一、首字母填空题型
首字母填空类短文题是近几年中考试题经常采用的题型之一，因为它有非常好的信度
和效度，又能拉开考生间的分差、提高区分度。这种题型属于能力测试的范畴，它考查的范围极广，可以是英语知识的方方面面，还可能涉及其它学科。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。这种试题的首字母已给，所填的就必须是该字母开头的单词。这既是一种限制，又是一种提示。
考查重点是名词、动词、形容词、副词和代词这几大词类。
批注：向学生明确这5大词类，是缩小答案范围；同时也突出了词性是解决首字母填空题的关键。
二、首字母填空的特点和中考趋势
1) 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确，又要使其符合短文
内容与情景的需要，所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识，还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。
2) 从近几年的考题来看，短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广，几乎涉及到了十大词类；文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽，学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题，有一定的难度。文章短小、精致，字数通常在100～150之间。短文的体裁不一，有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。短文题材丰富，内容通俗易懂，与现代生活紧密相关，如：英国人分期付款购房；度假回来的路上买家具的小故事；食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响；被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等，可读性、趣味性强，符合初中生的认知特点。
三、首字母填空的解题技巧 台阶式解题法：
台阶一：掌握七种句子成分与十种词性之间的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习，掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词性正确是答案正确的前提。
批注：词性和句子成分在解答首字母填空题时很重要。如果学生可以判断出一个句子缺少了什么成分，而又知道该种句子成分由何种词性的词汇可以充当，这样可以大大缩小选择范围，也可以避免一些语法错误。以下是详细的讲解及训练。
1) 对主语的判断
1. T_______ are helpful to students.
2. H_____ is more important to me than money.
3. Some famous s_______ are going to give lectures in our university in August. 4. F_______ is my favourite sport. 5. C________ stamps is my hobby.
Keys: 1. Teachers 2. Health 3. scholars 4. Fishing 5. Collecting
批注：由于做篇章式样的首字母填空时会受到前后逻辑关系的影响，会加大填空难度。因此这里遵循由易入难的原则，先从单一的句子开始做起。这里需要学生发挥想象力来填充，题目难度比较低，不存在理解困难。做完让学生自己做个总结，哪些词性可以充当主语：名词、动名词、代词、数词等。
2) 对谓语的判断
John was standing on the step of a house. An old woman c________ over to him. “My boy,” she a_____, “Is your father at home?” “Yes,” a_______ John. The woman began r_________ the bell. She rang and rang, but there was no answer. At last she t_____ back to John and s______ angrily, “Didn’t you s______ that your father was at home?” “I did”, answered John, “but this i_______ my house.”
Keys: 1. came 2. asked 3.answered 4. ringing 5. turned 6. said 7. say 8. is
批注：通过这个简单的小篇章，老师需要引导学生去发现，谓语都是由哪些词性来充当的：只有动词是可以的。由于文章中涉及到直接英语和间接引语，学生可以发现动词的时态在填空时需要关注。
3) 对宾语的判断
1. Mr. Chen was surprised to see the fast d________ in Shanghaiafter his long absence from the city.
2. Thank you for your k_______.
3. He is a poor scientist. At last he sold his i______. Keys: 1. development 2. kindness 3. inventions
批注：讲解充当宾语成分的词性时，需要和主语对比着讲解，基本上可以充当主语的词性都可以充当宾语，如：名词、代词、动名词、数词等。 4) 对表语的判断
1. It is i______ for an ordinary plane to fly to the moon. 2. The sick man is getting w______.
3. Patrick is going to be an e______ when he grows up.
4. Such cold weather is quite u_____ in June and people have to wear warm clothes again. 5. It’s a p______ to have a picnic with all the members.
Keys:1. impossible 2. worse 3. educator 4. unusual 5. Pleasure
批注：表语一般要放到系动词的后面，所以能正确识别系动词是关键。常见的系动词：感官动词（look, sound, smell, taste, feel+状态动词（be, seem, appear, stay, remain, keep）+动态系动词（get, become, grow, go, turn, fall, make） 5) 对定语的判断
1. The f_______ exams usually take place at the end of June. 2. On a c_____ night, you can see thousands of stars in the sky. 3. This is an i_____book.
4. The French artist said, “it is my f_____ time to visit Shanghai. I love this city so much.
5. The book w_____ by Luxun is very famous.
6. Do you often go to the s_______ pool near your school?
Keys: 1.final 2.clear 3. Interesting 4.first 5. written 6.swimming
批注：透过例子让学生总结出可以充当定语的词性：形容词、序数词、现在分词、过去分词。
6) 对状语的判断
1. The old lady could hardly believe that she had got the travel pass to Hong Kongso e______ 2. Watch c______, and you will find the difference between the two pictures. 3. After flying in the storm for nearly one hour, the helicopter landed s______ at last. Keys: 1.easily 2.carefully 3.safely
批注：透过例子让学生总结出可以充当状语的词性：副词（可以用于修饰动词、形容词和副词）
7) 对连词的判断
British teenagers can leave school at sixteen after taking their GCSE exams. They study for exams in as many as ten subjects, s______ they have to work pretty hard! keys: so
批注：老师需要引导学生透过句子和句子之间的关系判断逻辑关系。就像这里提到的，英国的少年为了通过考试需要学十门学科，因此要非常努力。
台阶二：在牢记了七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系之后，多做做综合的“用所给单词的正确形式填空”，提高对句子成分的判断能力。熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是通向首字母完形的第二步
1. Fried food tastes quite good, but in fact it is ________ food. (health) 2. Tom’s ______ made the people all over the world sad. (die)
3. In some supermarkets you can easily choose the suitable ________ appliance. (electricity)
4. With the development of our country, more and more people go abroad for further study and
________ visits. (educate)
5. Let me ________ myself to everyone. (introduction) 6. Jack’s parents are proud of his ________. (honest) 7. Luckily, the man wasn’t ________ hurt. (bad)
8. I saw a dog ________ (lie) in front of our house this morning.
Keys: 1.unhealthy 2.death 3.electric 4.educational 5.introduce 6.honesty 7.badly 8.lying
台阶三：锻炼自己的发散和归纳思维的能力，或称为“猜谜”的能力 Exercise: Guess the missing word. 1. ________ are helpful to students.
2. ________ are helpful to students. They give them knowledge.
3. ________ are helpful to students. In class they teach them knowledge and after class they care for them like parents.
4. ________ are helpful to students. They keep them healthy.
批注：思维发散和逐步收缩是解答首字母填空的关键，是学生需要培养的能力。首先，只给出一句话，答案一般不会有一个，如上面的题目1，parents/teachers/books….都是正确的，可以说基本是无法穷尽的；题目2多了后面一条限制“They give them knowledge”,第一步的答案将会被删除掉很大一部分，这里parents/teachers/books还是正确的；题目3后面的限制使答案非常确定，就是teachers；回到问题4，要重新做个筛选，sports可以是正确的，但是parents/teachers/books就不正确了。
透过这组小练习，需要培养学生的解题习惯：发散思维，画个思维导图，想到很多可能性；根据后面的限制条件逐个筛选，直至选出最佳的答案为止。
台阶四：对词性、词义、词形的精确判断阶段，即综合运用阶段
练习的时候可以由浅入深的，刚开始可以看点简单的，关键还是锻炼自己判断词性的能力。
Mr. Wu is getting old. He is l_______ the school soon. The s_______ in his class have given h______ a lot of p_______. Among t______ are cards, note-books, photos and books. Most of the cards are m______ by the students themselves.
Photos will h_____ Mr. Wu remember the happy t_________ when he was with his students. Next week, t________ will have a p_______ to s ______ goodbye to him.
Keys: 1.leaving 2.students 3.him 4.presents 5.them 6.made 7.help 8.time 9.they 10.party 11.say 案例分析
Do you know the word “brunch”? In the West, many people like to have brunch—late (1)b________ or early lunch. People often have brunch (2) b_____ 10 a. m. and 2 p.m. on Sunday because they prefer to get up (3) l_____ after a week's hard work or want to enjoy brunch with their parents, or friends. That is a relaxing and interesting (4)w______ of eating for most families. Today, brunch has become (5) p______ in big hotels. One can (6) e_____ ask for or cook it himself. To make it (7) l______ like both breakfast and lunch, people choose to have lots of dishes. You may often see the following (8) f______ on the table, meat, eggs, fruit, (9) v_______, orange juice, tea and bacon. Do you have brunch at (10) w_______? If not, why not try?
答案与解析：
这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了近年来在西方流行的brunch(早午餐)。brunch 一词是由breakfast 与lunch 中的字母br和unch 合在一起构成的。
1. breakfast, 由下句“early lunch” 和前面的对应词late 可知 brunch 是比breakfast 要晚，而比lunch 要早。
2. between, 这里的between…and… 是固定搭配。
3. late, 根据句中的状语“on Sunday” 和“after a week's hard work”可知在周末由于人们都在家休息，所以起床会较完。
4. way, 对大部分家庭来说，这种brunch只是一种新的放松有趣的进餐方式。 5. popular, 目前在西方，brunch 已经成为一种时尚，越来越受到人们的欢迎。 6. either, 这是一个等立连词，either…or…，意思是”或者……或者……”。
7. look, 由于brunch介于breakfast 和lunch 之间，所以人们在做起brunch 来，既要像breakfast，又要像lunch。look like 的意思就是”看起来好像”。 8. food, 根据下面所列举的内容可知答案。
9. vegetables, 英语中，以字母v 开头的food 就是vegetables 了。 10.weekend, 根据文章的介绍，brunch 是在周末人们所享用的进餐方式。
强化练习
(1)
At different times in a man's life his food has different effects (影响) on his body. Among children f 1 is quickly changed to the power(力量) to run and play games. Most of a young man's food is spent on growing t 2 ; We grow upwards only d 3 the first twenty years of our l 4 , not later. Working men get their strong bodies from their food; and if they work h 5 , they do not get fat. Office workers eat well and s 6 down a lot, and may begin to grow fat when s 7 quite young. Many older people t 8 to work much and walk often. P 9 the most difficult time is when a man r 10 sixty years of age. His body and mind b 11 restful, without much work or interest. That is when food changes quickly to f 12 .
Keys: 1.food 2. tall 3. during 4. lives 5. hard 6. sit 7. still 8. try 9. Perhaps 10. reaches 11. become 12. fat
(2)
Bats(蝙蝠) are the only flying \"animals\" in the world. It is k 1 to all that they cannot see very well. \"As b 2 as a bat\" is often heard. Yet, they have no t 3 flying on the darkest nights and f 4 their way round very well. Why can bats fly and see at night? They fly b 5 \"radar(雷达)\". The bat's radar w 6 the same way as the radar on ships and planes. As a bat flies t 7 the air, it makes a sound. If the sounds hit t 8 , they will
come back and the bat's ears will r 9 the message. In this way, the bat is a 10 to know where the things are. Bats go out for f 11 at night. In the daytime, they hang in some d 12 places.
Keys: 1.known 2. blind 3.trouble 4. finding 5.by 6.works 7. through 8.things 9. reaches 10. able 11. food 12. dark
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