英语定语从句

作者:叶文斌

[典型例题]

1. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. (2006 北京 31) A. who; 不填

B. 不填; who

C. who; who

D. 不填表; 不填

解析：考查关系代词who引导的定语从句。这两个定语从句的先行词都是指人，在第一个定语从句中引导词作主语，可以用who或that；在第二个定语从句中，引导词作主语，同时，先行词又是those，引导词应该用who，所以选C项。

2. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _______ we gave some bells and glasses. (2006 湖南 30)

A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which

解析：考查“介词+whom”引导的定语从句。根据前面的one of them可以知道先行词是人，可以排除A和D项。表示“给某人某物”用词组“give sth. to sb.”，引导词中应该用to，所以选B项。 3. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山东 26) A. where B. that C. when D. which

解析：考查关系副词where引导的定语从句。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词point，用where强调一个特定的地点，相当于at the point，在从句中作状语，所以选A项。 [语法讲解]

定语从句也称为形容词性从句，由关系代词或关系副词引导，从句中的关系词除了具有引导作用外，还指代前面的先行词，并且在从句中担当一定的成分。根据关系词的性质，可以分为由关系代词、关系副词、准关系代词、复合关系代词引导的定语从句。

1．由关系代词that, which, who, whom引导的定语从句 1）关系代词可以在定语从句中作主语

从句类型 关系代词 指代对象 典型例句 限制性定语从句 who which that 指人 指物 This is the boy who (that) was here yesterday. 这就是昨天在这儿的男孩儿。 Take the books which (that) are lying on the table.把桌子上的那些书拿去吧。 指人指物 The man that (who) is playing the piano is a music teacher.弹钢琴的男子是一位音乐老师。（指人） Did you see the letter that (which) came today? 你看到今天送来的信了吗？（指物） 指人 My wife, who has been abroad recently, hopes to see you.我的妻子希望见你一面，她刚从海外归来。 非限制性who 定语从句 which 指物 More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in China. 越来越多的人开始学习英语，而且英语在中国正受到人们的青睐。 注意：关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致。例如：The man dressed in black is the doctor who has operated on the seriously wounded man. 穿着黑衣服的那个人就是给那位严重受伤的病人做过手术的医生。 2）关系代词可以在定语从句中作宾语

从句类型 关系代词 指代对象 典型例句 限制性定语从句 whom which that 指人 指物 The doctor whom (who/that) you are looking for is in the room.你要找的那个医生在房间里。 The kite which (that) Jack made is very beautiful. Jack做的风筝很好看。 指人指物 They talked of persons that (whom/who) they remembered in the school. 他们谈起了所记起的学校里的人。（指人） Was the book that (which) you were reading a novel? 你正在阅读的书是本小说吗？（指物） 指人 Do you know the woman in red, whom we met at the school gate? 你认识我们在学校门口遇到的那个穿红衣服的妇女吗？ The meeting, which was held in the park, was attended by five hundred people.那个会有500人参加，是在公园里面举行的。 非限制性whom 定语从句 which 指物 注意：a) 在非正式文体的限制性定语从句中，用作宾语的关系代词whom, who, that和which通常可以省略。例如：That is the man (who/whom/that) I met in London last year.他就是我去年在伦敦碰见的人。

b) 关系代词作前置介词的短语时，只能用whom指人，which指物；但是当介词后置时，就没有这种限制。

例如：The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。 The hotel which/that we stayed at was rather comfortable.我们住的那家旅馆相当舒服。 2．由关系副词when, where, why引导的定语从句 从句类型 限制性定语从句/非限制性定语从句 关系副词 指代对象 when where why 介词+先行词 介词+先行词 for +先行词 典型例句 This is the hour when the streets are full of traffic.这个时间里街上交通很拥挤。 We will start at the point where we left off yesterday.我们将从昨天停下的地方开始。 That is the reason why I left early.这就是我早退的原因。 注意：在表示时间、地点和原因的限制性及非限制性定语从句当中，关系副词when, where和why可以用来代替“介词+关系代词”，在从句中只能作状语。 [常见考点]

1．定语从句中只用that作为关系词引导的情况：

a) 当先行词被一个最高级形容词修饰时，必须用that。例如：That is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever watched.那是我所看过的最激动人心的一场足球比赛。

b) 当先行词被序数词修饰时，必须用that。例如：The ninth plane that landed at the airport was from the USA.第九架降落在该机场的飞机来自美国。

c) 当先行词被限定词 (the) very, (the) last, (the) only, the same, one, single, no, (a) little, (a) few, many, much, none, some, any, every, all等修饰时，必须用that。例如：This is the very pen that Mark Twain used when he was writing the novel.这正是马克·吐温写那部小说时用过的笔。

d) 当先行词为不定代词all, anything, everything, nothing, something等时，必须用that。例如：All that is needed now is a continuous supply of the necessities of life.现在所需要的是持续地供应生活必需品。 e) 当先行词是指人、指物的两个并列名词时，必须用that。例如：

You can see a horseman and his horse that are crossing the flyover during the parade. 游行期间你可以看见骑手和马穿国天桥。

f) 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，必须用that，that可以指人、指物，但是往往被省略。 例如：The modern airplane is not the machine that it was when first invented.

现代的飞机不是刚发明时的那种飞机了。

g) 当定语从句为there be结构时，在从句中做主语的关系代词只能是that，that往往被省略。 例如：The number of mistake that there are in this homework is simply surprising.

这份家庭作业中的错误简直多得惊人。

h) 当先行词是who或what，而且后面跟定语从句时，只能用that。

例如：Who that works a great deal with a plane does not know about the engineer?

常和飞机打交道的人中，谁不了解那个工程师？

2．定语从句中只用which作为关系词引导的情况： a) 当先行词为that时，只能用which指物。例如：

I use the word not in the present sense, but in that which was held in the nineteenth century. 我用这个词不是它当今的意思，而是取其19世纪的意思。

b) 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指物。例如：These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not yet borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽下的，尚未结果实。

c) 当与介词一起作为关系代词引导从句时，只能用which指物。例如：They tried to think of a method by which they could solve the problem.他们要尽力想出一个能够解决问题的办法。 3．定语从句中只用who作为关系词引导的情况：

a) 当先行词是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody时，关系代词要用who或whom。例如：Is there anyone who can answer this question?有谁能回答这个问题吗？

b) 当先行词是those或all时，关系代词必须用who。例如：Those who want to go on the trip should put on their names on the list.想去旅游的人应该在名单上写上自己的名字。

Tom is shining example to all who want to be a successful. Tom对所有想成功的人来说是一个光辉的形象 c) 当先行词特指意义较强时，关系代词通常用who。例如：The man who was killed in the car accident yesterday was his brother.昨天在车祸中死去的那个人是他的兄弟。

d) 当指人的先行词被其它成分隔开时，关系代词通常用who。例如：There is one student in the school who I can see.在这个学校里我只见到了一个学生。 [实战演练]

1．改正下列句子中的错误

(1) There are many organizations which sole purpose is to help mentally retarded children. (2) The period during when people learned to smelt iron is called the Iron Age. (3) Nobody believed his reason for being late why his car broke down on the way. (4) They tried to think out a plan that they could complete their task ahead of time. (5) As we know it, the telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell. (6) Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, which land is cheap. (7) There are not many people in this city which own the houses they live in.

(8) The reason why I want to take this lesson is that the professor is supposed to be very eloquent. (9) The goal with which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. (10) The day is bound to come that all the people in the world shall live in peace.

Keys: 1. which→whose 2. when→which 3. why→that 4. that→by which 5. 去掉it 6. which→where 7. which→who 8. that→because 9. with→for 10. that→when 2．从下列各项中选出最适合题意的选项

(1) _______ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.

(2006 浙江 4) A. As

B. That

C. This

D. It

(2) Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. (2006 重庆 33)

A. why B. that C. where D. because (3) —— Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

—— Yes，there's one point ______ we must insist on. (2006 江西 33) A．why B．where C．how D．/

(4) I have many friends, some are businessmen. (2005 全国卷Ⅰ24) A．of them

B．from which

C．who of

D．of whom

(5) I walked in our garden, _______ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (2005 辽宁 28)

A．which

B．when

C．where

D．that

(6) — why does she always ask you for help?

— there is no one else ______, is there? (2005 北京 35)

A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn D. for her to turn

(7) He transplanted the little tree to the garden _______ it was the best time for it. (2005 上海 34) A. where B. when C. that

D. until

(8) Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon. (2005 浙江 15) A. who B. that C. as D. which (9) — Did Jack come back early last night?

—Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock he arrived home. (2005 福建 24) A．before

B．when

C．that

D．until

(10) The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be________the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (2005 江苏 32)

A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which Keys: 1-5 ABDDC 6-10 BBBBC

定语从句（二）

作者:叶文斌

[典型例题]

1. The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. (2006 天津 12) A. what B. that C. how D. as

解析：考查as引导的非限制性定语从句。本句的意思是：正如很多年龄大的人都记得的那样，甲壳虫乐队来自利物浦。所以选D项。

2. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed.(2006 浙江 13) A. of that B. of which C. that D. which

解析：考查复合关系代词引导的定语从句。由于两个句子之间没有连接词，因此此句为定语从句，而关系代词和先行词之间是从属关系，应该用“介词+关系代词”，所以选B项。

3. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. (2006 福建 22) A. whose B. which C. of which D. what

解析：考查whose引导的定语从句。本句的意思是：小心！不要靠近这所房子，房顶正在修理。从句是修饰house的定语从句，从意思上看，空格处应该填表示“这所房子的”关系代词，所以选A项。

[语法讲解]

3．由准关系代词as, but引导的定语从句 关系词 as 从句类型 特征 限制性定语从句 常见于such„as„, so„as„, as„as„和the same„as„的结构中，as在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语和状语，相当于who或which。 典型例句 You should show your parents the same respect as you show me. 你应该像尊敬我一样尊敬你父母。 We had hoped to give you such a chance as nobody else ever had. 我们本来希望给你一个别人都得不到的机会。 He was late for school again, as is 非限制性先行词通常是整个主句，as用定语从句 来指代主句表达的全部意思。as从句的位置很灵活，可以出现在句首、句中或句末，与主句之间用逗号隔开。常译成“正如”、“象”或“这”。 but 限制性定语从 用but引导定语从句时，和带有否定词no, not, few, hardly等的主句连用，在从句中只能作主语，表示肯定的意思，相当于that/which„not或who„not。从句谓语动词的人称和数必须与先行词保持一致。 often the case.他昨天上学又迟到了，他总是那样。 As has been announced, we must hand in our term paper before the tenth of June. There was not a single person there but thought you are right.那里没有一个人不认为你是对的。 There is no mother but loves her own children.没有一个母亲不爱自己的子女。 注意：the same„as„和the same„that„都可以引导的定语从句，两者的区别在于：as引导的从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“相似”，指同类事物；that引导的从句表示其内容与主句所讲的事物“完全相同”，指相同事物。例如：

This is the same (kind of) pen as I lost yesterday.这和我昨天丢失的笔一样。（类似的笔） This is the same pen (the very pen) that I lost yesterday.这笔就是我昨天丢失的笔。（同一支笔） 4．由复合关系代词引导的定语从句 复合关系代词 介词+which(指物) 特征 相当于关系副词when, where或why。 介词一般不包括of。 典型例句 This is the shelter in which the soldiers used to live in the war。这就是战争时期士兵们曾经住过的防空洞。 Those are the workers from whom I have learnt a great deal.那些人就是我从他们身上学到很多东西的工人。 All students have to take part in the entrance examination, the importance of which is now known to everybody.所有的学生都得参加入学考试，其重要性现在已经为每个人所知道。 Ten foreign students were admitted to the university, three of whom came from the United States.这所大学录取了十名外国学生，其中三名来自美国。 介词+whom(指人) 名词/代词+of+ 相当于关系代which(指物) 词whose，用于非限制性定语从句中。 不定代词+ of + 表示部分与整whom(指人)/which(指体的关系，用于物) 非限制性定语从句中。 注意：复合关系代词是由介词和关系代词共同构成的引导词，当介词后置时，指人时，关系代词用whom或that或省略；指物时，关系代词可以用which或that或省略。例如：

This is the place (which/that) we lived in for five years.这就是我们住了五年的地方。 [常见考点]

4．that和who指人时的用法比较： 相同点 关系代词that和who都可以用于指代人。 The official who/that used to deal with your business has moved to another branch. 过去负责处理你的事务的那个官员已经调到另外一个分支机构去了。 Our team, who (≠that) are in good form, will do well in the coming matches.我们队队容整齐，将会在以后的比赛中发挥出色。 Do you know the old man that I talked to just now? 你认得刚才和我谈话的那个老人吗？(口语化) 不同点 a. that不可引导非限制性定语从句，而who可以引导非限制性定语从句。 b. 指代人时，that多用于口语或非正式文体，who多用于正式文体。

5．that和which指物时的用法比较： 相同点 不同点 关系代词that和which都可以用于指代事物。 This is the book which/that has just appeared.这就是刚刚出版的那本书。 a. that不可引导非限制性The meeting, which (≠that) was held in the park, was 定语从句，而which可以attended by five hundred people. 引导非限制性定语从句。 那个会有五百人参加，是在公园里举行的。 b. 在介词后面指代事物时，只能用which。 The bicycle the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired.刹车坏了的那辆自行车已被修好了。 Everything goes quite smoothly, as we can imagine.正如我们想象的，一切进展顺利。 6．as和which引导非限制性定语从句的比较： 相同点 不同点 as和which代表整个主句，主从句用逗号隔开。 a. as在从句中作主语或宾语，作As I expected, he did not believe me.正如我预主语时其谓语动词用第三人称单料的那样，他不信任我。 数形式，从句的位置比较灵活，as表示“如同„„那样”的含义。 b. which引导的非限制性定语从They said they were from the United States, 句仅仅位于主句之后，纯粹表示which was not true. 主句所述内容，which表示“这、他们说自己来自美国，这不是事实。 那”的含义。 7．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的比较： 限制性定语 a. 限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，如果省略从句那么主句的意思就不完整，因为从句是对被修饰的先行词起限定作用，使该先行词的含义更具体，更明确； b. 从句和主句之间没有逗号；翻译时，常将从句译在所修饰的先行词之前，译成“„的„”。 Everyone loves a child who studies hard.人人都喜欢学习刻苦的孩子。who studies hard为限制性定语从句，如果去掉，意思为“人人都喜欢孩子”，但是没有指明喜欢什么样的孩子，所以主句的意思不完整。 Everyone loves the child, who studies hard.人人都喜欢那个孩子，因为他学习刻苦。who studies hard为非限制性定语从句，去掉从句，主句的意思仍然比较完整，即“人人都喜欢那个孩子”。 非限制性定语从句 a. 非限制性定语从句只是对被修饰的先行词作一些附加说明，如果省略主句仍然能够表达完整的概念。 b. 从句和主句之间用逗号分开，翻译时常把主句和从句译成两句。 8．whose的用法

1）whose为关系限定词，在定语从句中作定语，可以引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语。从句指人时，相当于of whom，用来替代物主代词my, your, his, her等；指物时，相当于the+名词+of which，用来替代物主代词its。

例如：The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams. 威廉姆斯医生的女儿教你们英语。

It was a meeting whose importance I didn’t realize at the time. 这次会议的重要性，我当时没有意识到。 2）“介词+whose+名词”可以引导的限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。 例如：In 1999 Mary caught a serious illness from whose effects she still suffers.

1999年Mary患了到现在仍然对她有影响的重病。（限制性定语从句） Tom, on whose bike I went to school, is a friend of mine. Tom是我的一个朋友，是啊骑着他的车去上学的。 9．一些特殊情况：

a. 修饰先行词way, direction, distance等名词，可以用“介词＋which”、that或省略连接词来引导定语从句。例如：This is the way (in which/that/省略) he worked.那就是他工作的方式。 The distance (through which/that/省略) light travels in a second as about 300,000km. 光每秒传播的距离大约有30万公里。

b. 在“it is/was„that”强调结构中，that作主语时近似关系代词，不可用which。值得注意的是，当被强调的对象表示人时，可以用who和that。例如：

It was a newspaper reporter that/who came yesterday.昨天来的是一个报社的记者。 [实战演练]

1．用适当的关系词完成下列句子

(1) The man _____________________ (今天上午打电话给我的人) is my good friend. (2) Last year she bought this car, _________________________ (花了她一万美圆). (3) A teacher is a person _____________________ (以教学为其职责的人).

(4) My family, _________________ (家人都爱早起), take an hour exercise every day. (5) It is not a meaningful book _________________________ (你想象中的). (6) Nothing ____________________ (学过的东西) is ever completely forgotten. (7) There were many children _____________________ (在贡院里面玩耍). (8) There are only three boys and two cars _________________ (我看见的). (9) That player won prize money _________________ (他过去从末想过的).

(10) We’ll put off the race until next week, __________________ (那时天气会好些). Keys: 1. who/that called me this morning 2. which cost her ＄10,000. 3. whose duty is to teach 4. who are all early risers 5. that you think it to be 6. that has been learnt 7. that played in the park 8. that I can see

9. of which he had never dreamed 10. when the weather may be better 2．从下列各项中选出最适合题意的选项

(1) A warm thought suddenly came to me I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. (2006 安徽 29)

A. if B. when C. that D. which

(2) The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. (2006 江苏 29) A. who B. that C. as D. which (3) — It’s thirty years since we last met.

— But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ______ we got lost on a rainy night. (2006 四川 30)

A. which B. that C. what D. when (4) His plan was such a good one _________ we all agreed to accept it. A. so B. and C. hat D. as

(5) If a shop has chairs________ women can park their men , women will spend more time in the shop. (2005 上海 40)

A. that B. which C. when D. where

(6) It is what you do rather than what you say matters. (2005 天津 9) A. that B. what C. which D. this

(7) Jim passed the driving test, ______ surprised everybody in the office. (2005 浙江 2) A. which B. that C. this D. it (8) —Is that the small town you often refer to?

—Right, just the one you know I used to work for years. (2005 福建 35) A．that

B．which

C．where

D．what

(9) Frank's dream was to have his own shop ____ to produce the workings of his own hands. (2005 湖南 27) A. that B. in which C. by which D. how (10) Her sister has become a lawyer， she wanted to be. (2005 湖北 29) A. who B. that C. what D. which Keys: 1-5 CDBBD 6-10 AACB