英语句子结构分析专练

英语句子结构分析专练

1 Writing in the New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.

在《The New Republic》杂志上，Alice Lee写道，增加董事会成员的机会而不增加合格女性在董事会中的人数，已经导致了一种“金裙”现象。 同样的精英女性在不同的董事会获得多个席位。

2 Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.

下次有人将企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式来推行时，请记住，这些政策在很大程度上是为了一己谋私的措施，它们让提倡者感觉良好，但对普通女性帮助不大。

3 The relationship between humans and the land we live on has evolved over hundreds of years, but no period has involved such rapid change as the past century ,when we began using land in new ways.

人类与我们所居住的这片土地之间的关系已经发展了成千上万年了, 但是没有哪个时期像上世纪那样发生如此巨大的变化，在上世纪我们开始以新的方式使用土地。

4 As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

当一个发现声明在该领域中取得成功时，关于科技共有或竞争信念之间的交流和对抗使得一个个人发现声明转变成了该领域内可靠的发现声明。

5 Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this enjoyment should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure guaranteed to damage our health.

然而，正如我们现在所报道的，食品监管局确信这种乐趣又是另一种必定会损害我们健康的“罪恶的”快乐。

6 The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

荷兰科学出版巨头Elsevier声称出版了全球25%的科学论文，去年利润超过9亿英镑，而仅英国的大学2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑以使研究者能访问他们自己的公共资助研究成果;尽管人们越来越迫切地试图改变，但这两个数字似乎还在不断上升。

7 The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they

have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

Sci-Hub的成功依赖于研究人员可以传播他们自己合法获取的副本，这表明合法的科学出版生态系统已经在用户中失去了公正合理性，所以必须得到改变以服务所有参与者。

8 One leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.

而一名知名人士认为，这些极其强烈的大脑活动不仅可以被抑制，实际上还可以受到意识的控制，进而帮助我们睡眠，使我们感觉好一些。

9 But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.

但这已经引发了很大争议，随着美国贸易代表开始调查这项税收是否歧视美国公司，此事可能导致对法国的贸易制裁。

10 The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber or burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels.

这一策略同样旨在确保从森林里清除的木材里的碳以固体材料的形式储存起来，或者作为生物燃料在一向依靠化石燃料运行的汽车中燃烧掉。

11 According to The Boston Globe, students who earned their bachelor’s in 2012 have an average monthly loan payment of $312, which is one-third more than those who graduated in 2004.

根据波士顿环球报指出，在2012年得到学士学位的学生平均每个月有312刀的贷款，这个贷款的金额比哪些在2014年毕业的学生多出了三分之一。

12 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.

对于那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国年轻人不需要获得额外的语言能力的人，大卫的分析应该会结束这些人的自满情绪。

13 But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamic to help individuals improve their lives and possible the world.

但是在蒂娜·卢森博格的新书《加入俱乐部》里，她声称通过所谓的“社会性疗法”，同龄人的压力同样也可以是一种正能量----在这种“疗法”中，各类组织和官员通过群体动力带来的影响力帮助个人改善生活，甚至也有可能改变世界。

14 Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes-all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.

间隔年不是让学生退缩，而是让他们为独立、新的责任和环境变化做好准备，从而推动他们前进——这些都是一年级学生常常要努力应对的事情。

15 Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation.

在接下来几年里，科技总会在大大小小的方面促进社会进步，但对那些生活和工作受到自动化革命冲击的人来说，情况就没那么好了。

16 It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy.

正是在这种背景下，信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆发布了她对英国国家医疗服务系统(NHS)下属的皇家自由医院信托基金(Royal Free hospital trust)的定罪判决，该信托基金在2015年根据一项模糊的协议将160万病人的病例交给了深度思维公司。这项协议基本没有考虑患者的权利以及其对隐私的期。

17 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时，最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的，因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬，在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。

18 The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·埃尔利希认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。

19 States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchase under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

根据美国最高法院周四的一项决定，各州将能够强制更多的人在网上购物时缴纳销售税，这一举动将使购物者的钱包变得更轻，但对各州来说却是一场巨大的财务胜利。

20 Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of

digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.

法学教授奥林克尔把21世纪数字信息爆炸及其可获取性与20世纪汽车确立为生活必须相比较，当时法官们不得不为小轿车这一新兴私人领域明确新规，现在他们也必须解决第四修正案如何适用于数字信息的问题。

21 By pursuing successive rounds of trade liberalization, the logic goes, leaders in the US and Europe hollowed out the domestic manufacturing base, reducing the availability of high-paying jobs for low-skill workers, who now have to choose between protracted unemployment and menial service-sector jobs.

其中的逻辑是,通过实行一轮接一轮的贸易自由化，美国和欧洲领导人“掏空了”国内的制造业基地，减少了低技能工人获得高薪工作的机会，这些人现在不得不在长期失业和有失体面的服务行业岗位之间做出选择。

22 Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others

许多人说尽管失业是极其痛苦的一件事，但是也在某些方面也让他们有所提升：他们变得不那么物质了，变得在经济上更加谨慎了;也更加能够意识到别人的艰难了。

23 We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.

我们与20世纪初至二战前夕英国的杂感式报纸评论就更无缘了。当时新闻用纸价廉如土，风格独特的艺术评论被看作是对刊登它的出版物的一种装饰。

24 In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. (

在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社会互联网的经济：劳动力是免费提供的，以换取地位的希望，而经营市场的几家大公司却获得了巨额利润。

25 It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

直到20世纪80年代的中期，强调年龄和性别差异开始成为儿童服装市场的主要营销手段。那时粉色才逐渐流行起来，当粉色开始变成一种天生对女孩子有吸引力的颜色时，而且也成为定义女性的一个部分，至少在女孩成长的最初的那特别重要的几年是这样的。

26 The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other

categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

该想法是为了迫使社会科学家把他们的工作与其他领域结合起来，包括健康和人口变化、粮食安全、海洋研究和生物经济、清洁高效的能源以及有包容性、创新性和安全性的社会。

27 During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

在20世纪90年代后期，国家在社会科学和人文学科上的支出占所有研究和开发基金(包括政府、高等教育、非营利组织和企业)的比例从4%到25%不等;在大多数欧洲国家，这一比例约为15%。

28 State will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.

根据美国最高法院周四的一项裁决，美国各州可以对在线零售征收销售税。这项裁决将使购物者的钱包变得更轻，但对各州来说是一场重大的财政胜利。

29 The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other

categories, including health and demographic change, food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

该想法是为了迫使社会科学家把他们的工作与其他领域结合起来，包括健康和人口变化、粮食安全、海洋研究和生物经济、清洁高效的能源以及有包容性、创新性和安全性的社会。

30 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional languages capabilities.

他的分析应该让一些人不再自满，他们可能相信英语的全球地位非常稳固，以至于英国的年轻一代不需要额外的语言能力。

31 But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research-as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson.

但是诺贝尔基金会限制每个奖项有三个获奖人，每名获奖人都必须在世，科学研究的合作本质已经超越了这种限制。以下例子则可以证明这一点：当人们提及希格斯玻色子的发现时，总会不可避免地争论“谁被忽略了”这个问题。

32 On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to

change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidizes laziness.

第一次听的时候，这位心系社会的财相，为了让生活变得更好，改革明显比较纵容的系统，这个系统对新失业者找工作几乎不做要求，而且助长了懒惰。

33 There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

改变的压力存在于行业内部，但是在监管人员中的反对者坚持认为，禁止外来者涉足律所事务，会降低律师的挣钱压力，从而按照职业素养来为客户服务。

34 In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”

在2010年，国会的民主党和共和党要员向AAAS(美国人文与科学院)致函，要求其确认能够被联邦，州，地方政府，大学，基金会，教育从业者，私人捐助者等所采取的行动，以此来保持国家在人文和社会科学学科及教育领域的卓越性。

35 If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools.

政府的责任应该是积极参与社会公益服务当中，其中包括确保有足够的运动场，铺设网球场和女子无挡板篮球场以及鼓励学校所有的运动有相应的供给品。

36 For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

为了那些热爱艺术的听众的时间、精力和金钱，古典乐器演奏家不仅要与歌剧院、舞蹈团、戏剧公司和博物馆竞争，还要与20世纪伟大的古典音乐家录制的演出进行竞争。

37 Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

除了创造收入，其他营销人员的存在使网站看起来客观，给公司机会了解有关其他公司营销吸引力的宝贵信息，并可能有助于扩大所有相关公司的用户流量。

38 In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs

and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’efficiency.

事实上，让非律师人员拥有律师公司的股份将会减少公司成本并且提高顾客服务质量，通过鼓励律师公司使用新技术以及聘请专业经理人的手段，目的是专注于提升公司的效率。

39 Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.

拆卸莫纳克亚山上所有望远镜或者禁止在那里进一步开发的呼声忽视了这样一个现实：天文学和夏威夷文化两者都在设法回答我们是谁、我们从何而来以及我们要去往何处这几个重大问题。

40 But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.

但是研究者认为，如果外部董事在坏消息爆发前就已经离开公司，那么他们会更容易避免声誉受损——即使历史记录显示“错误行为出现的时候，董事们尚在其职。”