语用复数。The youth of China today are doing their best to study modern science and technology. 3、 就近原则

所谓就近原则是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。

1） 以either…or, or, neither…nor和not only…but also连接的两个主语，其谓语的单复数形式应和离谓语最近的主语保持一致。例如：

Either you or he has to go there with me.

2） 由there或here引起的主语，而又不止是一个时，采取就近原则。例如： Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 3）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构： Among / Between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词） 历年考题中的虚拟语气

1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we ___ (be) in real trouble. He would have given you more help, if he ___ (not be) so busy. 3. It is high time that we ___ (take) firm measures to protect our environment. 4. It was imperative that students ___ (finish) their papers before July 1st.

5. They demanded that the right to vote ___ (give) to every adult person.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I _____(receive) $10 more.I would rather he ____ ( buy) the house next year. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we ___ (meet) them before.

9. Should she come tomorrow, I ___ take her to the museum. [A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must

10. If we ___ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. [A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get [C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get Key:

1. would have been 和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句 2. had not been 和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句 3. took It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式

4. should finish/finish It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式 5. be given demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式

6. should have received 和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示“本应该收到”而实际上没有。 7. bought would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。 8. had met as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。 9. C 和将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。

10. A 从句和现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过去完成时。 3．虚拟语气强化练习

1. If it hadn’t been for your help, we would have been (be) in real trouble. 分析：和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句

2. He would have given you more help, if he had not been (not be) so busy. 分析：和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句

3. It is high time that we took (take) firm measures to protect our environment. 分析：It is high time +过去式的虚拟形式

4. It was imperative that students finish (finish) their papers before July 1st. 分析：It was imperative that+动词原形的虚拟形式

5. They demanded that the right to vote be given (give) to every adult person. 分析：demand所接宾语从句用动词原形的虚拟形式

6. There was a mistake on my paycheck. I should have received (receive) $10 more. 分析：和过去事实相反的虚拟语气的主句，表示\"本应该收到\"而实际上没有。 7. I would rather he bought ( buy) the house next year.

分析：would rather后接宾语从句，从句用过去式表示虚拟语气。

8. The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we had met (meet)them before. 分析：as if 所引导的从句用过去完成式表示虚拟语气。

9. Should she come tomorrow, I _________ take her to the museum. × 正确答案为C [A] can [B] will [C] would [D] must

分析：和将来事实相反的虚拟语气的主句。

10. If we _________ everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. 正确答案为A [A] hadn’t got [B] didn’t get

[C] wouldn’t have got [D] wouldn’t get

分析：从句和现在事实相反，但本身已经是现在完成时（从by now可以看出），所以变为过 去完成时。

1. Lots of empty beer bottles were found under the young man's bed； he __________ heavily. A. must have drunk B. must drink C. should drink D. had to drink 2. __________ home， she found that she had left the key at the office. A. To have arrived B. To arrive C. While arriving D. Arriving

3.In deciding __________ a course of action,the candidates tried to estimate its likely impact on the voters. A. what to pursue B. which to pursue C. whether to pursue D. if to pursue 4. __________,they began to get down to business. A. The holidays are over B. The holidays were over C. The holidays being over D. The holidays had been over 5. __________ nothing to say,the boy shied way from the crowd. A. Have B. Having C. Had D. Having being

6. The young doctor could not sleep at night, the worsening condition of a patient __________ him. A. disturbing B. disturbed C. being disturbed D. to disturb

7. Should she come tomorrow,I __________ take her to the museum. A. can B. will C. would D. must

8.If we __________ everything ready by now， we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. A. hadn't got B. didn't get C. wouldn't have got D. wouldn't get

9. __________ for your help,I would not have over come the psychological pressures and tensions. A. Not been B. Without being C. Had it not been D. Not having been

10.Would't you rather your child __________ successful with his study and won the scholarship？ A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes

11.You needn't __________ him about this since he could find out for himself. A. tell B. be telling C. have told D. have to tell

12. If you ______ my advice, you wouldn't be in such trouble now. A. took B. takes C. has taken D. had taken

13. The meeting ______, we left the room quickly for dinner. A. over B. was over C. is over D. been over

14. All the money ______,Frederick started looking for work.

A. having spent B. has been spent C. having been spent D. had been spent 15. ______ his talk when Mary ran out of the lecture hall. A. Hardly had be begun B. Hardly he had begun C. Hardly he has begun D. He hardly had begun

16. Much of the carbon in the earth ____ comes ______（come）from things that once lived. 17. China is not what she ____ used ______（use）to be.

18. In the past two decades,research ___ has expanded _______（expand）our knowledge about sleep and dreams. 19. Television ads __ are ________ usually _____ repeated _____（repeat）over and over again.

20.Some proverbs __ have been _____ （be）in the language for 1,000 years,for example,A friend in need is a friend indeed. 21.The nations that ___ are _______ actively __ involved ________ （involve）in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, China,Russia,and the United States.

22.In 1991,after the Gulf War,Bush's approval rating reached 91 percent,the highest level recorded since polling ____ began ______（begin）in the 1930s.

23.Seeing violence on television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ____ makes ______ （make）us tolerate crime more than we should.

24.All the worries they might have felt for him __ were driven ________ （drive） off by the sight of his cheerful face. 25.Little did they realize that they _____ had made _____（make）an important discovery in science.

26. Some people think relations between people _ have deteriorated ____ （deteriorate） so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.

27. Let's hurry up. She ___ must be waiting __ （must， wait） for us.

28. Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what __ had happened ___ （happen） to her. 29. Many a writer of newspaper articles ___ has turned _______ （turn） to writing novels during the past decade.

30. There ___ were estimated _______ （estimate） to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain in 1995.

31. So far， Irving _ has been living _________ （live） in New York City for ten years. 32. The patient ____ had been sent ______ （send） to another hospital before we got there. 33. Coffee delays the body clock in the morning,and ______ advances ____ （advance） it at night. 34.Cancer research ___ has been made _______ （make） all over the world in the past twenty years. 35.There was a mistake on my paycheck. I ___ should have received _______ （receive） 10more.

36.The second half of the nineteenth century __ witnessed ________ （witness） the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi.

37. Once harm ____ is done ______ （do） to the environment,it takes years to have the system recovered.

38. This project ______ to be accomplished ____ （accomplish） by the end of 2006 will greatly improve the basic facility of the city.

39. Investigations into the cause of the shipwreck show that the ship _____ sank ____ （sink） the moment it hit the rock . 40. If that sounds like far-fetched fantasy,consider these interesting findings that ____ have emerged ______ （emerge） from eight years of sleep and dream research at the VA Hospital.

41. A great number of the body's events ______ are scheduled ____ （schedule） to occur at a certain time of day. 42. It is these messages that ___ form _______ （form） the basis of the child's self-esteem. 43. With all this done,I ____ have been freed ______ （free） from all troubles and responsibilities. 44.If you cannot understand,ask:\"Would you mind __ rephrasing ________（rephrase）the question,please？\"

45. Many preschool teachers do not like to have commercially make toy weapons __ brought ______ （bring） into the classroom.

46. Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning _____ to be seen _____（see）in other industries as well.

47. Let us consider the earth as a planet _ revolving ________（revolve）round sun.

48.A man cannot be really happy if what he enjoys _____ doing _____（do）is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 49.Anyone ____ wanting _____（want）to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.

50.It is a well-know fact that a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes ____ to control ____（control）his direction.

51.As research techniques become more advanced,the number of animals _ used ___（use）in experiments may decrease. 52.Robots， _____ becoming _____ （become） increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world,are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 53.They were often compelled ____ to work ______ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day.

.It has been proved that their best ideas seem ____ to have occurred ______ （occur） when they were relaxing. 55.Her body,with hands and feet _ bound _________ （bind）,was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. 56.Anyone ___ wanting _______ （want） to live in the new century will have to know about the computer.

57.It has been proved that some people's best ideas seem _____ to occur _____ （occur） when they are relaxing and daydreaming.

58.They may have their passports _____ removed _____ （remove）, making leaving or \"escaping\"actually impossible.

59.This poem,if _____ translated _____ （translate） word for word into Chinese,will make no sense.

60.Robots， already taking over human tasks in the automotive field， are beginning ______ to be seen ____ （see）, although to a lesser degree， in other industries as well.

61.Anyone _____ wanting _____ （want） to understand the industry of the future will have to know about IT （information technology）.

62._____ having been told _____ （tell） that some guest were coming, she shopped all morning in the supermarket. 63.It is said the conference is _____ to be held _____（hold）in this hall next month.

.As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments may decrease, but stopping _____ testing ____（test）on animals altogether is a long way away.

65.A life _____ lived _____（live）without fantasy and daydreaming is a really poor life indeed.

66. When ___ presented __ （present） with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.

67. Would you mind __ rephrasing ___ （rephrase） the question,please.

68. They used to __ work ___ （work） twelve or fourteen hours a day at that time.

69. An organization is a group of people, and a decision _ made _ （make） today may have consequences far into the future. 70. For managers, every decision has constraints __ based ___ （base） on policies, procedures and laws. 71. As I'll be away for a year, I'd appreciate __ hearing ___ （hear） from you now and then.

72. What developed was a music readily __ taking ___ （take） on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.

73. Many other new techniques are available that enable more research __ to be done ___ （do） in the test tube. 74. ____ not having got _ （not, get）enough hands, she had great difficulty in accomplishing the task. 75. A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after __ being convicted ___ （convict） of murder. 76. With apples at 25 cents a pound, we couldn't resist ___ taking __ （take） four pounds.

77. When ___ given __ （give） the chance, it is quite possible for him to fulfill the task within ten days. 78. I‘ll be only too pleased ___ to help __ （help） out those who are in difficulty.

79. Television is another major instrument of communication, __ permitting ___ （permit） us to see as well as to hear the performer.

80.There are several means ___ to measure __ （measure） the length and width of the gap.

81. _ seizing ____ （seize） Jane by the collar, they dragged her out of the vehicle and locked her up in the dark room. 82.I couldn't help but __ feel ___ （feel） this is a very strange life.

83. __ used ___ （use ） economically， one tin of oil will last at least three months.

84.It seems reasonable to assume that, other things __ being ___ （be） equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. 85. With the strike __ settled ___ （settle）, the work on the new assembly line went ahead like wildfire. 86. People appreciate __ talking ___ （talk） with him because he is knowledgeable and humorous.

87. Since the author did not stick to the topic, I found his article very __ confusing ___ （confuse） and hard to follow. 88. You may find yourself __ facing ___ （face） one interviewer or panel.

. _ to understand ____ （understand） the effects of apartheid it is necessary to think of the daily lives of the people. 90. The domestics can have their passports removed， _ making ____ （make） leaving or \"escaping\" virtually impossible. 91. Miss Hannah Arent was the first person ___ to define __ （define） the difference between work and labor. 92. I would rather he __ bought ___（buy）the house next year.

93.They demanded that the right to vote __. be given ___（give）to every adult person.

94.The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _ had met ____ （meet） them before. 95.If it hadn't been for your help, we __ would have been ___ （be） in real trouble.

96.If you had come earlier, you __ would not have missed ___ （not miss） the first act of the play. 97.He would have given you more help, if he ___ had not been __ （not be） so busy.

98. I would recommend that you ___ think __ （think） about doing something similar for yourself. 99. She treats me as if I ___ were __ （be） a stranger.

100. It‘s time something __ were done ___ （do） about the traffic problem downtown. 101. It was imperative that students _ finish ____ （finish） their papers before July 1st. 102. It is high time that we __ took ___ （take） firm measures to protect our environment. 103. Had he been treated well, he _ would have got over ____ （get over） this disease. 104. If only the board __ would approve ___ （approve） the proposal and put it into effect.

105. If thalidomide ___ were invented __ （invent） today, it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.

106. He ____ has written _____（write） her 10 letters since he met her last years. 107. I think it necessary for him ___ to finish _____ （finish） the work in time.

108. The house is ___ to be completed ___ （complete） before his brother's wedding ceremony. 109. You had better ____ bring ____ （bring） enough money with you.

110. If I hadn't listened to you, I would __ have made _____ （make） such a silly mistake. 111. The three players repeatedly denied ____ taking ____ （take） any drug. 112. People who are entitled to _ vote _______ （vote） should be over eighteen.

113. If she __ catches ____（catch） the 10 O'clock train, she can get there by lunch time.

句法

重点是各种从句以及倒装句、强调句的用法。考前要重点复习上册第15、16、17、19、20单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。 1. 简单句和并列句 主谓, 主谓状 主谓宾, 主谓介宾 主系表 主谓双宾 主谓宾宾补 定 状 语 并 列 句 从句可分为：

➢ 名词性从句 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 种类 作用 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置主语从句 谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever 常用关联词 例句 Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome.

I study hard. I study English. I look at the blackboard.

I am a student. The leaves turn red. I give him a present. I let you do it. I ask you to do it. A red book. Work hard.

I worked and studied(x) I worked and he studied.

情态动词+ 实意动词构成谓语. I shall go.

whose, which, how, It looks as if it is going to snow. He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. 引导名词性从句：

1）主从连词（不在从句中作任何成分）：that, whether, if

2）连接代词（在从句中作主语、宾语、表语）：what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever… 3）连接副词（在从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how 1.主语从句

⑴既然做主语的是句子而不是单词，因此必须有引导词，这其中包括有从属连词hat, whether，疑问代词who, which, what, whose, whom和疑问副词when, where, how, why。

⑵主语从句重点是要区别that和what：that只起连接作用，无实义；而what在从句中作主语或宾语。即，通过判断所留空的成分能确定用that 还是what.

⑶当从句作整个句子主语时，谓语动词用单数，它和主语从句的长度单词的多少无关系。 ⑷当遇到由疑问词引导的主语从句时，记住从句必须用陈述句语序。

⑸当表示“是否”概念时，虽然if 和whether 同义，但只能用whether 引导主语从句。 ⑹通常由that引导的主语从句用it做形式主语放句首而把从句移至句尾。 what, that 区别;

例如：It is becoming increasingly clear to policy –makers _______ schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community. 02.10

that B. what C. when D. who 2.宾语从句

1>. No one can be sure _____ in a million years.

A. what man will look like B. what will man look like

C. man will look like what D. what look will man like (A) 2>. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants.

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever (B)

3>. Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ____ it forces people to test the relative merits of their attitudes and behaviors.

A. by which B. to which C. in that D. so that (C) 4>. We agreed to accept _____ they thought was the best tourist guide.

A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever (D) 考点总结：

⑴和主语从句一样有一个语序问题。

⑵引导宾语从句的引导词和主语从句一样，选择时要根据所填词的成分，含义加以筛选。

⑶宾语从句的引导词that引导的从句一般不能作介词宾语，但besides that, but that, except that, in that除外。 如：He has no special fault except that he smokes a lot. 3.同位语从句

1>. Evidence came up ____ specific speed sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose (C)

2>. An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, _____approximately from Marathon to Athens. A. distance B. is the distance C. the distance D. the distance is (C) 考点总结：

同位语从句只有唯一的一个考点，即引导词that.只要大家拿到一句话能判断出这是同位语从句，就能顺利找到答案。That引导的从句说明先行词的具体内容，that不作任何成分，无词义。常跟在抽象名词后面 如：answer, belief, doubt, evidence, fact, idea, news, order, plan, proof, suggestion, 以及一些固定短语中，for the reason that, without any doubt that, on condition that etc.

➢ 形容词性从句定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词和定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并和先行词保持数的一致。

关系词 关系who 先行词 人 从句成分 主语 例句 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? 备注 whom, which和 代词 whom whose that which as 关系副词 when where why 人 人，物 人，物 物 人，物 时间 地点 原因 宾语 定语 主语，宾语 主语，宾语 主语，宾语 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.. I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. I will never forget the day when we met there. This is the house where I was born. I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. as做宾语一般不省略 可用on which 可用in which 可用for which that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that ❖ 常考的关系代词：that; which; who/whom/whose; where; when; what; as。 引导定语从句

关系代词(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)：which, that, who, whom, whose 关系副词（在定语从句中作状语）：when, where, why, how

介词+which(whom)引出的定语从句：如果which或whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+ which(whom)引出的定语从句

例如：There are scientific ways in which man solves problems. which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语

The girl to whom you spoke is my sister.

有时句中关系代词可以省略，这时句首的介词应放在定语从句的句尾。如：The girl you spoke to is my sister. of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.

as 引出的定语从句 ：as 常在such…as和same …as结构中作关系代词，引出定语从句。 例如：Such people as you describe are rare nowadays. I feel just the same as you do.

介词+ which +to do 其功能相当于定语从句。 The key with which to open the door is lost. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别

定语从句对名词进行修饰，而同位语从句阐述的是名词的具体内容。从语法上看，that, which在定语从句中做主语或宾语，而同位语的引导词that不在从句中担任任何成分。 e.g. 1) The story (that) he told me may not be true. 定语从句

2) The story that he has made a fortune may not be true. 同位语从句 II. that和which, who, whom的用法区别： 情况 用法说明 例句 在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语，which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，

1． 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, 1.He told me everything that he knows. much,等不定代词时。 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 只用that的情况 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 7． 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? A. 在引导非限定性定语从句时 B. 介词后不能用 不用that的情况 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. 1． 在非性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 只用which, who, whom的情况 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 关系代词that和which的比较

that可指人、物，可代替who、whom和which；而which只能指物，不能代替who、whom。 That不可作介词宾语，所有只有介词+which的结构。在下列情况通常用that，不用which：

先行词前的定语为序数词或形容词最高级；先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little等不定代词时。 Eg The first thing (that)we should do is to work out a plan. Is there anything(that) I can do for you?

2). The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。 什么时候用介词＋which 的形式?

如果定语从句缺主语或宾语，用that/ which 形式。如果定语从句缺状语，用介词+which形式。介词的选择一般和先行词的搭配有关系，或和从句中作谓语的短语动词有关。有一个规律请记住：with表示伴随或原因; of表示部分和整体的关系; to表示指向; for表示目的; from表示来源; in表示在其中。 e.g. 1) The place which I visited last week is very beautiful.

2) The place in which I used to live is very beautiful.

III. as和which的区别：as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that 定语从句 性定语从句中 非性定语从句中 典型例题

1). Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he

答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.. A. that B. which C. as D. it

答案B. as 和which在引导非性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

区别 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 例句 He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

(1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。 As 的用法

例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.

As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 IV. 性定语从句和非性定语从句的区别： 类别 性定语从句 非性定语从句 语法意义及特征 例句 对先行词起修饰作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，The accident happened at the time when I 这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 对先行词作附加的说明，和主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 left. His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago. 定语从句的省略结构：

1． 如果that / which在定从中作宾语，可以省略. sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt →s+vt+n+s+v s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*当做题时，若发现两个名词在一起，但是似乎连不上，则一定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。 定从的特殊省略

the way (in which) + 句子

the reason (why that)+句子 均为完整句 the time (that / when)+句子

I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world. By the time省that+句子，句子。 定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省） 即：which be , who be , that be可同时省

➢ 副词性从句状语从句 种类 连接词 when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the 时间状语 time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly 地点状语 原因状语 条件状语 目的状语 结果状语 where, wherever because, as, since, now that if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that so that, in order that, for fear that so…that, such…that 注意点 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 比较状语 方式状语 than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more as if, as though, as though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, 让步状语 whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever ❖ 常用的引导词

o o o o o o o o

时间状语从句：while; when; before; whenever; as; after; till; until; since; once; ever since; as/so long as; as soon as; no sooner… than; hardly… when; scarcely/barely… when; the moment/minute/instant; on (the point of) doing… 地点状语从句：where; wherever

原因状语从句：because; since; as; seeing that; considering that; now that; in that; for fear that; lest; owing to the fact that; because of the fact that; due to the fact that… 方式状语从句：as; as if; as though; how; save that… 比较状语从句：as; than; as… as; not so… as; hardly… than; 结果状语从句：so that; so… that; such… that; so as to…

条件状语从句：if; unless; in case; so long as; so far as; provided/providing/that; supposing; granted/granting that…; giving that….

让步状语从句：though; although; even if; even though; whether; as; however; no matter (what, how, when); for all that; in spite of the fact that; granted that; regardless of the fact that…

目的状语从句：that; so that; in order that; lest; for the fear that; in case… 状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：

第一、特定的状语从句引导词：although though even though when while if as 第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；

第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词，主语和be动词同进同出

它的种类是最多的。常见的有：时间、地点、原因、让步、比较、条件、结果等七种。 1>. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill____ we all sat down to rest. A. when B. then C. than D. until (C)

2>. If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking until she ______. A. does B. has done C. will do D. would 3>. We hadn’t met for 20 years, but I recognized her _____ I saw her. A. for the moment B. the moment when

C. at the moment when D. the moment (D)

4>. Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experiment failed.

A. which B. that C. what D. where (D)

5>. ____ you are familiar with the author’s ideas, try reading all the sections as quickly as you possibly can. A. Now that B. Ever since C. So that D. As long as (A) 6>. ___ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight. A. Since B. While C. For D. Before (A) 7>. ____ , he does get annoyed with her sometimes.

A. Although much he likes her B. Much although he likes her

C. As he liked her much D. Much as he likes her (D) 8>. ____ difficulties we may come across, we’ll help one another to overcome them. A. Wherever B. Whatever C. However D. Whenever (B) 9>. Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day. A. twice as much protein B. twice protein as much

as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用

C. twice protein much D. protein twice much (A) 10>. The boy spent as much time watching TV as he _____ studying.

A. did B. was C. does D. had (A) 11>. He will surely finish the job on time _____ he’s left to do it in his own way.

A. in that B. so long as C. in case D. as far as 就…而言；至于，直到，远到 (B) 考点总结：

1. 引导时间状语从句的连词是各种从句中最多的。除了when, while, before, after, as soon as 等，重点大家还要掌握像：hardly…when, no sooner…than, 以及一些名词作状语的词：the instant/moment/minute…. 2. 引导原因状语从句的连词有：because, since, as, now that, in that, not that…but that 等。 比较：because, since, as和for

1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

I didn't go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.

In that 的用法：

Robots differ from automatic machines in _____ after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed to do another one. 99.10,00.4

A. which B. that C. how D. whether 3. as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.

注意：a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

= Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

4.在比较状语从句中请注意：

双重比较：the + 比较级， the + 比较级; 倍数比较：倍数 + as + 原级 + as;

当一个事物和他的同类作比较时，必须用other或else把他从该类事物中排除出去。 5.条件状语从句主要注意他的时态问题：主将从现。

6. 比较while, when, as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示\"随时间推移\"连词能用as，不用when 或while。

As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

7. 表示\"一…就…\"的结构

o

hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示\"一…就…\"的意思，例： I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构： Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

Where用在定语从句和状语从句的区别 I’ll go to the place (where I live)

I’ll go wherever work conditions are difficult. 强调句：注意强调句的句型。

It was there, the police believe, _______ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 01.4 A. until B. which C. that D. when 强调句

1. 强调主语 It is I that/who am to blame 2. 强调直接宾语 It was a glass that Mary broke. 3. 强调间接宾语 It was him that I gave the pen to. 4. 强调介词宾语 It is this room that I am living in.

5. 强调状语1) 时间状语 It was last year that Tom graduated from high school. 2) 地点状语 It was under the bridge that we found him. 3) 原因状语 It was for his arrogance that I dislike him. 4) 目的状语 It was for pleasure that I read it. 不仅可以是陈述句, 还可以是疑问句和感叹句.

Was it you that/who lost a watch yesterday? What great progress it was that you made. 强调句可以是一个从句, 被强调的部分也可以是从句.

I was told that it was because he hadn’t received the invitation that he didn’t come It was there, the police believe,---she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. A. that B.until C. which D. when 十二。倒装句 种类 完全倒装 此结构通常只用和一般现在时和一般过去时 倒装条件 例句 Out rushed the children. Here is a book for you. here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调here,there,then,thus 等副词放在句首，并且谓语动词为come,go,be,exist,follow等不及物动词时 Then follows the fashion show. 注意：代词作主语时，主谓语序不变： There they come. Here you are. 表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首，谓语动词为系动词，一定引起倒装In…（表语）+系动词+主，主同。*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there *常考介词要倒装：among between in at beneath 常考的系动词：be lie exist remain rest 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 形容词短语/分词短语位于句首，引起倒装 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. typical of characteristic of coinciding with + n Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not，rarely, no sooner…than 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 Hardly did I know what had happened. Only then did he realized the importance of English. 注意：如果only不位于句首或句首的only不修饰状语，only和修饰的状语放于句首 则句子不倒装： You can learn English well only in this way. Only I was stopped from entering. not only…but also，Hardly/Scarcely … when, No sooner… than连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首部分倒装 as / though引导的让步状语，必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前） 时前倒后不倒 Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it. Not only you but also I am fond of music. 连接作主语的两个并列词语不可用倒装结构 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday. Child as he is, he has learned a lot. Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 注意：A) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。B) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 He can play the piano. So can i. 注意：当so引出的句子用以对上下文内容加以证实或so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 肯定时， 不可用倒装结构，意为“的确如此”。 Jane asked me to go to play football and so I did. --It’s raining hard. --So it is. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 虚拟语气条件句中有were, had, should等词，省略if的虚拟条件 Here you are.

May you be in good health! Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 注意：1) 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes. Away they went. 2) 谓语动词是be的时候，不能倒装。 Here it is.

历年考题中的定语从句和名词性从句

1. Studies have shown ___ teenagers often suffer from depression.

[A] that [A] that

[B] which [B] if

[C] in which [C] when

[D] in that

2. It is a well-known fact ___ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction.

[D] whether

3. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order ____ resource-rich nations of the

Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. [A] which [A] whether [A] which them.

[B] what [B] if

[C] that

[D] in that

4. It is not yet known ____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision.

[C] that

[D] how

5. Such attitudes amount to a belief ___ leisure can and should be put to good use.

[B] if

[C] whether

[D] that

6.The reason for making a decision is ___ a problem exists, goals are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing

[A] why

[B] because

[C] where

[D] that [D] Which

7. ___ developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.

[A] What

[B] Whether

[C] That

8. Very few people understood this contract, ___ was very obscure.

[A] the language [C] all it said [A] which [A] where Key: 1. A 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. A

that 引导宾语从句 that 引导同位语从句 that 引导同位语从句

it为形式主语，whether引导真正的主语从句 that 引导同位语从句 that 引导表语从句

what 引导主语从句，并在主语从句中做主语

the language of which引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中做主语 where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语 where引导非限定性定语从句，并在定语从句中作地点状语

[B] the language of which

[D] which it had said

[D] where

9. Often music was played out of doors, ___ nature provided the environment.

[B] that

[C] in which

10. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, ____, to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech products.

[B] which

[C] as

[D] that

3. 并列复合句

He said that he would give up smoking, but nobody believe it.

I never saw a busier person than she seemed to be; yet it was difficult to say what he she did. 1.It was there, the police believe, _____ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. A. until B. which C. that D. when

2.It is not yet known _____ computers will one day have vision as good as human vision. A. whether B. if C. that D. how

3.Such attitudes amount to a belief _____ leisure can and should be put to good use. A. which B. if C. whether D. that

4. Many of us visited the industrial exhibition, , to our disappointment, we saw very few high-tech （高技术） products. A. where B. which C. as D. that

5. On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _____ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices. A. which B. what C. that D. in that

6.Studies have shown _____ teenagers often suffer from depression. A. that B. which C .in which D. in that

7. It is becoming increasingly clear to policy-makers schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community. A. that B. what C. when D. who

8. There is no doubt _____ a large number of people have benefited from heart surgery. A. what B. of C. if D. that

9. Such people _____ you describe are nowadays. A. as B. that C. who D. which

10. Was it in that school _____ he developed his interest in physics？ A. which B. from which C. where D. that

11. Why do you blame him for his poor judgment on the matter _____ he really needs is encouragement？ A. when that B. since that C. when what D. now that

12. _____, I couldn't get a job in this company.

A. Try as I might B. As I might try C. Try though I might D. I might try

13. It is a well-known fact ____ a person will move in a circle when he cannot use his eyes to control his direction. A. that B. if C. when D. whether

14. Very few people understood this contract, _____was very obscure. A. the language B. the language of which C. all it said D. which it had said 15. Management often works hard to set up a situation _____work is done in series. A. that B. where C. which D. what

16. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders ____will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this

17. We cannot leave this tough job to a person _____.

A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of

18. Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black, which is _____ the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by.

A. where B. when C. what D. why

19.Robots differ from automatic machines _____ after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.

A. so that B. in which C. given that D. in that

20. His name will be crossed out from the list _____ he makes the same mistake again. A. if B. unless C. because D. though

21. Five minutes earlier, _____we may have caught the gunman. A. and B. but C. or D. so

22. _____ I'm supposed to work by myself, there are other people who I can interact with. A. If only B. So long as C. Even if D. As far as

23. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, _____ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting .

A. while B. after C. since D. as

24. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it. A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless

25. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, _____ there is no \"absolute\" time and space. A. so that B. even if C. in case D. in order

26. In a sense, men of this kind begin not so much with a musical theme _____ with a completed composition. A. but B. than C. as D. that

27. You must push away the many temptations that are always present _____ your schedule is useless. A. and B. but C. or D. for

I. 词汇和结构选择填空题(Vocabulary and Structure)

一、题解：

顾名思义，“词汇和结构”，那肯定是考查语法结构和词语用法搭配。词汇学习要注意用法和固定搭配，特别是各类词和介词的搭配（Come, carry, take, go, get, cut, make, put ,turn, bring），关联词、介词和代词的使用。另外，近义词、形近词的区别。动词和不同介词构成的动词短语的区别也是测试的重点。当然此题中也可能有考查动词、形容词和副词的形态变化。 At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help _____ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspect

The specific use of leisure ______ from individual to individual. A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers

______ yourself to the job in hand, and you’ll soon finish it. A. Reply B. Imply C. Apply D. Supply

I can’t ______ the meaning of this poem because it’s too vague. A. turn out B. put out C. figure out D. look out

1. At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help ____domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

[A] protect [B] suspect [C] expect [D]inspect Ａ 2. I’m wondering why he hasn’t turned ___ at the meeting. [A] down [B] up

[C] out

[D] over Ｂ

3. By using both ears one can tell the direction ___ a sound

comes. [A] in which [B] from which[C] over which[D] with which

二、语法部分测试重点：

语法要全面学习重点掌握。不仅要复习下册的语法内容，还要重点复习（上册）有关语法内容。 词法：主要考查名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词以及动词的用法： 1． 名词: 主要考查名词的数 2． 代词：重点代词的考查

either…or，neither…nor 搭配 ; few, a few, little, a little 的区别；other, another, the other, others的区别； other 指另外的人或物；others 泛指别人，可和some 连用；the other 指两个中的另一个，常和one 连用；the others 表示其余所有的人或物；another 则泛指另一个。

Some pupils are reading the text loudly, while other students are doing their homework. Some pupils are reading the text loudly, while others are doing their homework. Mrs. Clark has two beautiful hats. One is red, the other is blue. This suit doesn’t fit me. Would you please show me another one? 3． 数词：序数词、分数的表达

序数词：the first, the second, the third, the forth…..

分数：三分之二 ， two thirds ；四分之三，three fourths ；

one hundred ,two hundred (正)， two hundreds (误) ； hundreds of (正) ， two hundreds of （误）； 4． 形容词和副词：比较级、最高级，以及比较句式 少数形容词和副词的变化是不规则的 原级 good, well bad, badly, ill many, much little far old 比较级 better worse more less farther, further older, elder 最高级 best worst most least farthest, furthest oldest, eldest farther 和 further 都是far 的比较级和最高级，但是farther 指具体含义的“更远”， further指抽象含义的“更远”，有“进一步”的意思。 Elder 和eldest 也是old 的比较级和最高级，主要表示兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。

比较结构：

1). … as + 形容词、副词原级+ as … The tree is as tall as the building.

He is as busy as before. 他还是像以前那样忙。 2) … as + 形容词+(a)+ 名词+ as … We’ll give you as much help as we can.

He wants to be as great a scientist as Newton. 3) 表示倍数 ： 倍数+ as + 原级+ as

Fresh fruit costs twice as much as canned fruit. 新鲜水果的价钱比罐头水果贵一倍。 4) … not as /so + 原级+ as …

I’m not so experienced as you think.

I haven’t made as much progress as I should. 我没有取得应有的进步。

I don’t sing popular songs half so well as you. 我唱流行歌曲还没有你一半好。 (not) more/less/fewer … than（不）比 …更 no more… than和…同样不

5) 比较级+than

This bed is more comfortable than the other. 这张床比那张要舒服。

She goes to school earlier than the other classmates. 她上学比其他同学都早。

注意： 比较级前可加表示程度的状语，如：a little, a bit, slightly, a lot, by far, somewhat等。 This room is far/ much cooler than that one. 这间屋子比那间要凉快得多。 6) the +形容词比较级… ，the +形容词比较级 表示越…就越 …

Actually, the busier he is, the happier he feels. 事实上，他越忙越高兴。

According to Dr. Krammer, _______ people who appear in your dreams, ______ you are on awakening. 99.10 A. as many … as happy B. the more … the more happy C. the more … the happier D. the most … the happiest

5． 介词： 主要掌握介词和某些其他词的固定搭配关系，考前要重点复习上册第12单元和下册第7单元的语法讲解和语法练习，书后所附的词组表也是复习的重点。常考的介词搭配如：as to, as for, substitute for, lay aside, in terms of ; result in, result from, as a result of, be concerned about / be concerned for, rely on, live on, lie in, consist of, be satisfied with, look up, in addition to, regardless of, despite, in spite of, contribute to, at least,in terms of, in accordance with, in line with, except, except for, due to, owing to, vary from …to , attach to, be irrelevant to, distinguish …from, 等等。

6． 动词：主要考查动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词及情态动词。 情态动词+ have done 的形式。

You needn’t ______ him about this since he could find out for himself. 00.10 A. tell B. be telling C. have told D. have to tell

Lots of empty beer bottles were found under the young man’s bed; he _____ heavily. 01.10 A. must have drunk B. must drink C. should drink D. had to drink _______ they began to get down to business.

A. The holidays are over B. The holidays were over

C. The holidays being over D. The holidays had been over

7． 句法：重点是各种从句以及倒装句、强调句的用法。考前要重点复习上册第15、16、17、19、20单元的语法讲解例句和语法练习。

主语从句：what, that 区别; 例如：It is becoming increasingly clear to policy –makers _______ schools cannot solve all the problems of the larger community. 02.10

A. that B. what C. when D. who

同位语从句：注意一般由that 引导，先行词经常为, idea, doubt, thought, fact, belief。 There is no doubt _____ a large number of people have benefited from heart surgery. (02.10) A. what B. of C. if D. that

On the other hand concern is also growing about the possibility of a new economic order _______ resource-rich nations of the Third World would combine to set high commodity prices.

A. which B. what C. that D. in that

Such attitudes amount to a belief ____ leisure can and should be put to good use. A. which B. if C. whether D. that

定语从句：引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；that, which的区别;介词+ which 的用法。 Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space ____ Which matter has fallen and _____ which nothing can escape. 2000.4 A. towards … towards B. into … from C. out of … from D. through … through As 引导的定语从句

Such people ______ you describe are rare nowadays. 02.10 A. as B. that C. who D. which

状语从句：引导各种从句的关连词。主要是条件状语从句，让步状语从句，结果状语从句，原因状语从句。 In that 的用法：

Robots differ from automatic machines in _____ after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed to do another one. 99.10,00.4

A. which B. that C. how D. whether

His name will be crossed out from the list _____ he makes the same mistakes again. 01.10 A. if B. unless C. because D. though 倒装句：倒装句的几种形式

______ when John came to see him. A. No sooner had he begun to work. B. He had scarcely begun to work C. Hardly had he begun to work. D. Just as he began to work

强调句：注意强调句的句型。

It was there, the police believe, _______ she was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 01.4 A. until B. which C. that D. when

三．词汇学习要注意用法和固定搭配，特别是各类词和介词的搭配。另外，近义词、形近词的区别。动词和不同介词构成的动词短语的区别也是测试的重点。

At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help _____ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

A. protect B. suspect C. expect D. inspect

The specific use of leisure ______ from individual to individual. A. ranges B. distinguishes C. varies D. covers

______ yourself to the job in hand, and you’ll soon finish it. A. Reply B. Imply C. Apply D. Supply

I can’t ______ the meaning of this poem because it’s too vague. A. turn out B. put out C. figure out D. look out 历年试题举例：

1. At the end of 1994 the British government introduced new measures to help ____domestic workers from abuse by their employers.

[A] protect [B] suspect [C] expect [D]inspect Ａ 2. I’m wondering why he hasn’t turned ___ at the meeting. [A] down [B] up which[D] with which

四．本题所用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的。其中70％句子选自课文、课文注释或课文练习，30%选自语法讲解部分的例句或语法练习。所以必须将教材学好学通。

II．完型填空题(Cloze Test)

一、题解

按考纲规定，完形填空题的考查重点是语法，包括一致关系、动词时态、语态，名词的数，代词，形容词和副词的级，连词，介词等。从最近的几次测试看，完形填空题考查词义辨析和词组的使用增多。还有一些常用词和惯用语。

完形填空的选择项可能是名词、动词、形容词、介词、副词或连词。

二、应试技巧

完形填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完形填空题，考生必须具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。

1．做题步骤

1)通览全篇，分文体，定结构，知大意。

做完形填空题，答题的关键在于准确理解短文的大意。要做到这一点，就要分清文章的文体和行文结构．本题的短文多为说明文或议论文，结构较紧凑，往往开门见山地提出主题，然后逐点说明或评议，最后小结。所以做题前应浏览全篇，重点是首段、尾段以及每段的首句、尾句。

2）初选答案，理脉络，顾前后，忌恋战。

在掌握文章大意的基础上，根据上下文所提供的搭配、结构、语义等线索来初选答案。初选时，要着眼空格所在的完整句子，瞻前顾后，重点解决和结构、搭配有关的小题。对于个别词汇的考题，如果一时难以抉择，不要恋战，而是继续往下进行，往往进行到下文，对前边的问题就会有了主意。

3）复读全文，核答案，句通顺，意要畅。

题目做完后，要通读“完形”后的全文，核查自己所选的答案能否使文章连贯，语法正确。如果你发现你所选的某个答案放在句中读起来很别扭，那么你的语感在提醒你对此答案要三思。

2．判断技巧

做完形填空题时，在遵循以上三个步骤的同时，还要注意解题思路或技巧。 1)搭配判断法

根据对以往测试的分析，搭配型题目在完形填空题中占的比例最重。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须和某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

2）结构判断法

结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完型填空题目中有很多是利用语法的正确性和逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完型填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：

A. 转折、让步： 这种关系表明后一种观点或事实和前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but, still, yet, however, though, although, no matter, in spite of ，anyway, even if, 等。

B. 因果关系：表原因的连词或词组有： because (of ), due to, owing to, thanks to, since, for, as, 等。表结果的词或词组有： so, therefore, then, as a result, in consequence, consequently, thus, 等。

C. 表示递进、补充关系： 这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。常用的词、词组有： moreover, likewise, besides, in addition, also, too, not only … but also, apart from, what’s more 等。

D. 表示对比、比较关系：对比表示观点或事物间的差异性，比较表明观点或事物间的同一性。表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast, by contrast, on the contrary, conversely, unlike, oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like, in comparison, compare… with, as, just as 等。

[C] out

[D] over Ｂ

3. By using both ears one can tell the direction ___ a sound comes. [A] in which [B] from which[C] over

3）词义判断法

词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断。 历年试题举例：

… Colter was excited, so he told 17 about the place. 18 , the other people did not believe him. 17. [A] the other

[C] another [C] Therefore

[B] others Ｂ [D] each other [D] Consequently

18. [A] Then [B] However Ｂ

（1）上看下看，左看右看，充分利用上下文。 （2）熟记固定搭配。

For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate _________11 by the fact that most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets.

Japan’s _________12 has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that _________13 to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable _________14 applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were _________15 licensers, felt that the Japanese companies might take a large share of the world market _________16 they were not limited by licensing agreement.

Conditions of this sort, _________17 together in one nation, may well be unique, and the case of Japan may therefore not actually demonstrate that licensing is just as efficient as multinational ownership for the _________18 of technology. In fact, Japan may be finding this method of operation _________19 effective than in the past ,as her needs for outside technology now require information which _________20 only a few companies and is more closely held. 11．A. was strengthened B. will be strengthened C. will have been strengthened D. has been strengthened 12．A. position B. location C. place D. point 13．A. entry B. access C. presence D. acceptance 14．A. at B. in C. for D. of

15．A. potential B. feasible C. liable D. inevitable 16．A. until B. before C. if D. after 17．A. came B. come C. will come D. coming

18．A. transformation B. transfer C. transmission D. shift 19．A. much B. little C. less D. more

20．A. sticks to B. belongs to C. draws on D. takes on

答案：11D A B D A 16C D B C B

III.阅读理解题(Reading Comprehension) 一、题解

阅读理解题由三篇短文构成。每篇短文的平均长度，为300词左右，其难度相当于教材后半部分的课文，三篇短文共15个小题,每小题2分，共30分。从最近几次测试的命题中可以发现，阅读理解题的短文既不是纯文学的，也不是纯科技性的，而是一般性的社会、文化、经济、科普和日常生活方面的内容。对大多数考生来说，在专业上没有不能理解的内容，但由于短文大部分取自英文原文，因此在语言上存在一定的难度。

阅读理解题主要测试考生：1，把握文章主题思想和大意的能力；2，对文章中的重要情节和主要事实的理解程度；3， 对文章的格调、作者的观点态度等的推理判断能力。

二、应试技巧

1．两种方法

方法一：先看文章后做题。主要针对简单易懂的文章，时间又较充裕的情况。

方法二：先看题目后读文章再做题。这种方法在时间紧、文章长的情况下更为实用，这样可以带着问题去阅读，文章中的内容和考题有关系时仔细阅读，和题目无关时，可以置之不理，很快跳过去。还有一些题目涉及一般常识或科普知识，可以在未阅读文章之前自己先行判断，在阅读时只要对自己的判断进行验证就可以了。

2．三个侧重

除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外，阅读时一定要注意不要逐字逐句地死抠，而要有所侧重。 1)侧重首段、尾段，首句、尾句。

因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想，抓住了主干，那么细节问题就会迎刃而解。 2)侧重语篇标志词。

语篇标志词。语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的，把握住这些词语就等于把握了句和句、段和段之间的关系，对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词主要表示：（1）例解: 如， for instance, for example, （2） 列举(3)比较；(4) 转折和对比；(5)原因；(6) 结果；(7) 方式手段；(8) 时间；(9)地点；(10) 目的；（11）分类；（12）补充；（13）强调；（14）条件；（15）结论。

3)侧重长句、难句。

因为英语表达多以冗长著称，论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想内容，从而使文章更具有说服力。所以，我们在阅读时，必须重视长句、难句，认真分析句子，把握关键。事实上，不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。

阅读理解题主要考查五个方面的内容：

1） 词和短语的意思； 2） 句子表达的内容和内容之间的联系； 3） 文章主题思想和大意； 4） 句子和文章的内在含义及推理； 5） 文章作者的态度。

3．阅读理解题的题型 1)主旨题：

这类问题主要测试考生把握主题和中心思想的能力。主要形式有： a. a. The main idea of this passage is ________. b. b. The passage mainly discusses ____________. c. c. What is the passage primarily concerned about? d. d. What is the main topic of this passage?

e. e. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? f. f. The best title for this passage might be _________.

作者的态度、写作目的和主题和中心思想关系密切，可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有： 问写作目的：

g.The author writes this passage mainly to _______.

h.The author’s purpose in writing this passage is _________. 问态度：

i.The author’s attitude towards … is _________.

j.The tone of this passage can be described as ___________.

主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心，通常以主题句（topic sentence ）的形式出现在文中。准确把握主题句是解答这类题的关键。主题句一般具有意思完整概括、形式简单的特点。一个段落一般围绕一个主题句展开，其他句子对主题句进行阐述、扩展或论证。由于文章的题材和要求不同，主题句的位置不尽相同，但一般位于篇章、段落的开头或结尾，但应注意，这类题目的正确选择项决不会是原文主题句的简单重复，而是其意思的重新表述。我们看模拟题阅读理解的第一篇文章的最后一个问题（25题），这道题问的是作者的写作目的，其实这就是一道主旨题，文章的第一段就说到：After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll (死亡人数 ) could have been much worse.，二、三段介绍了洛杉矶地震死亡人数相对较低及其原因，而原因之一是建筑规章近二十年来有了变化；第四、五、六段较为详细地介绍了建造防震建筑物的新发展。因此本题选D 。 有些文章中不出现明确的主题句，而将主旨隐含在论述之中。考生应发挥综合判断能力及逻辑推理能力，选择概括全面而又不过于空泛的选项。

2)细节题：

这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力，主要和文中的考点相联系，如：最高级、唯一性、其他对比、数字年代、原因等。主要形式有：

是非题：（三正一误或三误一正） a. a. Which of the following is True ?

b. b. Which of the following is NOT True ?

c. c. Which of the following is Not mentioned in Paragraph …? 例证题

a.The author gives an example in Paragraph.. mainly to show that ______. 其他具体细节题

a. a. From the passage, it can be seen that …. b. b. The main reason for …is _________.

细节题的答案一般都能直接从原文中找到。但是细节题一方面数量较多，另一方面细节在文章中的位置往往不太显眼，因此细节题比较费时间。比较好的做法是在浏览全文时，将标志主要事实和细节的语言标志做记号，看完问题后找出题干或题支的关键线索，然后到原文中定位，那么这些有记号的地方都是要首先要看的地方。另外细节题的正确选项也不会是原文句子的重复，而是用一些和原文句子中的某个词的同义词或近义词来进行表述，或是用另外一个相同意思的句子来表述。比如：第二篇文章的第三小题（28题），这道题是细节题。本题问：在发达国家，如果出生率_____ ，人们也许会失业。我们先在题干中找关键词，birthrate , unemployment 然后再去原文定位，在原文中我们看第二段的这个句子“In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment.”在高度工业化的社会，这个问题会更复杂，下降的人口出生率会导致失业。其中“decrease”的意思和“go down ”意思相同。 因此我们选go down 这个选项。

3)推理题

这类题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上，根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论，进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。

主要形式有：

g. g. It is implied in the passage that ________. h. h. The passage implies (suggests) that ________. i. i. It can be inferred from the passage that _________. j. j. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

k. k. Form the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that _________.

推理题的难度比较大，推理题一般综合性较强，应尽可能在速读完全文后再做。推理题必须基于事实依据，不可主观臆断，推理的结果不只是事实本身。考生应在准确把握全篇主旨或段落主题的基础上，分析句和句之间的关系，捕捉语言线索，揣测作者的意图，切不可死抠字面意思。比如：模拟题中第32题和34题都属于推理题， 32题中选项A、C文章中都未提及。选项D项可以由第二段最后一句话“this figure may have fallen still further since 1990, an achievement that makes it the envy of many other Third World countries.”句中this figure 指的是上文中提到的“巴西妇女平均每人只有2.7 个子女。”比起发达国家来说，这个数字虽然已经很高了，但是这仍然是“许多第三世界国家所羡慕的一项了不起的成就。”这正好说明了选项D的内容：即“许多第三世界国家尚未找到控制人口的有效措施。

4)词义题

这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有： l. l. The word “…” in line (Paragragh).. most probably means ______. m. m. In paragraph …, the word “…” refers to (stands for) _______. n. n. The word “…” in Paragraph … can be best replaced by ________. 词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词

词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词， 熟词僻义指考查常用词的不常见意义。遇上这样的词，一方面应推敲上下文，领会其意思，或对词的本义作适当引申；另一方面要坚决排除其常见意义选项。模拟题的第三篇文章后第33题就是一道词义题。本词义要根据上下文来推，根据文章中“put it down to ” （Line 1, Para.3）的意思应为“把...归功于”或“认为这是....的结果”之意。它和选项C (attribute it to ) 正好同义。词义题中如果考生词、难词的话，那么命题者一定是选中在上下文中有线索可循的单词，那么考生所要做的就是冷静地理解上下文，找准其中线索，合理推测，考生可采取以下方法： (1) 利用定义、解释推测； (2) 利用列举推测； (3) 利用对比关系推测； (4) 利用构词法推测； (5) 利用上下文的相关信息综合判断。

4.猜字的几种技巧

在阅读过程中，经常会遇到一些生词、难词，测试中又不允许查字典，这就需要利用猜字的技巧了。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一，下面重点介绍如何通过上下文线索来猜测词义。

1)利用词根、词缀构词法 2)直接定义

作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同

位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say) ; e ．g．；or，in other words；to put it in another way等。例如：

She is bilingual．In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.（bilingual：会说两种语言的）。 3)近义复述

同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取和某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。例如：

It is difficult to list all of my father's attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities(attribute：特质；才能). 4)对比和并列表达

利用上下文中的对比或并列表达猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词（尤其是偏词、难词）的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以提示。通过了解词和词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however；on the other hand；nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：

If you agree，write \"yes\"；if you dissent，write \"no\".(dissent：不同意)。 5)根据常识

有些生词看似很难，但根据语境，根据读者的经历或常识，很容易猜出词义。如果所读的材料是考生熟悉的内容或在自己专业知识范围内，生词就更易化解了。

其实，猜词的方法并不限于以上这些，大家在阅读中要多动脑筋，善于总结，还能总结出一些更适合白己的技巧和方法来。

近年来，自考公共英语阅读理解以说明文居多，内容涉及科技、文化、教育以及社会生活等各方面。考生要正确理解文章，除掌握足够的词汇、较扎实的语法知识和一定的背景知识外，还应熟悉英语文章的结构特点。英语语篇一般直接切入正题，然后层层展开。以说明文为例，其常用的推展方式有以下四种：1）按时间或空间顺序说明2）举例说明3）通过比较进行说明4）从不同的方面和角度来说明。其他的文体，如叙述体、新闻体和论证体虽然和说明体的写作结构不同，但都有自己特定的程式。了解这些程式有助于考生在平时的学习中注意培养英语语篇的思维习惯，对从宏观上把握文章的脉络和主旨，进一步领会作者的观点大有裨益。下面结合历年真题中的阅读理解谈谈如何从分析写作结构入手做好阅读理解题。 （1）根据问题来看文章。 （2）围绕中心思想答题。 （3）灵活运用各种猜题技巧。 （4）充分发挥有关背景知识的作用。 Passage 1:

What's the best way for you, as an employer, to deliver bad news to an employee? First of all, you have to break the news yourself, face to face with the recipient（接受者）. You can't write memos to tell people they will not get rises this year or that they have made an error or are not performing as well as expected. You have to show them how you feel about the matter and that you are personally sorry and sympathize with them. If you indicate that you are ready to listen to their reactions to your bad news, you will undoubtedly save yourself from their wrath. Above all, you must be ready for an emotional reaction from the recipient of bad news. Give people time to digest your news and to control the emotion they invariably feel. Although it is never easy to break bad news, if you follow these steps, you will at least soften the blow. 21）The author's main idea is that _______ .

（A）bad news is hard to impart （B）all employers have to criticize their employees （C）there are ways of softening the impact of bad news （D）people respond emotionally to bad news 22）The author's main idea is expressed ________ .

（A）in the first sentence （B）in the last sentence （C）in the middle of the paragraph （D）nowhere 23）The author's main idea is supported by ________. （A）examples of employers giving bad news （B）a list of reasons for having go break bad news （C）sympathy for both the employer and employee （D）instructions on how to soften the blow of bad news

这是一篇说明文，作者一开始先提出了问题：“作为一名雇主，如何才能以最恰当的方式向你的员工发布不好的消息？”然后分步骤从不同的方面和角度展开了阐述，最后得出了解决这一问题的方法。

第21题问作者的主要观点是什么。通读全文可知，作者在短文最后得出的结论是，“尽管发布坏消息是不容易的，但如果按照这些步骤去做，至少可以减轻坏消息对人们的打击。”因此，选项（C）为正确答案。选项（A）、（B）、（D）表述的内容和问题不符。

第22题问短文的哪一部分表达了作者的主要观点。从本文的结构看，首句是作者提出的问题，故（A）项不符合题意。中间部分为作者所阐述的解决这一问题的具体步骤，因此，（C）项亦不符合题意。最后一句是本文的中心，表达了作者的主要观点，故选项（B）为正确答案。选项（D）则明显和原文不符。

第23题问哪个选项的信息支持作者的主要观点。（D）项所表述的内容是，“对如何减轻坏消息的打击所作的阐述”，和本文相符，故选项（D）为正确答案。而选项（A）、（B）、（C）在文中并没有提及，和本题不符。

阅读的关键在于解码，完整的解码过程既包括对文章字面意义的理解，也包括推断性的理解，同时还有评价性和欣赏性的理解。字面理解只局限于辨认词义和句法结构、回忆文章的大意和细节等表层意义，主要依靠语言知识或语言能力来完成。推断性理解属于深层理解，要求能够根据分析和逻辑判断从上下文推测生词的词义、文章的隐含意义以及作者的观点等。推断性理解仅靠语言能力是远远不够的，考生还须掌握一定的阅读技巧。

下面简要分析阅读技巧在阅读理解中的使用。

Passage 2;

At most big city universities the pace, the attitude and the life - style are geared to city life. But there is a university in Manhattan that has its roots outside the city - Adelphi.

When we opened Adelphi University/Manhattan, we brought with us all the values of a traditional non - urban university. Such as classes small enough for you to get to know your professors. An educational environment designed to separate you from the daily rigors（艰苦）of life. And a staff of counselors and administrators schooled in the importance of the individual.

Yet, with all our emphasis on traditional values, it has always been our tradition to offer programs which reflect the needs of today. So you'll find we've pioneered in education for adults with programs for teachers, social workers, business majors, child care workers and others.

If you're looking for our kind of tradition, you can find it without leaving the city. Adelphi/Manhattan - thriving on 28th Street. 24）According to the advertisement, why is Adelphi different from other city colleges? （A）It has been geared to the big city. （B）Its programs are needed today. （C）Its classes are small. （D）It caters to adults. 25）This advertisement would appeal most to ________ .

（A）counselors （B）urban adults （C）high school graduates （D）child care workers 26）This advertisement may be classified as ________ .

（A）humorous （B）comparative （C）low pressured （D）separatist

这是一篇广告，简要介绍了Adelphi大学的办学特色。第24题问为什么Adelphi和其他的大学不同，要求考生对事实进行辨认。由短文的第三，四段可知，Adelphi大学在开办之初就确立了传统的非城市化大学的价值观，它和其他大学的不同之处在于班级小、教育环境优越、教师及管理者受过良好的个性化的教育。因此，正确答案为选项（C）。选项（A）、（B）、（D）和本题不符。

第25题问这则广告对哪些人最具吸引力，要求考生对选项内容进行判断。根据第五段的第二句话可知，选项（B）为正确答案。选项（D）虽也在这句话中提到了，但它所表述的信息是从属于选项（B）的。选项（A）的信息和本题不符，选项（C）在文中并未提到。

第26题问这篇广告在风格上属于哪一类，而文中并没有直接说明，这就要求考生进行正确推论。纵观全文，这则广告语言平实，语气委婉，属于“温和的劝告”型，故选项（C）为正确答案。选项（A）、（B）、（D）和本题不符。

在这里需要提醒考生注意的一点就是，各种阅读技巧是相互联系、互为补充的，有时很难用一种技巧解决问题。例如，确定文章的主题离不开判断、推理和概括的技能，而辨认事实又是进行正确判断、推理和概括的基础。因此，只有将不同的阅读技巧有机地结合起来加以综合运用，才能达到完整、准确地理解材料的目的。

当考生需要快速查找和答案有关的某一特定信息时，逐词逐行查找既浪费时间，又容易遗漏要点，而寻读（scanning）由于略去了许多无关的信息，使答题的效率得到了保证。有时考题的设计并不仅仅针对文章的细节，还包括文章的中心思想或作者的观点等。逐词阅读往往会使考生有只见树木不见森林的感觉，难以获得对文章的总体印象。而略读（skimming）可以帮生迅速确定文章的主旨，理清作者的观点。

阅读能力实际上是一个语言实践能力的问题，阅读能力的提高是一个循序渐进的过程。考生只有平时多读、多练，自觉将阅读方法和技巧运用于日常的阅读活动，才能在未来的测试中取得理想的成绩! 2004(下) Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

In reading the world’s great literature on human excellence and personal success, I’ve found that to launch ourselves into a life of true success we need to satisfy one basic condition: pursue our vision with stubborn (顽强的) consistency. The biggest difference between people who succeed and those who don’t is not usually talent but persistence.

On my way to work one morning, I met Rudy Ruettiger, who is now a motivational speaker. He has grown up in Joliet, listening to stories about Notre Dame and dreaming of one day playing football there. Friends told him he wasn’t a good enough student to be admitted. So he gave up his dream and went to work in a power plant.

Then a friend was killed in an accident at work. Shocked, Rudy suddenly realized that life is too short not to pursue your dreams. In 1972, at the age of 23, he enrolled at Holy Cross Junior College in South Bend, Ind. He got good enough grades to transfer to Notre Dame, where he finally made the football team as a member of the “scout team”, the players who help the team prepare for games.

Rudy was living his dream, almost. But he wasn’t allowed to suit up for the games themselves. The next year, after Rudy requested it, the coach told Rudy he could put on his uniform for the season’s final game. And there he sat, on the Notre Dame bench during the game. A student started shouting, “We want Rudy!” Soon others joined in. Finally, at the age of 27, with 27 seconds left to play, Rudy Ruettiger was sent onto the field and made the final tackle (阻截). So his team won the game. When I met Rudy 17 year later, it was in the parking lot outside Notre Dame stadium (体育场), where a camera crew was filming scenes for Rudy, a motion picture about his life. His story illustrates that there is no limit to where your dreams can take you. 21. The writer believes that the key to achieving success is _____. A. developing one’s talent B. seizing opportunities C. having wide vision D. sticking to one’s goal

22. According to the passage, Rudy once gave up his dream of playing football for Notre Dame because ______ . A. his friend was killed there B. his foot was injured in an accident C. he lacked confidence in himself D. he failed in the entrance examination 23. Rudy quit his job in the power plant because _________. A. his friend encouraged him to B. his outlook on life changed

C. he was disappointed in his future D. he was shocked by his friend’s death 24. Rudy was transferred to Notre Dame ________. A. as a good student B. as a good player C. with the help of a coach D. with the help of a friend

25. A camera crew was making a movie about Rudy’s life because ________. A. Rudy was the oldest player at Notre Dame B. Rudy succeeded in realizing his dream C. Rudy was the best speaker at Notre Dame D. Rudy succeeded in developing his ability 21、D 22、C 23、B 24、A 25、B

例2：(2004下)

NASA, the U.S. space agency, believes there’s a good chance that we’re not alone in the universe. Last fall, NASA began a new project called the High Resolution Microwave Survey (HRMS). Its aim: to find evidence of life in one of the billions of galaxies in the universe.

The search for intelligent life on other planets isn’t new. It began almost 100 years ago. That’s when scientists built a huge transmitter to send radio waves into space. Scientists thought smart beings on other planets might pick up the signals.

Scientists also have sent a message about humans and our solar system to a nearby constellation (星座). But because the constellation is 25,000 light years away, a return message wouldn’t reach Earth for 50,000 years! So don’t wait up for an answer. So far, no extraterrestrial (地球外的) beings that we know of have returned our “calls.” But according to Dr. Jill Tarter, an HRMS scientist, we haven’t exactly had our ears wide open. “Now, however,” says Dr. Tarter, “we’ve built the tools we need to listen well.”

Last October, Dr. Tarter switched on the largest radio receiver in the world. It’s an enormous metal bowl stretching 1,000 feet across a valley in Puerto Rico.

Meanwhile, another NASA scientist turned on a huge radio receiver in California’s Mojave Desert. NASA hopes these big dishes-and others around the world-will pick up radio signals from new world.

Dr. Frank Drake has been searching for life in outer space for years. He explains the HRMS project this way: To listen to your radio, you move the tuner on the dial until the channels come in loud and clear: Now imagine radio receivers that scan our galaxy “listening” to 14 million channels every second. That’s what NASA’s radio receivers in Puerto Rico and California are doing. But that’s not all. Powerful computers hooked to the receivers examine every signal carefully. The computers try to match the signals to ones that scientists already recognize, such as human-made signals. If they can’t, Drake and Tarter check on them. “It could prove there is radio technology elsewhere in the universe,” says Dr. Tarter. “And that would mean we’re not alone.” 26．NASA scientists started a new project in order to _________. A. discover life in other galaxies B. send human beings into space C. find evidence of a new galaxy D. confirm the number of galaxies

27．According to Dr. Jill Tarter, the reason why we haven’t received any return any return messages from outer space is that _________.

A. our ears are not sharp enough to hear them B. our equipment hasn’t been good enough C. it takes millions of years for them to reach us D. it takes quite a long time to send them

28．Dr. Jill Tarter compares the large receiver to _________.

A. the human ear B. the universe C. a metal bowl D. a huge dish

29．According to Dr. Frank Drake, NASA’s radio receivers in Puerto Rico and California are _________. A. trying to check on every channel carefully B. moving the tuner on the dial for clear channels C. scanning the universe for possible signals D. picking up radio signals from new world 30．The best title of this passage is _________.

A. Signals from the Space B. The Invention of New Radio Receivers C. The Intelligent Life in Outer Space D. NASA Listens for Space Neighbors 答案：26A B A C D

IV．单词汉译英(Word Spelling)

一、题解

本题共10分，一共20个单词，每个单词0.5分，填错（或少写、漏写）字母不给分。本题主要考察书中出现的常用词。所要求译出的英语句子的语法结构不复杂，词汇也比较常用。每句包含一个语法重点或常用词语。根据教材中的句子编写。

二、应试技巧

熟练掌握单词拼写是英语学习的基本功。为帮助同学们做好这道题，特提复习建议如下：

1．熟练掌握构词法。通过掌握构词法，可以减轻记忆的负担，增强记忆的效果；要通过构词法的知识来分析每个生词的构成，可以加深印象，温故知新。

2.单词学习以理解为基础。既要掌握单词拼写，又要了解词义、词性。最重要的是结合课文和典型的例句来学习，加强对生词的理解和记忆。

3.记忆单词要日积月累。学完一课，要掌握一课的单词。同时，根据遗忘规律，及时巩固、复习学过的单词，保持长久的记忆。

往年考题：多选用考纲词表中的常用词，包括中学词汇，平均词长为6个字母。

最新特点：最近考题中单词拼写单词长度显著增加，平均词长为9个字母，有5个单词词长超过10个字母，出现了两个超纲词，无一中学词汇。 最新考题举例 36. accompany (1A) 38. capture (14A) 40. employee (4A)

49. nominate (10B) 51. persistently (14A) 53. spontaneous (5A) 55. undertake (13A) 37. boundary (2A) 39. decline (10A) 41. feasible (8A) 43. grateful 45. junction (15A)

42. heartbreaking (14A) 44. increasingly (6A) 46. loyalty (10A) 47. moderate (8B) 48. overwhelming (10A) 50. participant (5A) 52. queue (14A) . reinforce (12B) 一、题解

V.词形变化填空题(word Form)

这个题型主要考查动词的形态变化，也就是说，根据句子的实际情况将动词的原形变为适当的形式。还包括少量的试题考查形容词或副词的比较级或最高级的形式变化，尤为重要的是几个不规则变化的形容词和副词。还可能考查名词和代词的词形变化，名词主要考查变复数的规则、不规则变化；代词有人称、性、数和格的变化，如何变化，要看代词所代替的名词的性质及该代词在句中担任的成分而定。 词形变换最近几次测试情况统计 2005年4月 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 被动语态 分词作补足语，伴随状语 副词作状语 不定式的被动形式作定语 名词/动名词作宾语 形容词作补足语 完成时的被动语态 虚拟语气 过去时 表愿望 非谓语动词 时态 名词 固定用法 形容词作表语 2005年10月 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 完成时 分词作补足语 虚拟语气 不定式做目的状语 非谓语分词作状语 不定式做定语 比较结构 被动语态 比较结构 强调句式 2006年4月 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 完成时 不定式，形式主语 不定式的将来时形式 Had better固定句式 比较结构 虚拟语气 动名词作宾语 不定式作宾语 名词修饰名词 条件状语分句，时态 2006年10月 6 7 8 9 10 比较结构，名词 形容词表语 形容词作表语 动名词作宾语 形容词作表语 二、应试技巧 1．熟练掌握动词词形变化规律。注意：动词形式既包括谓语动词的各种形式，如时态、语态及语气(直陈、虚拟)等，虚拟语气为重点，几年来的考题中都有这方面内容；也包括非谓语动词的各种形式。所以做动词的词形变化时，首先要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，然后再作相应的变化。

2.认真学好并熟悉课文。本题所选用的句子是根据教材中出现的句子编写的，其中多数来自课文，所以熟悉教材十分重要。

3.认真钻研相关的语法讲解：主要指谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词比较等级、情态动词、虚拟语气、形容词比较级、最高级等部分。动词：动词是测试的重点。主要包括：动词的时态、语态、语气和非谓语动词。

1)动词的时态：重点是动词的过去时、完成时

Seeing violence one television or reading about it in the newspapers every day ______ (make) us tolerate crime more than we should.

They used to ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day at that time.

Some people think relations between people _______(deteriorate) so much that understanding and friendship are almost impossible.(02\\10 have deteriorated)

Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what _______(happen) to her.(02\\10 had happened) Some proverbs ______(be) in the language for 1,000 years, for example,“A friend in need is a friend indeed.” In the past two decades, research ______(expand) our knowledge about sleep and dreams.(has expanded) 2)动词的语态：主要掌握各个时态的被动式 The nations that _______actively ________(involve) in earthquake prediction programs include Japan, Russia, and the United States.(are involved) 3)动词的语气：

A.掌握非真实条件句中，谓语动词在主句和条件句中的虚拟语气形式。 If you had come earlier, you ______ (not miss) the first act of the play. If it hadn’t been for your help, we _____(be) in real trouble.

B.在表示建议、命令、要求以及表示“重要性”和“紧迫性”等含义的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，由“动词原形”或“should +动词原形”构成。

I would recommend that you _______(think) about doing something similar for yourself. 02\\10 They demanded that the right to vote ______( give ) to every adult person. C.动词wish 、would rather (sooner)、if only、as if 后的虚拟语气。 I would rather he _____(buy) the house next year. 00\\4 She treats me as if I ______ (be) a stranger. 02\\10

The manager told us to be friendly to the visitors as if we _____( meet) them before. 01\\4 had met If only we ______(have) a phone! I’m tired of waiting outside the public phone box. D. in case, for fear that, lest 等词后从句的谓语动词为(should) + 原形。 He took his umbrella with him lest it _______rain.

E. 在It is (high) time that 从句中谓语动词为过去时。

It’s high time that we _______(take) firm measures to protect our environment. F. 时间错综条件句。 4)动词的非谓语动词形式：

A.动词不定式 ：主要考查动词不定式作定语、宾语、宾语补足语等的用法。还要注意动词不定式的被动式和完成式。 不定式作定语：If there is no choice, there is no decision ______(make)

不定式作宾语： Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning ________(see).(to be seen) It has been proved that their best ideas seem _____(occur) when they were relaxing.

不定式作宾补：They were often compelled ______(work) twelve or fourteen hours a day.

B.分词：主要考查分词作定语、状语、宾语补足语的用法。注意现在分词和过去分词的区别。 另外，还有现在分词的被动式和完成式的形式。

分词作定语：Anyone ______(want) to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals _____(use) in experiments may decrease. An organization is a group of people, and a decision ______(make) today may have consequences far into the future.

分词作状语： When ______(present) with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems and production managers see production problems.

________ (tell) that some guests were coming, she shopped all morning in the supermarket. (01\\10 having been told). Her body, with hands and feet _______(bind), was discovered by a traveler early in the morning. bound

分词做宾补： They may have their passports ______(remove), making leaving or “escaping” actually impossible. 动名词作宾语：If you cannot understand, ask: “ Would you mind ______(rephrase) the question, please ?” If we don’t start out now, we must risk ______(miss) the train. 形容词副词：

The more time you waste, the _____(easy) it is to continue wasting time.(Easier)

We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the ______ its population is likely to be.

The ______(far) away we get from the earth, the thinner the air becomes.

As Jane was the _____(old), she looked after the other children in the family.02\\10 (eldest ) 词性转换：

The explorers were puzzled over what to do next because they were in a _____(trick)situation.

These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is _____(specialize) in its function.

历年试题举例

1. Cancer research ___ (make) all over the world in the past twenty years. (has been made) 2. The more stress you are under, the ___ (likely) you are to catch a cold. ( more likely)

3. It seems reasonable to assume that, other things ___ (be) equal, they would prefer single to shared rooms. (being) 4. These electric appliances are all similar in construction but each one is ____ (specialize) in its function. (special)

VI.汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English)

一、题解

本题主要测试考生主动运用英语的能力。通常每个句子包含一个或一个以上的语法重点，如时态，被动语态，非谓语动词，复合句，虚拟语气，强调句，倒装句或某个常用词组。它共有五个汉语句子，要求译成英语，每句3分，共15分。

按考纲规定，汉译英题中的句子是根据教材中的句子编写的。由于教材课文中的句子大多数都比较长，所以实际测试的句子一般比原文的句子简短，有的句子是根据教材中的语法、课文或词汇的练习题编写，还有的则是教材以外的句子。

它的评分，参照如下标准：译文理解正确，表达通顺，无语法大错，可给3分；译文理解正确，表达大部分通顺，有1个语法大错，可给2分：译文理解正确，表达基本通顺，有2个语法大错，可给1.5分：译文理解基本正确，表达一般，有较多的语病，可给1分；比第四等级更差的译句，不给分；拼写错误、用词错误等因素进行综合考虑，每句酌情扣0.5一1分。

二、应试技巧

1．事先筹划，再来做题

在翻译每一个句子时，一定要事先筹划：先要想好译成什么样的英语句子结构，是简单句还是复合句，或者是强调句、倒装句。如果选用了复合句，那么要明确哪部分是主句，从句采用的形式，是定语从句、状语从句还是其他的从句。在一个句子内，主语是什么，谓语用什么时态，是主动还是被动，要不要虚拟语气，这些都要事先筹划好。

然后动笔进行翻译。遣词造句过程中，要格外注意一些细节问题：1)仔细斟酌、选用最能确切表达原文意思的英文单词或词组；2)名词的复数形式，动词的不规则变化，主谓语的一致性：3)单词的拼写，标点符号，大小写，冠词的使用等。任何一个细节注意不到都可能出错丢分。

2、灵活处理，提高把握

在翻译过程中，有时可能碰到一些英语单词不会写，这时千万不能灰心丧气，甚至放弃整个句子。这时可以寻找意思相近而自己熟悉的词或词组来代替。最好不要把那个词空着，更不要用汉字去替代。

对句子的结构同样也可以灵活处理，有些没把握的结构，可以用比较有把握的结构来代替。例如，复合句没有把握，可以用两个简单句来表示；分词做状语没有把握，可以用状语从句来代替等等。比如：这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。

The panel/committee/board consisting of /

Which was composed of Which was made up of Which consist of

10 members supported the decision with one voice /all supported the decision. 3、注意书写和卷面整洁

这个问题本来可以不提，但常常被考生忽略。有的考生在测试中信手写来，一些不良的书写习惯也带了进来，例如“r”“V”，不分，“i” “l”,不分……，有的常常遗忘标点符号，从而造成不必要的丢分。

在对此题进行备考复习时，首先对以往做过的“汉译英”作业进行复习，特别是作业中的错误之处，要进行思考，以求提高水平和技巧。

其余的，则可和总复习一起进行，如语法复习、课文复习、单词复习等。但在复习过程中，对一些重点句、重点语法现象，除了记忆之外也要往“汉译英”这方面想一想，自己给自己提问题：若要考汉译英，这部分可能出什么类型题？这样就会印象更深。 最新试题举例

68．一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作。

选自下册第9单元A课文后Word Study中appreciation的一个例句。主要考查定语从句和be qualified for 的用法。 69．随着研究技术变得更加先进，用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少。

选自下册第11单元A课文最后一段的第一句话。主要考查as引导时间状语从句，表示“随着”。 70．那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。

根据下册第14单元A课文后的翻译练习中的第6题有所改动。原话为“他相信某些植物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。”

汉译英重要句型

十四。重要句型

1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task.

2. Not until he came back from abroad was I able to see him again. 3. The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 4. He walked around the house, gun in hand. 5. May you be in good health!

6. Wish you a pleasant journey back home!

7. The professor was a humorous man with big nose and deep-set eyes. 8. What surprised me most was his imagination and patience.

9. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky and his hands under his head. 10. Sitting under the tree are Mr. Green and his first teacher. 11. On the wall hang two pictures of famous scientists.

12. Looking back upon those past years, he couldn’t help feeling very proud. 13. No sooner(Hardly) had he arrived at the theatre than(when) the play started. 14. Young as he is, he has learned advanced mathematics. 15. How I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields! 16. There stands a beautiful vase in the corner of the room. 17. Ten miles north of the town lies a paper factory. 18. There goes the bell.

19. Nowhere has the world ever seen such a bird as here. 20. It is no use crying for help.

21. If only I had been your student in the middle school! 22. It is believed that such a thing will not happen again. 23. Only when he explained did I realize the reason for this. 24. “He works particularly hard.” “So he does, and so do you.”

25. Not only Alice but also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another. 26. Such was Albert Einstein, a simple person of great achievements. 状语从句

1) 如果你坚持不听我的话，我就是要惩罚你。

If you persist in ignoring what I (have) said, I will punish you. 2) 如果你不努力学习，你就没有可能在竞赛中取胜。

If you do not study hard／work hard at your studied，you will stand no chance of winning / it will not be possible／it will be impossible for you to win in the contest．

3) 如果他被迫去做他不乐意做的事，他不可能高兴。

If he is compelled to do what he does not enjoy doing, he cannot be happy. 4) 不论他怎么说，我也不相信他。 Whatever he says, I won't believe him.

5) 有些星辰的密度(density)达到某一点就会爆炸。

Some stars explode when their density increases to a certain point. 6) 直到最近我才意识到语言和文化密切相关。

I didn’t realize that language was closely related to culture until (quite) recently that language and culture were so closely related to each other.

Not until (quite) recently did I realize that language was closely related to culture. 7) 我工作了一整天，所以你来看我时，我很疲倦。

I was very tired / exhausted when you came to see me, for I had been working the whole day. 8) 随着研究技术变得更加先进,用于实验的动物数量将会大大减少.

As research techniques become more advanced, the number of animals used in experiments will greatly decrease / decline / reduce / lower.

9) 虽然管理者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情。Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider/take into account possible future events. 10) 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。

Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so there is no absolute time and space/so time and space are not absolute.

11) 我因打破了眼镜，所以看不清当时发生了什么事。 I had broken my glasses (，) so I couldn’t see what was happening.

I couldn’t see what was happening because I had broken my glasses. / because of my broken glasses. Because I had broken my glasses, I couldn’t see what was happening. 12) 我更喜欢住在乡村，因为那里空气污染不太严重。

I prefer to live in the country in that the air pollution there is less serious. 1. 名词从句

2) 不用说，我们现在已不是生活在传统社会。

It goes without saying that we are not living in a traditional society. 3) 你是否把所有的钱都从银行里取出来由你自己决定。

It’s up to you whether you will withdraw all your money form the bank. 4) 他们是怎样按计划完成这项工程的仍然是个谜。

How they had completed the construction in time / as planned remained / is still a mystery. 5) 他能否按时到达，现在还不得而知。

It is not yet known／It is hard to say whether／if he will arrive／come on time. 6) 人们认为饭后散步有助消化。

It is believed that taking a walk after meals promotes digestion / is good to your stomach. 7) 他说的和事实完全相反。

What he said was totally opposed to the facts.

8) 科学家正在研究为什么白日梦(daydreaming)会有益于人们的健康。 Scientists are studying why daydreaming is beneficial/conducive to people's health. 9) 他的肤色和他是否是个好教授没有关系。

The color of his skin is irrelevant to whether he is a good professor or not. 10) 那位生物学家相信某些动物物种正受到灭绝的威胁。

The biologist is convinced / believes that some animal species are faced with the danger of extinction. 11) 我不知道他是否能够提供有力的证据。 I wonder if he can provide positive proof.

12) 爱因斯坦声称物质和能量是可以相互转化的，因此没有绝对的时间和空间。

Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so there is no absolute time and space/so time and space are not absolute.

13) 最新的研究成果表明，白日做梦是日常生活的一部分。 Recent research indicates that daydreaming is part of daily life. 14）你所说的和我们正在讨论的豪不相干。

What you said has nothing to do/has no relevance with what we are discussing. 2. 定语从句

1) 一个具有文学艺术欣赏力的人能胜任这项工作.

A person who appreciates / A person with appreciation of art and literature is qualified for the job. 2) 处理这项事务的部门没有做统计。

The government department that deals with this does not keep statistics. 3) 短缺并未严重到你报道的那种程度。

The shortage do not exist to the extent that you report. 3. 比较级和最高级

1) 快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。

The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize. 2) 一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，其人口便越老龄化。

The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is. 3) 近年来，计算机在各个领域的使用越来越广泛。

In recent years, the computer is finding wider and wider application in all fields. 4) 时间是世界上最容易浪费也是最难以把握的东西。

Time is the easiest thing in the world to waste and the most difficult thing to control. 5）男人的平均身高比女人高几英寸。

On the average, men are higher than women by several inches/several inches higher than women. 6）这次测试比我们预想的要难得多。

The test was much more difficult than we had expected. 4. 动词

1) 众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人可能使用的方式也不相同。

It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. 2) 据说那个病人曾要求医生助他一死。

The patient is said to have asked the doctor to help him die. 3) 几年前被认为不可能实施的手术现在医院都能做。

Operations that were considered impossible a few years ago can now be performed in many hospitals. 4) 绝大多数医学上的重大进步都是建立在动物研究基础上的。 Most of the major medical advances are based on animal research. 5) 演唱者是由他的学生担任钢琴伴奏的。 The singer was accompanied on the piano by his pupil. 6) 我们匆匆忙忙地赶回学校，生怕天会下雨。 We hurried back to school lest it should rain. 7) 三年前她曾在伦敦一家茶厂工作，工资很低。

Three years age she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in London. 8) 将来还会有脑力劳动和体力劳动的区别吗？

Will there be any difference between the mental and the manual labor in the future? 9) 已着手对这个案子进行细致、全面的调查。

The police have taken a detailed and comprehensive investigation into the case. 10) 人们对于如何达到这个目标有不同的看法。

People have different ideas／views about how to attain the goal． 11) 现在的问题不是读什么书而是怎样读书。 The problem now is not what to read，but how to read. 5. 强调句

那时在大学生中流行的正是民间音乐。

At that time it was folk music that was popular among college students. 6. 词汇和短语

1) 这和其说取决于候选人的个人特点不如说取决于外部因素。

This depends on external factors rather than on a candidate's personal characteristics 2) 机器人将要在哪些领域替代人的工作呢？ In what fields will robots take over human tasks? 3) 在表达自己的意见时，我们应该力求客观。 .

In expressing our opinions, we should try to be as objective as possible.

4) 从某种程度上来说，她的失败是由于运气不好。 To some degree, she owed her failure to bad luck. 5) 图书管理员要求学生读完杂志后放回原处。

The librarian asked the students to replace the magazines after reading. 6) 他对妻子要离开他的威胁没有在意。 He took no notice of his wife’s threat to leave him. 7) 这个由10人组成的委员会一致支持这一决定。

The panel / committee / board consisting of /（which was）composed of/（which was）made up of/which consisted of/ten/10 member supported the decision with one voice / all supported the decision. 8) 科学家们将不得不提出增加世界粮食供应的新办法。

Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world’s food supply. 9) 企业必须对市场需求敏感。

Enterprises must be sensitive to the demand of the market． 10) 高薪和福利都不能取悦工人们。

Neither the benefits nor the high pay appeals to / pleases the workers. Neither the high pay nor the benefits appeal to / please the workers.

11) 每个人都可以培养自己的兴趣。

Everybody can cultivate / take to his (own) interests. 12) 除了英语,他们还得学一门第二外语.

In addition to / Besides English, they have to learn a second foreign language. 13) 二十世纪六十年代美国民间音乐除表现爱情和希望外，还表现反战情绪。

The American folk music in the 1960’s expressed anti-war sentiments as well as love and hope. 14) 所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来为实践服务。 All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice. 15) 候选人都尽力突出表现一种强有力的领导的形象。 Candidates try to project a strong leadership image. 16) 这家航空公司经营五条主干线和二十条支线。 This air line operates five main lines and twenty branch lines. 17) 这次测试不及格人数多得惊人。

The number of failures in the examination is surprisingly large. 18) 人们对于如何达到这个目标有不同的看法。

People have different ideas／views about how to attain the goal． 19) 这个小伙子偷偷把一块表塞进口袋，没让老师看到。

This young man slipped a watch into his pocket without the teacher's knowing it/being noticed by the teacher. 20）教育应该使每个学生德、智、体全面发展。

Education should enable every student to develop morally, intellectually and physically. 21）这本书对读者产生了很大影响。

The book has made a great impact/had a great effect/influence on its readers. 汉译英练习 一

1.我更喜欢乡村，因为它更接近自然。 2.学习成绩提高了。

3.颐和园是北京参观人数最多的公园。 4.高血压是心脏病突发的另一个危险因素。 5.如果没有你帮助他，他本会失败的。 二

6.任何种类的运动都对心脏有益，只要它能使心跳加快。 7. 在过去这会被看作是不可能的。

8.这学期结束之后我应该能抽时间读这本小说。 9. 到现在为止，他只完成了工作的一半。 10.我们换了一个讨论题目。 三

11.取得环境保护和工业化之间的平衡是很困难的。

12. 为了使我们的环境免遭毁灭，是整个社会都开始行动的时候了。 13. 考虑到他的年龄很小，我认为他的表现是杰出的。

14. 当思想高度集中的时候，注意中心转移的时间短而且不太频繁。 15.流利掌握英语是她所拥有的最可贵的长处。 四

16. 如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中走了。 17. 冷静耐心地处理这个微妙的问题是明智的。 18.老师在课堂上对他的指责使他丧失了尊严。 19. 她的脸上闪耀出胜利的微笑。 20. 要夺奖的思想激励着我前进。 五

21.他决定亲自出席这次会议。 22. 他们对于这条消息感到难以置信。 23.这场事故完全是一场灾难

24.困难可以磨练出一个人最优秀的品质。 25.这是一条不合理的法律，应该立即被废除。 六

26.你不必再去多想判断上的那些失误。重要的是尽量避免再犯。 27.他很傲慢，总是认为自己比谁都高明。 28.请不要打断我们的谈话。

29.我找到了解决问题的答案之后会向委员会提交一份报告。 30.我被他们互相矛盾的意见搞糊涂了，不知任何去做才是。 七

31.老想着它也无济于事。

32.当一家电脑公司减价时，其它的公司将很快效仿。 33.他对他的家恋恋不舍。

34.我们这一伙人由教师、学生及学生家长组成。 35. 它显示了灿烂的中国古代文化。 八

36. 秘书把我的申请压了一个月。

37. 爱迪生失败了几千次才成功地制造了电灯。 38.他常常不辞劳苦自己修理自行车。 39. 什么造成了他对工作缺乏兴趣？ 40. 公共汽车猛撞在一棵树上。 九

41. 只管你自己的事。

42. 他们的设计以竞争对手的产品为模型，因而有被指控侵犯专利权的危险。 43. 但愿我有更多的时间考虑它。

44. 我得到的结论是：接受他的建议是不明智的。

45. 我相信比较高级的动物是由比较低级的动物进化而来的这一学说。

十

46. 科学家们将必须提出增加世界粮食供应的新方法。 47. 身患绝症者如不互相分担痛苦，一定会感到生活不堪重负。 48. 在他的作文里除了几个拼写错误的词外，没有别的错误。 49. 体育代表团团长在少先队员向他献上一束鲜花时愉快地笑了。 50. 我们追踪那间谍到其住所并逮捕了他。 十一

51. 每个人一辈子都会碰到考验人的时刻。 52.许多旧家具将不得不被舍弃. 53. 别放开手柄。

. 这学期我们都学习得不错，我真不明白为什么我们的英语老师单单表扬了班长一个人。 55. 吉姆的朋友说，他们那个城市的噪音污染十分严重，但是他们只好忍着。 十二

56. 可能他已经听到这个消息。

57.在这种情况下，妇女退出这类工作的概率要比男三倍。 58. 所以这些意味着对世界的一种新看法。

59. 他致力于研究工作的精神给我留下了很深印象，但我对他那些深奥的理论丝毫不感兴趣。 60. 冬天，哪个女孩起早床很困难。 十三

61. 只要你不断努力，你迟早会解决这个难题的。 62.当火车到的时候,成群的人涌向月台. 63. 不要过分高兴。 . 水由氢和氧组成。

65. 这是现存的最古老的建筑之一。 十四

66. 我们预料我们的计划会受到抵制。 67.打个电话算了,省得你自己跑一趟。

68. 他对我们所说的在很大程度上是一种幻觉而不是真实的东西。 69. 不要浪费任何东西，但最重要的是不要浪费时间。 70. 过了一会儿，他突然苏醒了。 十五

71. 迈克起初认为，凭他的知识、技术和经验，一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。 72. 我国的经济仍然落后。

73.过几分钟的思索之后，这位业余小提琴家开始演奏一个中国小提琴协奏曲。 74. 他披上大衣，怕着凉。 75. 他总是尽力帮助别人。 英语2汉译英练习参 一

1.[答案] I like the country better in that it is closer to nature.

[分析]本题考查in that的用法。 in that 是一个复合连接词，译为“在于”，“在… 方面”，“原因是… 。” 2.[答案]Grades pick up.

[分析] 本题考查pick up的用法。Pick up 意为 “提高”，“加快”。 3. [答案] The Summer Palace is the most visited of all parks in Beijing.

[分析] 本题考查the Summer Palace和 the most visited的用法。the Summer Palace为“ 颐和园” ; the most visited为 “ 参观人数最多的” 。

4.[答案]High blood pressure is another risk factor in heart attacks.

[分析] 本题考查high blood pressure和 risk factor的用法。high blood pressure为“高血压”; risk factor为“危险因素”。

5.[答案]But that you helped him, he would have failed.

[分析] 本题考查but that的用法。But that意为 “假使不… ”, “ 要不是” 。 But that从句用陈述语气，主句用虚拟语气。 二

6.[答案]Any kind of exercise will do good to the heart, provided that it quickens heart beat. [分析] 本题考查provided的用法。Provided可以引导条件句，表示“只要…… ” 7.[答案] That would have been considered impossible in the past.

[分析] 本题考查虚拟语气的用法。Would have done意为 “本来会…… ”。 8.[答案] When this semester is over, I should be able to get around to reading this novel. [分析] 本题考查词组get around to的用法。Get around to意为“抽时间做（在考虑）…” 。 9. [答案] To date he has done half the work. [分析] to date意思是“到目前为止”。

10.[答案] We switched the discussion to another topic.

[分析]本题考查单词switch的用法。Switch可表示“改变（话题，思路等）”的意思。 三

11.[答案] It is difficult to have a tradeoff between environmental protection and industrialization. [分析] 本题考查tradeoff的用法。tradeoff意为“平衡、交易”.

12. [答案] It is time the whole society began to take action to save our environment from destruction. [分析] 本题考查短语save… from… 的用法。save… from… 意为“使…… 免于… ..”。 13. [答案] Given his young age, I think his performance is remarkable.

[分析] 本题考查句型given that...的用法。Given that… 意为“考虑到…… ”。

14. 答案] In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent. [分析] 本题考查汉英翻译的方法。本题中是动词“转移”转化为名词shift。 15.[答案] An excellent command of English is the biggest asset she possesses. [分析] 本题考查短语asset的用法。asset意为“优点、资产”.。 四

16.[答案] If we had set out earlier，we wouldn’ t be walking in the rain.

[分析] 本题考查虚拟语气的用法。本题是错综时间条件句虚拟语气，从句表示过去发生的行为或动作，主句表示现在发生的行为或动作。

17. [答案] It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.

[分析] 本题考查calmness and patience的用法。calmness and patience意为“冷静和耐心” 。 18.[答案] The teacher’ s open criticism of him in class deprived him of his dignity. [分析] 本题考查deprive… of… 的用法。deprive… of… 意为“夺去, 剥夺; 使丧失”。 19. [答案]A smile of triumph lit up her face.

[分析] 本题考查light up的用法。Light up指人脸的时候意为“照亮, 变亮, 发光” 。 20. [答案] The thought of the prize spurred me on.

[分析] 本题考查spur on的用法。本题中是spur on 意为“鞭策..., 激励..., 疾驰”。 五

21.[答案] He decided to attend the conference in person.

[分析] 本题考查 attend和 in person的用法。attend意为“出席、参加” ; in person意为“亲自、亲身” 。 22. [答案] They could not bring themselves to believe the news.

[分析] 本题考查bring… to的用法。Bring… to 意为“引导(促使)… 去做…” 。 23.[答案] The accident was nothing short of disaster.

[分析] 本题考查(nothing) short of的用法。(nothing) short of意为“（完全）不亚于”。 24.[答案] Difficulties can bring out a person’ s best qualities.

[分析] 本题考查bring… out的用法。Bring… out意为“使… 产生; 使… 显现” 。 25.[答案] This is a bad law and should be done away with at once.

[分析] 本题考查 do away with的用法。Do away with意为“取消、去除” 。

六

26.[答案] You needn’ t dwell on your mistakes in judgment any more. What is important is to try your best to avoid repeating them. [分析] 本题考查dwell on的用法。Dwell on意为“细思；详述；详评” 。 27.[答案] He is so proud that he always consider himself superior to everyone else.

[分析] 本题考查 superior的用法。Superior总是to和连用，意为“优于… , 比… .优越” 。 28.[答案] Please don’ t break in on our conversation.

[分析] 本题考查break in(up) on的用法。break in(up) on意为“闯入，打扰，打断” 。 29.[答案] After I work out a solution to the problem， I’ ll submit a report to the committee.

[分析] 本题考查work out和 submit的用法。work out意为“设计出, 作出, 计算出”；submit意为“提交, 递交”。 30.[答案] I am bewildered by their contradictory opinions and do not know how to do it. [分析] 本题考查bewilder的用法。bewilder意为“使为难; 把...弄糊涂; 使手足无措”。 七

31.[答案] Dwelling on it was not going to be helpful.

[分析] 本题考查dwell on的用法。Dwell on意为“细想、详述；详评” 。

32.[答案] When a computer company reduces its prices, all the rest will soon follow suit. [分析] 本题考查follow suit短语的用法。Follow suit 意为“效仿”。 33.[答案]He was strongly attached to his home.

[分析] 本题考查attach的用法。Attach意为“加上、附上；依恋、喜欢”。 34.[答案] Our party was composed of teachers, pupils and their parents. [分析] 本题考查be composed of的用法。be composed of意为“由...组成” 。 35. [答案] It demonstrated the brilliance of the ancient Chinese culture.

[分析] 本题考查汉英翻译的方法。本题中是形容词“灿烂的”转化为名词brilliance。 八

36. [答案] The secretary sat on my application for a month. [分析] 本题考查sit on的用法。Sat on意为“忽略，忽视” 。

37. [答案] Edison failed thousands of times before he succeeded in producing the first electric lamp. [分析] 本题考查汉英翻译的方法。本题中是副词“成功地”转化为动词succeed。 38.[答案]He often goes in to all the trouble of fixing his bike.

[分析] 本题考查短语go to all the trouble doing sth.的用法。go to all the trouble doing sth. 意为“不辞劳苦” 。 39. [答案] What underlies his lack of interest in work?

[分析] 本题考查underlie的用法。Underlie意为“成为…根据、作为…的支撑或基础；成为…的原因”。 40. [答案] The bus crashed into a tree.

[分析] 本题考查crash的用法。Crash意为“猛撞, 坠毁、砰地摔碎” 。 九

41. [答案] Mind your own concerns.

[分析] 本题考查concern的用法。本题中concern 意为“有关… 的事;事物”。

42. [答案] Their design models after their competitor’ s product and therefore they run the risk of being accused of infringing product patents.

[分析] 本题考查model after和 run the risk of 的用法。model after意为“模仿… 、以… 为模式”；run the risk of意为“冒… 的风险”。

43. [答案] If only I had more time to think about it.

[分析] 本题考查if only的用法。If only意为“但愿、要是… 就好了”。If only引出的句子中,过去式动词表示一种意愿或假设。

44. [答案] I have come to the conclusion that it would be unwise to accept his proposal. [分析] 本题考查come to the conclusion的用法。come to the conclusion意为“得出结论” 。 45. [答案] I believe in the theory that the more complicated animals developed from the simpler ones.

[分析] 本题考查complicated animals, the simple ones.的用法。高级动物和低级动物在英语中分别用complicated animals和 simple animals来表示。 十

46 . [答案] Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the world’ s food supply. [分析] 本题考查come up with的用法。come up with意为“提出, 提供, 想出（计划、回答）”。

47. [答案] people with incurable diseases should share each other’ s pains; otherwise, they are bound to find life intolerable. [分析] 本题考查be bound to的用法。Be bound to意为“一定、必定,”。 48. [答案] In his composition there were no other errors than a few misspelled words.

[分析] 本题考查no other… than… 的用法。no other… than… 意为“除… 之外没有别的… ;不是别的,正是…” 。

49. [答案] When being presented with a bunch of flowers by a young pioneer, the head of the sports delegation was beaming with pleasure.

[分析] 本题考查a bunch of 和beam的用法。a bunch of意为“一束”；beam意为“容光焕发；开颜”。 50. [答案]We tracked down the spy to his quarters and arrested him.

[分析] 本题考查tracked down的用法。tracked down意为“追踪,尾随,搜索捕获” 。 十一

51. [答案] Everyone may encounter trying moments in his lifetime.

[分析] 本题考查trying moments的用法。trying moments意为“考验人的时刻” 。 52.[答案] Much of the old furniture will have to be left behind. [分析] 本题考查leave behind的用法。Leave behind意为“使免去”。 53. [答案] Don’ t let go of the handle.

[分析] 本题考查let go of的用法。Let go of意为“放开、放手，对… 置之不理”。

. [答案] This term all of us have made achievements in our studies. I really do not understand why our English teacher should single out the monitor for praises.

[分析] 本题考查single out的用法。single out意为“挑选”。

55. [答案] Jim’ s friends said that noise pollution in their city was terrible, but they had to live with it. [分析] 本题考查live with的用法。Live with意为“忍受（不愉快的事）”。 十二

56. [答案] Chances are that he has already heard the news.

[分析] 本题考查chances are… 的用法。chances are… 意为“很可能…” 。

57.[答案] In such cases, the probability that women quit the job is three times larger than the probability that men do. [分析] 本题考查case 和probability的用法。In such cases意为“在这种情况下”；probability意为“可能性”。 58. [答案] All this adds up to a new concept of the world.

[分析] 本题考查add up to的用法。Add up to意为“（总起来就）意味着… ，加起来的总和是… ”。 59. [答案] His devotion to research impresses me deeply, but I am not interested at all in his difficult theories. [分析] 本题考查devotion和impress的用法。devotion意为“.热爱, 投入”; impress意为“留下印象”。 60. [答案]That girl has a lot of trouble getting up early in winter.

[分析] 本题考查have trouble (in) doing sth.的用法。have trouble (in) doing sth.意为“做某事有困难”。 十三

61.[答案] If you keep on trying, you will be able to resolve the difficult problem sooner or later. [分析] 本题考查keep on doing sth.的用法。Keep on doing sth.意为“持续、不断做某事” 。 62.[答案] When the train came, people poured into the platform in throngs.

[分析] 本题考查throng和pour into的用法。In throngs意为“成群的”；pour into意为“涌入、涌进”。 63．[答案] Don’ t carry your joy to excess.

[分析] 本题考查to excess的用法。To excess意为“过分、过度、过量”。 . [答案] Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

[分析] 本题考查consist of的用法。Consist of 意为“由… 组成, 由..构成”。 65. [答案] This is one of the oldest buildings in existence.

[分析] 本题考查 in existence的用法。in existence意为“现在的, 现存的” 。 十四

66. [答案] We anticipate that our plan will encounter resistance.

[分析] 本题考查anticipate和resistance的用法。anticipate意为“预期、期望”；resistance意为“抵制、反抗”。 67.[答案] Use the telephone, spare yourself a visit. [分析]

68. [答案] What he told us was more of an illusion than a reality.

[分析] 本题考查more of的用法。More of意为“更大程度上；更多地是… ”。 69. [答案] Never waste anything, but above all, never waste time.

[分析] 本题考查 above all的用法。Above all意为“首先, 最重要的是” 。 70. [答案]After a few moments, he suddenly came to.

[分析] 本题考查come to的用法。come to意为“恢复知觉, 苏醒” 。 十五

71.[答案] At first, Mike thought that with his knowledge, skill and experience he was bound to find a satisfactory job. [分析] 本题考查be bound to的用法。Be bound to意为“一定、必定”。 72. [答案] Our country is still backward economically.

[分析] 本题考查汉英翻译的方法。本题中是名词“经济”转化为副词economically。

73.[答案] After a few minutes of reflection, the amateur violinist began to play a Chinese violin concerto. [分析] 本题考查reflection和amateur的用法。reflection 意为“思考、思索”；amateur意为“业余的”。 74. [答案]He put his overcoat over him for fear that he should catch cold. [分析] 本题考查的用法。for fear that意为“惟恐、免得；以防万一”。 75. [答案]He always goes out of his way to help others.

[分析] 本题考查go out of one’ s way to do sth.的用法。go out of one’ s way to do sth.意为“竭尽全力做某事，特地” 。 VI.英译汉(Translation from English Into Chinese)

一、题解

英译汉题是一篇短文，要求将其译成正确、通顺的汉语。从最近的几次测试来看，短文的长度，英语(一)平均为120多个词，其难度英语(一)相当于教材后半部分课文。一般认为在七个考题中，本题得分要相对容易一些。所以考生一定要留出足够的时间认真做好此题。

本题主要考查考生的英语阅读理解能力以及正确的汉语表达能力。 一、翻译的考点。 1、句法类考点

1）、定语从句 2）、名词性从句 3）、状语从句 4）、被动语态 2、词法类考点

1）、分词 2）、代词 3）、固定词和短语的翻译 二、翻译最基本的五种翻译技巧

1、分拆：把原句化整为零，按意群切分。 2、倒置：按中文顺序颠倒原文的意群。

3、重组：脱离原文的句子结构，重新组织译文。 4、增词法和减词法：根据需要来增减词。

5、词类转译：某些词的词性会产生变换，比如将英文中的介词转译成动词。 三、技巧和考点的关系：技巧围着考点转 四、翻译的程序

1、划动词，定主谓，明确各分句。 2、缕关系，定词义，按意群翻译。

3、按逻辑调整语序（意群内部的语序），写中文达 4、重组合，删多余，核对和检查。 五、翻译的时间

翻译的时间在正式的测试中不要超过25分钟。 在有限的时间里要注意文章的第一句话。

当待翻译的原文中出现指示代词的时候，要看这一句的前一句或几句话。

二、应试技巧

1．准确理解

1)了解英汉表达手段的重大差别

A)英语习惯用被动语态，而汉语习惯用主动语态。汉语句子时常没有主语，而英语句子除了个别特殊情况(如祈使句、感叹句)以外，不能没有主语。所以，在翻译时，－定要把握英汉两种语言的不同表达习惯，既要忠实于原文，又要符合汉语的表达习惯。

例如：Something must be done to protect our environment from further pollution．(必须采取措施，使我们的环境免受进一步的污染。)

B)英语习惯用从句(长句)，而汉语习惯用单句(短句)。在测试中要善于运用分译法，用汉语的短句来表达英语长句的内容。

例如：A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping--on-a--chair-at-the --sight-of -a-mouse era and a major who says that they haven't．(席间，一位年轻的女士和一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻女士认为，妇女己大有进步，不象过去那样一见到耗子就吓得跳到椅子上去。少校则不以为然。)

C)英语习惯用名词表示行为动作，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He paid a visit to an exhibition of advanced science and technology on Sunday．(星期天他参观了一个高科技展览。) D)表达时间、空间时，英语习惯先小后大，汉语则往往相反。

例如：He was born in an out -of- way mountain village in South China at 2 a ．m ．on May6，1968，(他于1968年五月六日凌晨两点出生于中国南部一个偏僻的小山村里。)

2)通过语境吃透全文

词语的理解离不开上下文，这是我们在翻译中必须时刻牢记的一条。

英语中一词一义的情况极为罕见，只有通过上下文才能了解单词的确切的含义。在翻译中，要特别注意以下三个问题： A)认真把握多义词在语境中的特定含义

例如：What you said sound reasonable．(你的话听起来有道理。) His father gave him a sound beating一(他爸爸痛打他一顿。) B)注意习惯用语的理解

英语历史悠久，拥有极为丰富的习语，对习语的掌握程度往往决定一个学习者的真实语言水平。因而，测试经常涉及这方面的内容。，例如：

I know this fellow from A to Z．(这家伙我非常了解。) C)确定代词在上下文中的指代关系

代词的理解更是离不开一定的语境。代词、代名词或者代动词在句中指代的是什么只有在特定的语境中才能确定。对于代词的考查是英译汉常考之内容。在翻译中，有时代词只是照字面译为“这、那”是远远不够的，须将起代替的部分加以重述。

We have 365 days in a year．(一年有365天。)

A big nation had its problems，a small nation has its advantages．(大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的有利条件。) 2．翻译技巧 1)词类的转译

名词、动词、形容词往往根据需要转译为其他词类。例如： My admiration for him grew more. (我对他越来越敬佩。)(n.- v.) He acted as if he were a teacher. (他的举止像个教师。)(v.- n．)

Man differs from animals in that he is able to speak．(人类和动物的区别在于他会讲话。)(v．--> n．) The new treaty would be good for ten years．(新条约有效期为十年。)( adj- n．)

Afraid of dogs，the little girl kept away from it，watching(由于害怕狗，那个小姑娘离得远远地张望。)(adj.- v) 2)词的增补

在翻译过程中，经常遇到这种情况：英文原文中某些词语，无法用一般字典中相对应的汉语释义表达出来。翻译时考生应根据原文的意思，活用字典，用地道的汉语表达出来。有时要根据英语动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分，有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。例如：

They are working on my bike．(他们正在修理我的自行车。)

He remained though he was badly ill．(虽然病得很重，但是他还是留了下来。)We found him at his book in the library．(我们发现他在图书馆看书。)

3)定语从句的翻译 定语从句就是起定语作用的从句。代词主要有which, that, who, where等等。

英语和汉语的定语都有前置、后置之分。但不同的是：英语以定语后置为主：汉语则以前置为主，极少用后置。所以在翻译过程中，后置定语的翻译是一大难题，尤其是定语从句的翻译。通常有两种译法：一是译作前置定语；一是采用分译法。(定语从句的译法有三种：前置定语，成句，译成状语从句。)

定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两大类。通常在翻译时，限定性定语从句就是把定语前置；非限定性定语从句通常要成句。

定语从句表示原因，结果，转折等等状语关系的意思，翻译时要把这种关系表达出来。

定语从句在翻译时由于信息量复杂，通常都是把定语从句从原句中出来，译成一个具有表达能力的叙述结构。 性定语从句一般可按前置修饰语译作“...的”。

例如；This is the reason why an airplane sometimes must taxi a long way before taking off．(这就是为什么飞机在起飞之前有时必须滑行一段长路的原因。)

非性定语从句大多在句中起补充说明的作用，翻译时不改变其语序，而是根据其作用区别处理，有时通过重复先行词将定语从句译为并列句或句，有时加上连接词语，译为转折、目的、结果、原因、让步、条件、时间等状语从句。

例如：In Southern France a solar furnace has been built，where temperature reach more than3,000 centigrade(在法国南部己经建造了一座太阳炉，炉温高达摄氏3000度以上。)

Copper，which is used so widely for carrying electricity，offers very little resistance．(铜的电阻很小，所以非常广泛地用来输电。)

3．做题步骤

考生要遵循三个基本要求，即“忠买、通顺、易懂”。译文要力求忠实原文，能直译则直译，也就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译：不便于直译的英语句子在处理时，要力求在忠实于原文的基础上做到通顺、易懂，避免十足的“英语调”。英译汉做题的步骤应该是：

1)了解段落大意

通过把握主题段或主题句快速了解短文的主题思想，这对于理解和翻译短文是相当重要的。有的考生往往是拿到试卷就开始翻译，“只见树木不见森林”，等译不下去了再回读，那样做既费时间又影响情绪。

2)理解和表达

这是英译汉应试中的实质性阶段。鉴于试题具有一定的难度，尤其是长句的翻译，要在准确理解的基础上，按照汉语的表达习惯，用地道的汉语表达出来。

3)校改

校改是一个不可或缺的环节。测试过程中，考生不能像平时那样从容不迫，初译时往往侧重于理解，容易忽视译文的连贯性，从而译出英语式的汉语句子。所以，译完后要回过来看一看译文是否通顺连贯。还有一个不可忽略的问题是书写，一份整洁的答卷会取悦于判卷老师，也等于成功了一半。

总之，高自考的测试是有一定的难度，但决不是高不可攀、毫无成功的希望。只要我们平时认真学习、认真完成各项作业和训练，及时复习、掌握，再加上本文的提示，期末进行系统的复习，大家是能取得好成绩的。

先看懂全文大意，再用比较通顺的汉语翻译，不必拘泥于原来英文句内的顺序，在不损害原意的基础上适当地增词和减词。 例3：

I’ve spent years studying happiness, and one of the most significant conclusions I’ve drawn is this: there is little correlation between the circumstances of people’s lives and how happy they are. A moment’s reflection should make this obvious. We all know people who have had a relatively easy life yet are essentially unhappy. And we know people who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy.

The first secret is gratitude. All happy people are grateful. Ungrateful people cannot be happy. We tend to think that being unhappy leads people to complain, but it’s truer to say that complaining leads people to unhappiness. The second secret is realizing that happiness is a byproduct of something else. The most obvious sources are those pursuits that give our lives purposes—anything from studying insects to playing baseball. The more passions we have, the more happiness we’re likely to experience.

我花了几年的时间来研究快乐，我得出的一个最重要的结论是：人们的生活状况和他们有多快乐没有多少相关性。片刻的思考就会把这点弄明白。我们都认识一些生活相对轻松但根本不快乐的人，我们也认识一些吃了很多苦但仍能总的保持快乐的人。

第一个秘诀就是感激。所有快乐的人都心怀感激，没有感激心情的人不可能快乐。我们往往认为不快乐使得人们抱怨，但是更准确地说应该是抱怨导致人们不快乐。第二个秘诀是认识到快乐是其他事物的副产品。快乐最显而易见的来源是那些使得我们的生活具有目的性的活动——从研究昆虫到打棒球。我们越有激情，我们就越可能体验快乐。 英译汉练习 一

1、Perhaps the greatest difference between the old and new readers is their level of difficulty. The older readers were considerably more challenging and demanding than the new. Although current readers have gotten more difficult in the past few years, they still are easier than those used 100 years ago. Recent research on the readability of texts and the level of difficulty that is optimal for learning to read has found that books published within the past 50 years have tended to be too easy for the average student. The research also indicates that more challenging books those that are on or somewhat above the student's level lead to better reading achievement.

二

2、In the United States, the rate of divorce has more than doubled since 1960. At current rates, we can expect about half of all marriages to end in divorce. The increase in the divorce rate was particularly steep in the 1960s and 1970s.

The escalated divorce rate is a source not only of single parenting but also of several other family forms more common now. Remarriage introduces stepparents into children's lives and creates the possibility of having several families. Of children whose parents divorce and remarry, half will experience a second disruption to family life before reaching 16. 三

3、The key plank of strategy which emerged from this meeting was the Allies' determination that Japan, Germany and Italy would have to agree to an “ unconditional surrender ” for the Allies to end the war. There were to be no half-measures, no surrender on one or two fronts so that the war could continue elsewhere. It meant that Britain and the United States would not allow Japan, Germany and Italy to bargain over peace conditions, and that the Allies would continue to fight everywhere until they had achieved total military victory. 四

4、Man's youth is a wonderful thing: it is so full of anguish and of magic and he never comes to know it as it is, until it has gone from him forever. It is the thing he cannot bear to lose, it is the thing whose passing he watches with infinite sorrow and regret, it is the thing whose loss he must lament forever, and it is the thing whose loss he really welcomes with a sad and secret joy, the thing he would never willingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic. 五

5、London became the first city since ancient Rome to reach a million people. This happened in 1800. It took a further 130 years for London's population to grow to 8 million. But it has taken Mexico City only 50 years to grow from 1million to 15 million, while Bombay has gone from 5 to nearly 15 million in less than a quarter of a century, and will exceed 27 million in another 30 years. In 1800, only 50 million people lived in towns and cities worldwide. By 1975 there were 1.5 billion, by the millennium this will have doubled to 3 billion, which means that there will be more people living in urban areas that made up the entire population of the Earth in 1960. 六

6、A group develops a plan for subdividing the site of their future city into land parcels, using hills, streams, and other features as natural boundaries. Areas are marked off for housing, industry and open space, and the parcels are distributed to all the students. Then the children try out different forms of government monarchy, dictatorship, democracy in order to choose one for the planning phase of the city. They elect a ruler who appoints a planning commission to make the final design decisions for each building in the future city. 七

7、When memory began for me, my grandfather was past sixty a great tall man with thick hair becoming gray. He had black eyes and a straight nose with a flattened tip. Once he explained seriously to me that he got that flattened tip as a small child when he fell down and stepped on his nose. The little marks of laughter at the corners of his eyes were the product of a kindly and humorous nature. The years of work which had bent his shoulders had never dulled his humor not love of a joke. 八

8、The signature was not at all clear, for my father could hardly write. When he saw his own poor handwriting that showed his ignorance and helplessness, something seemed to break in him. “ God damn you! So we're to work to buy silk dresses for your wife and send your four kids to high school! I've got a wife and four kids. Look at my wife. She's thirty and she looks fifty. Think of it, man! And you came and showed me a piece of paper. I trusted your word. I didn't know you were a thief, stealing bread out of the mouths of women and children! ” He reached out and put his hands around Mr. Turner's neck, shaking him as a cat shakes a rat. The little man was screaming: “ I'll have you arrested if you don't let me go! ” 九

9、There are many people who believe that they must have a certain type of education and get a certain kind of job. Although these people may continue with the direct attack, a careful study of the facts might show that they should change their goal or their method of achieving that goal. Sometimes a family puts pressure on a child to enter a particular profession when his abilities are such that he would be happier and more successful in some other kind of work.

十

10、Criticism is judgment. A critic is a judge. A judge must study and think about the material presented to him, accept it, correct it or reject it after thinking over what he has read, watched or heard.

Another word for criticism is appreciation. When I criticize or appreciate some object or another, I look for its good points and its bad points. In reading any printed or written matter, I always have a pencil in hand and put any comments in the book or on a separate piece of paper. In other words, I always talk back to the writer. 十一

11、When we say that Cambridge is a university town se do not mean just that it is a university in it. Manchester and Milan have universities, but we do not call them university towns. A university town is one where is no clear separation between the university buildings and the rest of the city. The university is not just one part of the town; it is all over the town, The heart of Cambridge has its shops, market place and so on, but most of it is university-colleges, faculties, libraries, clubs and other places for university staff and students. Students fill the shops, cafes, banks and churches, making these as well part of the university. 十二

12、About 1815, when many Americans from the east had already moved toward the west, transportation routes from the seaports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem。 The slow wagons of that time, usually drawn by horses, were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. In New York State a canal seemed the best answer to the transportation problem. From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land. Here the Erie Canal was built. After several years of work it was completed in 1825. 十三

13、The tools of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily. At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe. Since many people could not read Latin and Greek, books were soon printed in various languages. The printers also began to make the books smaller, so that they could be handled more easily. Furthermore, the printers began to make their books more elaborate, adding pictures and ornamental letters at the beginning of chapters. Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller, finer and more delicate. The letters began to look less like manuscript letters, and eventually, the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well-adapted to the metal of the type. 十四

14、The American Indians are of Asian ancestry. Thousands of years before Columbus came to the New World, they entered North America by crossing a narrow strip of land that once connected Alaska and Siberia. Ancient geological changes raised the level of the oceans covering this natural bridge with water. Today this place is called the Bering Strait. At its narrowest point, the Strait is only 56 miles wide. In ancient times, as today, a crossing there, even by primitive boat, must have been comparatively easy. 十五

15、The beginnings of mancs conquest of space took place in 1958, seven years before Leonov's trip. The first successful launching of “ Sputnik ” demonstrated that it was indeed possible to send objects far enough out of range of earth's gravity so that they would not fall back to earth. Rather, such objects could be forced to revolve about the earth, just as the moon does. However, while the moon is so far from earth that it takes it a month to revolve around the earth, man-made satellites, which are closer to earth, can makes a complete revolution in a few hours. 英语2英译汉练习参 一

1、 [答案]也许新老读本之间最大的区别是难度不同。老读本比新读本更具挑战性，要求也远为严格。虽然过去几年来现行读本难度有所加大，但仍比百年前使用的读本容易。对课文可读性和学习阅读最佳难度的最近研究发现，过去50年中出版的读本对一般学生来说往往过于浅易。这项研究还指出，难度更高的读物，那些相当于或略高于学生实际水平的读物会使阅读更有成效。

[分析]翻译本段时要注意的一点是reader的翻译方法，一般说来reader翻译为“读者”，但也有“读物、读本”的意思。在本段中根据上下文，应翻译为“读本”。另一个语言点是tend to。Tend to“注意；有某种倾向；有…的趋势”的意思。例如：People under stress tend to express their full range of potential. 处于压力下的人容易发挥自己全部的潜力。翻译本段时如遇到一些生词，一定要根据上下文和整段文章的意思来推测。还要使整段翻译通顺，符合汉语习惯。 二

2、

[答案]在美国，离婚率从1960年以来上升了一倍多。按目前的势头，我们可以预期一半左右婚姻将以离婚而告终。在60和70年代，离婚率上升尤为急剧。

逐步上升的离婚率不仅是产生单产的一个根源，也是当前使另外几家家庭形变得更为普遍的一个根源。再婚把继父继母带进孩子的生活中，造成了孩子有几个家庭的可能性。在父母离婚又再婚的孩子中，半数在达到16岁以前都将经历家庭生活的第二次变故。

[分析]这是有关美国离婚率的一段短文。翻译时要注意使整段文章的翻译流畅，兼顾整体和细节。文字more than doubled意为“上升了一倍多”；steep为“陡峭的, 险峻的, 急剧升降的, 不合理的；escalated意为 “使逐步上升”； disruption 为“中断, , 瓦解, 破坏”。 三 3、

[答案]这次会议产生的策略的要点是，同盟国决心使日本、德国和意大利必须答应“无条件投资”，以便让同盟国停止这场战争。绝不会有折衷，绝不接受在一条或两战线上投资而让战争仍在别的地方继续下去。这就意味着英国和美国不会允许日本、德国和意大利在媾和条件上讨价还价，而且同盟国将在各个战场继续作战直至他们获得全面的军事胜利。 [分析] plank意为“（政党的）政纲条目，要点”；emerge为“显现, 浮现, 暴露, 形成, (由某种状态)脱出, (事实)显现出来”，例如：Advanced figures are emerging in multitude in this era of ours.在我们这个时代先进人物正在大量地涌现出来；half-measures意为“折衷”。翻译时要注意用语尽量符合文章的体例，使语言和原文的风格一致。 四 4、

[答案]人的青春是美妙的：它充满着痛苦和奇异的魔力，青年人在当时并不知道什么是青春，只有当它永远地从他身上消失时，他才真正明白。它是这样一种事物：人们难以忍受失去它的戚苦；带着无限的悲伤和悔恨，眼睁睁地看着它流逝；他会为失去它而永感痛惜；同时又暗暗地庆幸它的消失；即使有奇迹出现，把它奉还，他永远也不愿再重温那些岁月。 [分析]本文是对青春的一篇精辟描述。语言比较文学化，句式比较复杂，翻译时要注意。例如：it is so full of anguish and of magic and he never comes to know it as it is中的as是个连词，引导从句表示比较，这句话的意思是“青年人不知道青春的本来面目”。it is … the thing he would never willingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic. 即使有奇迹出现，把它奉还，他永远也不愿再重温那些岁月。这句中could it be restored to him by any magic是虚拟语气,本来的语序是if it could be restored to him by any magic。 五 5、

[答案]伦敦在1800年成为古罗马以来达到100万人口的第一座城市，之后花了130年增大到800万。但墨西哥城从100万增长到1500万仅仅花了50年，而孟买从500万增长到近1500万用了还不到25年，而且再过30年还将超过2700万。 1800年，只有5000万人住在世界的城市中，到1975年达到15亿，到2000年将翻一番达到30亿那意味着住在城市地区的人口超过1960年全球人口的总和。

[分析]本文是关于城市人口的发展史。翻译时要特别注意英语和汉语在数字表达方面的不同之处。英语中有million百万，没有千万，所以一千五百万用15 million来表示；英语中quarter四分之一，所以翻译成汉语时a quarter of a century要翻译为“25年”，这一点要注意。 六 6、

[答案]一个小组提出了一个把未来城市所在地划分成许多地块的计划，用山脉、河流和其他特征作为自然界线。用于住宅区，工业区和空旷地的区域都标出来。并把地块分配给所有的学生。然后这些孩子们使用不同的政权形式君主制、制、民主制以便挑选一种作为这个城市计划中那个时期的政权形式，他们选举了一个统治者，由他任命一个计划委员会，为未来的城市的每一建筑物提出最后的计划方案。

[分析]翻译本文时要把握文中的一些词组的用法。use… as “把… 用作为”… ；

marked off “划分出； 区分；用界线隔开；做记号” 例如：The hedge marks off one yard from another.树篱将两个院子分割开来；try out “试验, 考验”。文中的一些词如monarchy君主制, dictatorship制, democracy民主制也需注意。翻译时要根据上下文的联系，使译文表达清楚，而且符合汉语的习惯。 七

7、

[答案]当我能够记事的时候，我爷爷就已过了花甲之年了他身材高大，一头浓密的头发已渐灰白。黑黑的眼睛，挺直的鼻翼，扁平的鼻尖。一次他曾一本正经地向我解释说小时候摔倒了，脚踩上了鼻子，就成了扁鼻子。他的眼角上流露出微微的笑意，是既亲切而又诙谐，气质的表现。年复一年的工作压弯了他的双肩，却没能使他的幽默及爱开玩笑的性格有所逊色。

[分析]第一句中with thick hair becoming gray一头浓密的头发已渐灰白中的with+名词+现在分词的结构表示伴随的状态。Bent是bend的过去史，意为“弯曲；使弯曲”，例如：She bent (over) to pick up a book from the floor. 她弯腰从地板上捡起一本书。本文是对爷爷的回顾。翻译是应注意作者在文章中所蕴涵的感情，适当地谴词用句。 八 8、

[答案]那签字一点儿也不清楚，因为我爸爸几乎不会写这了。当他看到那亲手写下的蹩脚笔迹只能说明自己的无知和无望时，他好像气炸了肺。“该死的！就这样我们干活是为了给你老婆买绸衣服，为了送你的四个孩子上中学！我也有老婆，也有四个孩子，看看我老婆吧，她不过三十岁，可看上去像五十岁。想一想吧，你！你来了，给我看一张纸，我想信了你的话，我不知道你原来是个贼，是个从别人的老婆孩子嘴偷取面包的贼！”他伸出双手，抓住了特纳先后的脖子，摇晃着，好像是猫摔打老鼠似的。那个小个子男人尖声喊叫着：“如果你不放我走，我会叫人逮捕你的！”

[分析]文章第一句里 for在这里是连词，表示原因“因为, 由于”，例如： He felt no fear, for he was very brave.他很勇敢, 毫不畏惧。for 和 because 在表示“原因”的时候意思基本相同, 一般可以互相代用。Because多用于表示直接原因, 而for可以表示原因又可以用于提出说明, 语气比because轻得多。I didn’ t know you were a thief, stealing bread out of the mouths of women and children!中的现在分词stealing表示伴随。reach out意为“伸手拿（抓）; 伸向前; 追求; 伸出援助之手”，例如：He reached out to help him out of the river. 伸出手去帮助他从河里上来。文章中有许多现在分词，要注意这些翻译，另外本文里口语体的句子也要翻译出其语气来。 九 9、

[答案]有许多人认为他们一定得受某种教育，从事某种工作。虽然这些人继续用正面解决的方法，但是对事实进行慎密的研究就会说明他们应该改变目标或是改变实现理想的方法。有时家里人给孩子施加压力，叫他去从事一个特别的职业，而他的能力却是这样如放在别的工作上，他会更愉快，而且会更有成就。

[分析] attack为“进攻；攻击；抨击；批评”，但这里根据句意把direct attack译成“正面解决的方法，非常适当”；achieving the goal为“实现目标”；his abilities are such that… 中such为“如此的具有指出的程度或性质的”，例如：Their anxiety was such that they could not sleep.他们如此焦虑，难以入睡。文中的句子都比较长，所以翻译时要把语意理顺，使语句的意思连贯、自然。 十 10、

[答案] 批评即是裁决。批评家即是审判员。他必须对所提供的材料进行研究思考，通过对所读，所看及所听到的东西思索之后，作出肯定，修改或是予以回绝的决定。

批评的另一方面是鉴赏。在对这方面或那方面的对象进行评论或鉴赏时，我总要找出它的优缺点。在阅读任何印刷或手写的资料时，我总是手握铅笔，在书上或单页纸上写下我的评论。也就是说，我总要向作者表达我的想法。

[分析]本段文章第一段有几个动词连用：study，think，accept，correct，reject。翻译时要这个包括多个动作的长句准确地翻译出来。最后一句talk back意为“顶嘴, 反驳, (在电台等的对讲电路上)回话”，例如：a saucy child who talked back. 和人顶嘴的调皮小孩。本文分为两段，第一段谈judgment；第二段讲appreciation。翻译时要注意两个方面的对比和不同。 十一 11、

[答案]我们说剑桥是大学城，并不是说它是一个拥有大学在内的城镇。曼彻斯特和米兰两个城市中也有大学，但我们不叫它们大学城。大学城之称呼在于大学建筑和其它城区之间没有明显的界限。大学并不只是城市的一部分，而是遍布全城。剑桥腹地有它自己的商店，市场等其他设施，但大部分还是大学区域它的学院，科系，图书馆，俱乐部及其他供教职员和学生使用的设施。学生们充塞了商店，咖啡店，银行及教堂，使这些地方也成了大学的一部分。

[分析]这段文章讲的是Cambridge即剑桥大学所代表的大学城和一般大学的区别所在。翻译时注意本文第三句A university town is one where is no clear separation between the university buildings and the rest of the city. 大学城之称呼在于大学建筑和

其它城区之间没有明显的界限。这里where这个词是个连接副词，它修饰one表明大学城的特别之处是大学建筑和其它城区之间没有明显的界限。本文中从句和分句较多，翻译要注意理清它们之间的关系。 十二 12、

[答案]大约在1815年，大量美国人西迁，这样港口至内地的交通运输开始成为一个严重的问题。当时主要交通工具是马车。马车行走缓慢，而且长途运输费用太高。对纽约来说，运河似乎是解决运输问题的最好办法。从伊利湖东端到哈得逊河有一条长长的低洼地，它贯穿整个纽约州。人们就在这里着手修建伊利运河，历时约十年，终于在1825年竣工。

[分析]本文是关于美国历史的。本文中wagons意为“四轮马车”。all the way意为“.从远道, 自始至终, 一路上”。. Hudson River是美国 New York 州东部的河流。Erie是伊利湖，五大湖之一。Erie Canal通往伊利湖的人工运河。通过本段的翻译我们应意识到学习英语应对西方的历史地理文化等背景知识也有一定的学习和了解。 十三 13、

[答案] 最早印刷者的工具是简单的并且易于移动。在15世纪末期，欧洲有一千多名印刷者。由于许多人不懂拉丁语和希腊语，所以，不久即印刷出各种语种的书。印刷者们也开始把书做得更小些，以便这些书更容易拿放。此外，印刷者们开始把它们的书做得更精致了。在每一章节前面附上插图和装饰性的文字。渐渐地，字母的形状被做得更小、更好、更精致了。字母看上去也开始不太像手稿的字母了。最后，字母的形状简明扼要了，使它们很好地适用于金属铸字。

[分析] 本文讲述的是印刷史。文中有一些表示描述性的形容词在翻译时要注意。如：elaborate精致ornamental 装饰性的finer好的,出色的delicate精巧的, 精致的。 Adapt sth. to 使某事物适应或适合。常用被动式be adapted to表示“适用于，适合于”。翻译时要把印刷发展的历史进程清楚地描述出来，注意前后发展的层次。 十四 14、

[答案]美洲印第安人的祖先是亚洲人。早在哥伦布来到新之前的几千年，他们就越过曾连接阿拉斯加和西伯利亚的狭长地带进入了北美洲。古代的地理变化使得海平面上升，海水淹没了这条天然的桥梁，今天这个地方叫白令海峡。海峡的最窄处仅有五六英里宽。在古代，也像在现代一样，甚至乘原始的船只，也一定会相当容易地横渡白令海峡。

[分析]本段讲述的是Bering Strait白令海峡的历史。学习英语应对西方的历史地理文化等背景知识也有一定的学习和了解：New World,新Alaska 阿拉斯加Siberia西伯利亚。最后一句中must have been表示对过去发生的事情的一种猜测。翻译的时候一定要表现出这一点。 十五 15、

[答案] 人类征服空间的开端是在1958年。比列昂诺夫的旅行早七年。第一次“人造地球卫星”的成功发射表明：“将物体发送得很远，脱离地球的引力，而这物体不会落回到地球上来”，这的确是可能的。而且，可以迫使该物体围绕地球运转，犹如月球一样。然而，月球距离地球那样遥远，它需要一个月的时间围绕地球运转一圈，距离地球较近的人造卫星用几个小时就可以绕地球整整的一圈。

[分析]本段讲述的是人类征服空间的开端。文中Sputnik 意为“(苏联)人造地球卫星”。最后一句中revolution一般翻译为“”，但它也可翻译为“绕转；旋转”。在本段中根据句意应该翻译为“绕转；旋转”。另外文中第二句中… so that… 是目的状语从句;而最后一句中… so… that… 是结果状语从句翻译时要注意。

英语关键句型72种

1． It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say.

2． 强调句型

It is not who rules us that is important, but how he rules us.

3． \"All+抽象名词\"或\"抽象名词+itself\"（very+形容词） He was all gentleness to her.

4． 利用词汇重复表示强调

A crime is a crime a crime.

5． \"something（much）of\"和\"nothing（little）of\" \"something of\"相当于\"to some extent\"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为\"anything of \"，可译为\"有点\"，\"略微等。\"\"译为毫无\"，\"全无\"。\"much of\"译为\"大有\"，\"not much of\"可译为\"算不上\"，\"称不上\"，\"little of\"可译为\"几乎无\"。something like译为\"有点像，略似。\" They say that he had no university education, but he seems to be something of a scholar.

6． 同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，\"of\"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰\"of\"后面的那个名词。如\"her old sharper of a father\"，可译为：\"她那骗子般的父亲\"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much.

7． as…as…can（may）be It is as plain as plain can be.

8． \"It is in（with）…as in（with）\" It is in life as in a journey.

9． \"as good as…\"相等于，就像，几乎如；实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him.

10．\"many as well…as\"和\"might as well …as\" \"many as well…as\"可译为\"和其……，不如……，更好\"，\"以这样做……为宜\"，\"如同……，也可以……\"等等。\"might as well …as\"表示不可能的事，可译为\"犹如……\"，\"可和……一样荒唐\"，\"和其那样不如这样的好\"等等。

One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly.

11．\"to make…of\"的译法（使……成为……，把……当作） I will make a scientist of my son.

12． oo…+不定式\"，not（never）too…+不定式\"，\"too…not+不定式 She is too angry to speak.

13． only(not, all, but, never) too …to do so \"和\"too ready (apt) + to do\"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义，凡是\"not\"，\"all\"\"but等字后+\"too…to，\"不定式都失去了否定意义，在\"too ready（apt） +to do\"结构中，不定式也没有否定意义。 You know but too yell to hold your tongue.

14． \"no more …than…\"句型

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.

15． \"not so much…as\"和\"not so much as …\"结构，\"not so much…as\"=\"not so much as …\"，其中as有进可换用but rather，可译为：\"和其说是……毋须说是……\"。而\"not so much as\"=\"without（not）even，\"可译为\"甚至……还没有\"。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it .

16． \"Nothing is more…than\"和\"Nothing is so …as\"结构，\"Nothing is more…than\"和\"Nothing is so …as\"都具有最高级比较的意思，\"Nothing I\"可换用\"no\"，\"nobody\"，\"nowhere\"，\"little\"，\"few\"，\"hardly\"，\"scarcely\"等等，可译为\"没有……比……更为\"，\"像……再没有了\"，\"最……\"等。 Nothing is more precious than time.

17． \"cannot…too…\"结构,\"cannot…too…\"意为\"It is impossible to overdo…\"或者，即\"无论怎样……也不算过分\"。\"not\"可换

用\"hardly\"，\"scarcely\"等，\"too\"可换用\"enough\"，\"sufficient\"等 You cannot be too careful.

18． \"否定+but \"结构，在否定词后面的\"but\"，具有\"which not\"，\"who not\"，\"that not\"，等等否定意义，构成前后的双重否定。可译成\"没有……不是\"或\"……都……\"等 Nothing is so bad but it might have been worse.

19． \"否定+until (till)\"结构，在否定词\"no\"，\"not\"，\"never\"，\"little\"，\"few\"，\"seldom\"等的后边所接用的\"until/till\"，多数情况下译为\"直到……才……\"，\"要……才……\"，把否定译为肯定。 Nobody knows what he can do till he has tried.

20． \"not so…but\"和\"not such a …but\"结构，这两个结构和\"否定+but\"的结构差不多，不同之点是这两个结构中的\"but\"是含有\"that…not\"意味的连续词，表示程度。可译为\"还没有……到不能做……的程度\"，\"并不是……不……\"，\"无论怎样……也不是不能……\"等。

He is not so sick but he can come to school.

21． \"疑问词+should…but \"结构，这个结构表示过去的意外的事，意为\"none…but\"，可译为\"除了……还有谁会……\"，\"岂料\"，\"想不到……竟是……\"等。 Who should write it but himself?

22． \"who knows but (that)…\"和\"who could should…but\"结构，这个结构是反问形式，一般意译为\"多半\"，\"亦未可知\"等等，有时也可直译。

Who knows but (that) he may go?

23． \"祈使句+and\"和\"祈使句+or\"结构，\"祈使句+and\"表示\"If…you…\"，\"祈使名+or\"表示\"if…not…，you。

Add love to a house and you have a home. Aad righteousness to a city and you have a community. Aad truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school.

24． \"名词+and\"结构，在这个结构中，名词等于状语从句，或表示条件，或表示时间。 A word, and he would lose his temper.

25． \"as…,so…\"结构，这里的\"so\"的意思是\"in the same way\"（也是如此）。此结构表明两个概念在程度上和关系上相似。 As rust eats iron, so care eats the heart.

26． \"if any\"结构，\"if any\"和\"if ever\"，意思是\"果真有……\"，\"即使有……\"，表示加强语气。和此类似的还有：\"if anything\"（如有不同的话，如果稍有区别），\"if a day\"（=at least，至少）。 There is little, if any, hope.

27． \"be it ever(never)so\"和\"let it be ever(never)so\"结构，这里，\"be it\"中的\"be\"是古英语假设语气的遗留形式，现代英语则使用\"let it be\"。\"ever so\"和\"never so\"都表示同一意思，都表示\"very\"。 Be it ever so humble (let it be ever so humble), home is home.

28． \"the last+不定式\"和\"the last +定语从词\"结构，这种结构中的\"last\"意思是\"the least likely\"，用于否定性推论。可译为\"最不大可能的\"，\"最不合适的\"，由原意的\"最后一个……\"变成\"最不可能……的一个\"。 He is the last man to accept a bride.

29． \"so…that…\"句型，这个句型的意思是\"如此……，以致于……\"，但在翻译成汉语时，许多情况下，并不是一定要译

成\"如此……以致于……\"，而是变通表达其含义。 He ran so fast that nobody could catch him up.

30． \"more + than+原级形容词（副词）\"结构，这是将不同性质加以比较，其中的\"more\"有\"rather\"的意思。 It is more than probable that he will fall.

31． \"more than +动词\"结构，这种结构表示动词的程度，可译为\"异常\"，\"岂止\"，\"十二分地\"等。 This more than satisfied me.

32． \"good and …\"的副词用法，译为\"非常\"，\"很\"等。类似还有\"nice and …\\"rare and …\等，均表示程度。 The apples are good and ripe.

33． \"and that\"结构，这个\"and that\"应译为\"而且……\"，表示对它前面陈述部分的语气加强，\"that\"代表前面的整个陈述部分。

Return to your work , and that at once.

34． \"at once…and\"结构，这个结构译为\"既……又……\"，起相关连接的作用，相当于\"both…and…\"。 The novel is at once pleasing and instructive.

35． \"in that…\"结构，这个结构的意思是\"在那一点上（方面）\"，可译为\"因为\"。类似的结构还有\"in this…\"。 The budget is unrealistic in that it disregards increased costs.

36． \"the name notwithstanding\"结构，这个结构中\"notwithstanding\"是介词，这个介词可以置前，可以置后，比如也可写成：\"notwithstanding the name\"。起让步状语的作用。

Some people think of the storage battery as a sort of condenser where electricity is stored.But this is an entirely wrong conception, the name notwithstanding.

37． \"Every…not\"和\"All…not\"结构，\"Every…not\"表示\"不见得每个……都是……\"；\"All…not\"表示\"不见得所有……都是……\"的意思。

Every man is not polite, and all are not born gentlemen.

38． \"may as well not…as\"结构，此结构可译为\"和其……不如不……\"。 One may as well not know a thing at all as know it but imperfectly.

39． \"have only to …do\"结构，此结构表示\"只须（消）……就能……\"的意思。

We have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery made by Edison to see the significance of it.

40． \"not (no) …unless…\"句型

No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.

41． \"better…than…\"句型

Better my life should be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.

42． \"as it were\"是一个非常常用的插入语，意思是\"好象\"，\"可以说\"等。

Apiece of iron near a magnet, though apparently separate from it , feels, as it were, the threads of this attachment.

43． 复杂结构，在下面例句中，由于anyone的定语从句过长，把谓语must realize提到定语从句之前。

Though faith and confidence are surely more or lass foreign to my nature, I do not infrequently find myself looking to them to be able, diligent, candid, and even honest. Plainly enough, that is too large an order, as anyone must realize who reflects upon the manner in which they reach public office.

44． \"not…any more than…\"为：\"不能……，正如不能……\"。

One cannot learn to sketch and express himself graphically only by reading about it any more than one can learn to swim while standing by the pool.

45． \"By that as it may\"是\"Let it be that as it may\"的省略形式，是由\"be\"引起的另外一种假设结构，意思是\"虽然如此，尽管这样\"。

It is said that the nerve poison is the more primitive of the two, that the blood poison is, so to speak, a new product from an improved formula. Be that as it may, the nerve poison does its business with man far more quickly than the blood poison.

46． \"if at all\"是一个由\"if\"引起的主谓结构不完整的短句结为\"即将……\"，\"即使……\"等。 I can see only with great difficulty, if at all.

47． 由there引起的句型容易产生复杂的句子结构.

There have been opened up to the vast and excellent science, in which my work is the beginning, ways and means by which other minds more accurate than wine will explore its remote corners.

48． \"range from …to…\"结构。这是一个常见结构，译时很多情况下应变通处理，不能完全依靠辞典上的释义。 Computer applications range from an assembly line completely run by computers to a children toy responding to remote signals.

49． \"the way…\"结构

I always thought she was a common-sense person who discussed things the way they ought to be discussed.

50． 复杂宾补结构

In recent years, the development of sensitive and accurate measuring equipment has made it possible to measure the acuity of hearing of any individual at different frequencies.

51． 某些分隔结构

1） 动词短语相关部分被分隔（当\"make use of \"，\"take notice of\"，\"pay attention to\"， 等动词短语变成被动语态时）。 Use is made of solar energy in heating houses.

2）双重定语引起的分隔。

But there is of culture another view, in which not solely the scientific passion, the sheer desire to see things as they are, natural and proper in an intelligent being, appears as the ground of it.

52． \"to be doing…when…\"是一个句型，多译为\"某人正在做……时，突然……\"。在简单的句子中容易看出，一旦句子变得复杂一些，可能就不太容易识别这种句型。

She said she and a friend had gone out to dinner that night, and were walking home together at about 10 o'clock, when a \"very big, very tall man\

53． \"too…to\"句型

Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the splendor of it all.

． \"so much that…\"句型

But he developed gradually a very musical English. He learnt to write sentences that fall away on the ear with a misty languor and it delighted him so much that he could never have enough of it.

55． \"when\"引导状语从句有时并不好译，不能一看到when从句就考虑译为\"当……的时候\"，它还有许多种译法。 Anything is better than not to write clearly. There is nothing to be said against lucidity, and against simplicity only the possibility of dryness. This is a risk that is well worth taking when you reflect how much better it is to be bold than to wear a curly wig.

56． \"not…because…\"，有时可否定前面，有时可否定because本身，往往出现歧义。应根据上下文面判定。

In 1600 the earth was not the center of the universe because the majority then supposed it was; nor, because she had more readers, was Ella wheeler Wilcox a better poet than Father Hopkins.

57． \"so…that, such…that\"是一个普通的句型，但在同一个句子里有两处使用它却比较少见。

The truth is, that in one point of view, this matter of national literature has come to such a pass with us, that in some sense we must turn bullies, else the day is lost, or superiority so far beyond us, that we can hardly say it will ever be ours.

58． \"by doing…\"结构。这个结构的意思是\"通过（做）……\"，但翻译实践中不能拘泥于这种释义，不少情况下需要灵活变通。

The hippos, by depositing dung in the water, fed the fish that support the storks that destroy the rare trees.

59． 下面例句为一倒装句，主语很长，而且又含有非常复杂的句型。这是以形容词作表语的倒装，翻译实践中多把倒装部分译到最前面。

No less obvious is the fact there are great numbers of people so constituted or so brought up that they cannot get so much pleasure out of processes and experiences resulting in a poorer life less full of meaning. 60． \"what…of\"句型

I can not say of myself what Johnson said of Pope: …

61． 英语的一个习惯用法是：当否定谓语think（believe）时，实际上是否定其后面的宾语从句。否定就落在宾语从句上。这样宾语从句就变成了双重否定，译时可以按双重否定译，也可按肯定来译。

62． \"to have not…(as) to see…\"中的不定式也有否定意味。

63． \"It occurred to sb. that…\"意为\"突然想到\"，\"It dawned on sb.that…\".\"突然想起\"等。 从句是想起的内容。

． \"It follows that…\"=\"It happens as a result…\"常常被译为\"由此可见\"，\"因此\"，\"从前\"，\"可以推断\"等等。

65． \"that's all there is to it \"，意思是\"也不过如此而已\"。可根据上下文视情况处理。

66． \"The chances are that…\"是一句型，译为\"有可能……\"。

67． Feel, see, leave引起宾语的宾语补足语，或在被动语态中引起主语补足语的某些惯用句型，有时see和feel这两个词的被动式不大好译。遇到这种情况应挖掘其深层含义，不要拘泥于表面形式。

68． 某此以no, nowhere, never, not…bout, not…any, nothing but, hardly, scarcely, seldom等否定词语引出的一些结构。

69． 某些用choice between, to know better, whether or, should have avoided(或done better)等表示从两种做法中选取一种更好的做法

70． 某些省略情况，应清单确认省略的内容。

71． 修饰成分（包括定语、定语从句、同位语从句等）多而长。

72． 一些外位语，所谓外位修饰，指从句子结构和内容上不起主要信息表达功能的部分。其作用是从语气和连接上下文等方面进行补充。在翻译成汉语时，往往可成句，外形上不保留修饰的痕迹。

掌握语法题的要诀在于1）牢记语法表格；2）分清楚题目属于哪种具体情况；3）熟练套用正确形式；4）最后再检查一下是否应作必要的改动：如是否被动，三人称动词后加s，动词的不规则变化等。在理解上述表格的适用条件后，再通过大量作题来巩固，及时纠正出现的错误，我们一定能攻克语法难题，在语法部分得到一个理想的分数！ 下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都不一样

中文 1 出现，升起 2 开始 3 吹 4 打断 5 选择 6 做 7 画 8 喝 9 开车,驾驶 10 吃 11 落下 12 飞 13 冻结 14 给 15 去 16 长大 17 知道 18 误解 , 弄错 19 成长速度超 20 骑 21 响铃 22 上升 23 看 24 摇 25 唱 26 下沉，沉没 27 说 28 偷 29 发誓 30 游泳 31 拿 原形动词 arise begin blow break choose do draw drink drive eat fall fly freeze give go grow know mistake outgrow ride ring rise see shake sing sink speak steal swear swim take 过去式 arose began blew broke chose did drew drank drove ate fell flew froze gave went grew knew mistook outgrew rode rang rose saw shook sang sank spoke stole swore swam took 过去分词 arisen begun blown broken chosen done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen flown frozen given gone grown known mistaken outgrown ridden rung risen seen shaken sung sunk spoken stolen sworn swum taken

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72 教 73 告诉 74 想 75 知道 76 哭泣 77 赢 78 吹风，绕 teach tell think understand weep win wind taught told thought understood wept won wound taught told thought understood wept won wound 下列各词的原形、过去式、过去分词都一样 79 爆炸 80 投 扔 81 价值 花费 82 切 83 打击 84 伤害 85 让 86 放 87 读 88 流出 关闭 90 分离 91 伸开 92 插 刺 93 弄翻 心烦 burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust upset burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust upset burst cast cost cut hit hurt let put read shed shut split spread thrust upset 下列各词的原形和过去分词相同 94 95 96 变得 成为 来 跑 become come run became came ran become come run 97、98是特殊变化 97 98 击打 忍受 出生 beat bear beat bore beaten born / borne 98以后各词的过去式或过去分词为两可型 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 咬 忘记 得到 躲藏 证实 缝 出示 展示 打击 唤醒 打赌 广播 bite forget get hide prove sew show strike awake bet bit forgot got hid proved sewed showed struck awoke / awaked bet / betted bit / bitten forgot/ forgotten got / gotten hid / hidden proved / proven sewed / sewn showed / shown struck / stricken awoke / awaked bet / betted broadcast/broadcasted broadcast broadcast/broadcasted

110 111 112 113 113 114 115 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 燃烧 做梦 适合 * 处死 悬挂 倾斜 学习 * 撒谎 躺 摆脱 发光 嗅 , 闻 加速 拼写 溢出 醒 弄湿 burn dream fit hang hang lean learn lie lie rid shine smell speed spell spill wake wet burnt / burned dreamt/dreamed fit /fitted hanged hung leant / leaned learnt / learned lied lay rid / ridded shined / shone smelled / smelt sped /speeded spelt / spelled spilt / spilled woke / waked wet / wetted burnt / burned dreamt / dreamed fit / fitted hanged hung leant / leaned learnt / learned lied lain rid / ridded shined / shone smelled / smelt sped / speeded spelt / spelled spilt / spilled woke /waked / woken wet / wetted