TEST 7
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.
The Conquest of Malaria in Italy, 1900-1962
Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the word is Italian, and this horrible disease marked the life of those in the peninsula for thousands of years. Yet by 1962, Italy was officially declared malaria-free, and it has remained so ever since. Frank Snowden’s study of this success story takes us to areas historians have rarely visited before.
A Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by \"miasma” or \"poisoning of the air\". Others made a link between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects. The consequences of these theories were that little was done to combat the disease before the end of the century. Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were \"permanently at risk\"'. In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from splenomegaly —a \"painful enlargement of the spleen\" and \"a lifeless stare\". The economic impact of
the disease was immense. Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditary. In the 1880s, such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.
B Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made. Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular type of mosquito was the carrier of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers (mosquitoes were released into rooms where
they drank the blood of the human guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between the insects (all females of a certain kind) and the disease. Soon, doctors and scientists made another startling discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere carriers. Every year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by the insects. Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites — and remained well. The new Italian state had the necessary information to
tackle the disease.
C A complicated approach was adopted, which made use of quinine - a drug obtained from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever, but was now seen as a crucial part of the war on malaria. Italy introduced a quinine law and a
quinine tax in 1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of rural workers. Despite its often terrible side-effects (the headaches produced were known as the **quinine-buzz”) the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of infection. In addition, Italy set up rural health centres and invested heavily in education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was now not just a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be defeated through multilayered strategies. Politics was itself transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions - even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious of medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility and refusal, and many were dubbed \"poisoners”.
D Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped altogether from the scourge of the disease. War, from 1915-18, delayed the campaign. Funds were diverted to the battlefields and the fight against malaria became a military issue, laying the way for the fascist approach to the problem. Mussolini’s policies in the 20s and 30s are subjected to a serious cross-examination by Snowden. He shows how much of the regime's claims to have \"eradicated\" malaria through massive land reclamation, forced population removals and authoritarian clean-ups were pure propaganda. Mass draining was instituted — often at a great cost as Mussolini waged war not on the disease itself, but on the mosquitoes that carried it. The cleansing
of Italy was also ethnic, as \"carefully selected'* Italians were chosen to inhabit
the gleaming new towns of the former marshlands around Rome. The \"successes\" under fascism were extremely vulnerable, based as they were on a top-down concept of eradication. As war swept through the drained lands in the 40s, the disease returned with a vengeance.
E In the most shocking part of the book, Snowden describes — passionately, but with the skill of a great historian _ how the retreating Nazi armies in Italy in 1943-44 deliberately caused a massive malaria epidemic in Lazio. It was \"the only known example of biological warfare in 20th century Europe\". Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy — with the support of the US Rockefeller Foundation — using a new pesticide, DDT. Missiroli allowed the epidemic to spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive, and lucrative, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It
is estimated that more than a third of those in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many, died. With the war over, the US government and the Rockefeller Foundation were free to experiment. DDT was sprayed from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered with the chemical. The effects were dramatic, and nobody really cared about the toxic effects of the chemical.
F By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole peninsula. The last
cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist. Fausto Coppi. He had contracted malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to spot the disease was a sign of the times. A few decades earlier, they would have immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose of quinine would have saved his life. As there are still more than 1 m deaths every year from malaria worldwide, Snowden s book also has contemporary relevance. This is a disease that affects every level of the societies where it is rampant. It also provides us with message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency\".
Questions 14-18
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the
passage.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
Before the link between malaria and 14_____was established, there were many
popular theories circulating among the public, one of which points to 15_, the
unclean air. The lack of proper treatment affected the country so badly that rural
people in malaria infested places had extremely short 16_. The disease spread
so quickly, especially in the south of Italy, thus giving rise to the idea that the
disease was 17______. People believed in these theories until mosquito was found
to be the 18____in the 1880s.
Questions 19-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
19The volunteers of the Italian experiments that provided assuring evidence
were from all over Italy.
20It’s possible to come out of malarial zones alive.
21The government successfully managed to give all people quinine medication.
Questions 22-26
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 A breakthrough in the theory of the cause of malaria
23 A story for today’s readers
24 A description of an expert who didn’t do anything to restrict the spread of
disease
25 A setback in the battle against malaria due to government policies
26 A description of how malaria affects the human body
显示答案
14.insects/mosquitoes
15.miasma
16.life expectancy
17.hereditary
18.real culprit
19．Not Given
20.True
21.False
22.B
23.F
24.E
25.D
26.A
题目详解
Questions 14-18
14.该题目不容易直接定位，只能利用顺序性原则知道该题目信息应该在文章开头。实
际上该题目信息出现在15题之后，也就是A段落的第三句话“Others made a link
between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects’’当然，如果根据 A 段落第一句话 “Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes”确定答案为mosquitoes也算对。所以该题正确答案为insects或mosquitoes。
15.顺序性原则和细节信息“unclean air”定位于原文第一句话，But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by miasma or poisoning of the air”，这里“poisoning of the air”所以正确答案为 “miasma”。
16.细节信息“rural people”,”malaria infested places”定位于原文A段落
“In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years ’ 这里“land workers” 对应题目信息 “rural people”,“malarial zones” X被题目信息 “malaria infested places”，“terrifying 22.5 years”所以正确答案为 life expectancy。
17.利用细节信息“the south of Italy”定位于原文A段落倒数第二句话“Epidemics were
blamed on southern Italians，given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditary”，这里“epidemics”对应题目信息“spread so quickly”，所以正确答案为hereditary。利用细节信息“1880s”定位于原文A段落最后一句话“In the 1880s，such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit，原文这里提及，在1880s人们最终发现蚊子才是真正的罪魁祸首（“the real culprit”），所以正确答案为 culprit 或 real culprit。
Questions 19-21
19.利用细节信息 “volunteers” 和 “experiments that provided assuring evidence” 定位于原文 B 段落倒数第二句话 “Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites — and remained well”，虽然原文这里提及 这一系列的实验提供了蚊子和疟疾之间联系的确凿证据，但是原文这里并未提及参 与这些实验的志愿者们来自于哪里。题目信息在原文信息基础上无法判断，所以答案为 Not Given。
20.细节信息“malarial zones”仍然定位于原文B段落倒数第二句话“Definitive
proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites —and remained well”，这里原文明显提及有些人进入了“malarial zones”最后“remained well”（对应题目信息“alive”）。题目信息与原文信息是同意表达，所以答案为True。
21.利用细节信息“quinine”定位于原文c輔最后两句话“It was originally decided
to give quinine to all those in certain regions — even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious of medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility and refusal，and many were dubbed ‘poisoners’ ”，原文这里虽然说政府尝试把 “quinine”用于所有人，甚至健康人，但是人们对此却表示怀疑及反对
所以并非所有人都接受了“quinine” 的治疗而题目却说政府成功地对所有人进行了 “quinine”治疗。题目信息与原文信息正好相反，所以答案为False。
. Questions 22-26
22.通读文章不难发现文章开头两段是在讲关于疟疾产生理论的讨论，所以答案应该在
这里。题目信息出现在原文B段落，尤其是第一句话提及“Italian scientists, drawing
on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made,这里 “key discoveries” 对应题 目信息 “breakthrough”， 所以正确答案为 B。
23.利用反向思维词“a story”推断原文对应信息应该提及一个具体的故事，尤其是对
今日读者有启示作用的故事。原文对应信息位于F段落，这里提及一个关于“popular
cyclist” 的故事，并且最后提及 “It also provides us with ‘ a message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency ’”，这就是对读者的启发，所以正确答案为F。
24.利用反向思维词“an expert”推断原文对应信息应该出现一个具体的专家，也就是人名。
原文对应信息位于E段落，这里提及“Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto
Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to come”，所以正确答案为 E
25．利用反向思维词“government policies”推断原文应该提及具体的政府政策，并包
含较多的对其后果的描述。原文对应信息出现在D段落中间，这里提及意大利法
西斯政府在墨索里尼的领导下所指定的对策完全无效（“He shows how much of Ae
regime’s claims to have ‘eradicated，malaria through massive land reclamation, forced population removals and authoritarian clean-ups were pure propaganda )，并最终导致 A war swept through the drained lands in the 40s，the disease returned with a vengeance，所 以正确答案为D。
26.利用反向四维词“human body”推断原文应该出现具体的人体方面的词汇，以及
疟疾所导致的症状。原文对应信息出现于八段落中间偏下“those were weakened or suffered from splenomegaly - a gainful enlargement of the spleen* and
‘a lifeless stare’”，所以正确答案为A。
难句解析
Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the word is Italian, and this horrible disease marked the life of those in the peninsula for thousands of years. Yet by 1962, Italy was officially declared malaria-free, and it has remained so ever since. Frank Snowden’s study of this success story takes us to areas historians have rarely visited before.
A Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by \"miasma” or \"poisoning of the air\". Others made a link between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects. The consequences of these theories were that little was done to combat the disease before the end of the century.（本句可缩写为the consequences were +that引导的表语从句；little是标语从句中的主语,意为这些理论的结果是没有什么进展） Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were \"permanently at risk\"'. In malarial zones the life expectancy of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from splenomegaly —a \"painful enlargement of the spleen\" and \"a lifeless stare\"（主语从句,those who escaped death,那些死里逃生的人；谓语中weakened与suffered并列。）. The economic impact of the disease was immense. Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread belief
that malaria was hereditary.（given the widespread belief that malaria was hereditary,注意given不与主句中的谓语并列,而是引导条件状语从句；例：Given the fact that it will rain tomorrow, we have to cancel the trip。明天要下雨，所以出行取消。） In the 1880s, such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as the real culprit.
B Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made.（本句可缩写为Scientists were able to predict fever；draw引导的状语从句修饰scientist；but后副句为It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他部分的强调句结构,意为在罗马,关键的发现产生了;例：It was in the train station that I met the singer.我是在火车站遇到那位歌手的。 ） Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular type of mosquito was the carrier of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers (mosquitoes were released into rooms where they drank the blood of the human guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between the insects (all females of a certain kind) and the disease.（by ving引导的方式状语从句，主句主语与分句主语相同，此处即使（Grassi）experiments on…） Soon, doctors and scientists made another startling discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere carriers. Every year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by the insects. Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites — and remained well. .（主句可缩写成proof was obtained, after引导的时间状语从句,从句中的地点italy由where引导的从句修饰。）The new Italian state had the necessary information to tackle the disease.
C A complicated approach was adopted, which made use of quinine - a drug obtained from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever, but was now seen as a crucial part of the war on malaria.(主句为A complicated approach was adopted, which引导的从句修饰前面整句,-后是同位语从句,解释quinine；which则是引导定语从句修饰tree bark,与but引导的分句并列) Italy introduced a quinine law and a quinine tax in 1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of rural workers. Despite its often terrible side-effects (the headaches produced were known as the **quinine-buzz”) the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of infection. In addition, Italy set up rural health centres and invested heavily in education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was now not just a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be defeated through multilayered strategies.(此处as Snowden shows 是插入语，可通过前后逗号判断；其中分句由not…but..结构展开表示转折；例:She is not a nurse but a doctor.即她不是个护士，而是医生。 ) Politics was itself（此处itself为主语politics的同位语，强调是政治本身） transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions - even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious of medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility and refusal, and many were dubbed \"poisoners”.
D Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped altogether from the scourge of the disease. War, from 1915-18, delayed the campaign. Funds were diverted to the battlefields and the fight against malaria became a military issue, laying the way for the fascist approach to the problem.
Mussolini’s policies in the 20s and 30s are subjected to a serious cross-examination by Snowden. He shows how much of the regime's claims to have \"eradicated\" malaria through massive land reclamation, forced population removals and authoritarian clean-ups were pure propaganda.（本句可简化为,he shows how the regime forced population；需要注意的是to have…. Reclamation部分均用于修饰claims,而后force才是regime's claims的谓语,removal与authoritarian并列被were pure propaganda修饰） Mass draining was instituted — often at a great cost as Mussolini waged war not on the disease itself, but on the mosquitoes that carried it. The cleansing of Italy was also ethnic, as \"carefully selected'* Italians were chosen to inhabit the gleaming new towns of the former marshlands around Rome. The \"successes\" under fascism were extremely vulnerable, based as they were on a top-down concept of eradication. As war swept through the drained lands in the 40s, the disease returned with a vengeance.
E In the most shocking part of the book, Snowden describes — passionately, but with the skill of a great historian how the retreating Nazi armies in Italy in 1943-44 deliberately caused a massive malaria epidemic in Lazio.（passionately, but with the skill of a great historian为插入语可通过符号-标志辨析；本句可简化为Snowden describes how Nazi caused malaria.） It was \"the only known example of biological warfare in 20th century Europe\". Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy — with the support of the US Rockefeller Foundation — using a new pesticide, DDT.（本句可提炼为Snowden claims that Missiroli was preparing a strategy. using a new pesticide为现在分词引导的方式状语
从句,具体解释前文strategy的展开方式；而— with the support …Foundation —则为补充信息的插入语；可通过前后-辨析） Missiroli allowed the epidemic to spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive, and lucrative, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It
is estimated that more than a third of those in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many, died. （主句为Thousands（of people）died,成千上万人死去；nobody knows how many为插入语,此处作为补充：没人知道到底有多少）With the war over, the US government and the Rockefeller Foundation were free to experiment. DDT was sprayed from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered with the chemical. The effects were dramatic, and nobody really cared about the toxic effects of the chemical.
F By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole peninsula. The last cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist. Fausto Coppi. He had contracted malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to spot the disease was a sign of the times. A few decades earlier, they would have immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose of quinine would have saved his life.（would have done sth,本该能做（却没做）某事） As there are still more than 1 m deaths every year from malaria worldwide, Snowden s book also has contemporary relevance. This is a disease that affects every level of the societies where it is rampant. （主句很简单,可提炼为This is a disease;但本句核心内容在that引导的定语从句,来形容disease到底有什么影响；句末where则是一个定语从句用于形容
societies,注意辨析）It also provides us with message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency\".
固定搭配
Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the word is Italian, and this horrible disease marked the life of （mark标志着,后常常以mark sth of sth的形式出现,即标志着sth的某种特质）those in the peninsula for thousands of years. Yet by 1962, Italy was officially declared（常搭配使用；官方宣布） malaria-free, and it has remained so ever since. Frank Snowden’s study of this success story takes us to areas historians have rarely visited before.
A Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. But in the 19th century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by \"miasma” or \"poisoning of the air\". Others made a link between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap towards insects（make a leap to朝sth跨越一步）. The consequences of these theories were that little was done to combat the disease before the end of the century. Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were \"permanently at risk（固定搭配,处在危机中）\"'. In malarial zones the life expectancy（固定搭配,预期寿命） of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from（suffered from sth固定搭配,遭受某事的磨难） splenomegaly —a \"painful enlargement of the spleen\" and \"a lifeless stare\". The economic impact of the disease was immense. Epidemics were blamed on（固定搭配,把责任归咎于sth; blame sb. for sth将责任归咎于sb，注意这两种搭配中介词的不同） southern Italians, given the widespread belief
that malaria was hereditary. In the 1880s, such theories began to collapse as the dreaded mosquito was identified as（be identified as,被认为是） the real culprit.
B Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made. Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular type of mosquito was the carrier of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers (mosquitoes were released into rooms where they drank the blood of the human guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between（link between A and B；固定搭配,A与B之间的联系） the insects (all females of a certain kind) and the disease. Soon, doctors and scientists made another startling discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected and not mere carriers. Every year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by the insects. Definitive proof of these new theories was obtained after an extraordinary series of（a series of,一系列的；后面的名词一般为复数形式） experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into（sb be introduced to sth,将sb介绍给某处） malarial zones but kept free of（免于） mosquito bites — and remained well. The new Italian state had the necessary information to
tackle the disease.
C A complicated approach was adopted, which made use of quinine - a drug obtained from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever, but was now seen as a crucial part of the war on malaria. Italy introduced a quinine law and a quinine tax in 1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of（固定搭配,
大量的；后跟可数名词复数形式；可与a large number of互换；也可用lots of/a lot of /plenty of+可数名词代替） rural workers. Despite its often terrible side-effects（副作用） (the headaches produced were known as the **quinine-buzz”) the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of infection. In addition, Italy set up（建立;可用establish替换） rural health centres and invested heavily in（invest in,投资） education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was now not just a medical problem, but a social and regional issue, and could only be defeated through multilayered strategies. Politics was itself transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions - even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious of（be suspicious of,固定搭配,被怀疑） medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility and refusal, and many were dubbed \"poisoners”.
D Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped altogether from the scourge of the disease. War, from 1915-18, delayed the campaign. Funds were diverted to the battlefields and the fight against（fight against sth
,与sth搏斗） malaria became a military issue, laying the way for the fascist approach to（approach to sth,sth的解决办法） the problem. Mussolini’s policies in the 20s and 30s are subjected to a serious cross-examination by Snowden. He shows how much of the regime's claims to have \"eradicated\" malaria through massive land reclamation, forced population removals and authoritarian clean-ups
were pure propaganda. Mass draining was instituted — often at a great cost（at a cost of sth,在某种代价下） as Mussolini waged war not on（wage war on/against sth,像某事开战） the disease itself, but on the mosquitoes that carried it. The cleansing of Italy was also ethnic, as \"carefully selected'* Italians were chosen to inhabit the gleaming new towns of the former marshlands around Rome. The \"successes\" under fascism were extremely vulnerable, based as they were on a top-down concept of eradication. As war swept through the drained lands in the 40s, the disease returned with a vengeance.
E In the most shocking part of the book, Snowden describes — passionately, but with the skill of a great historian _ how the retreating Nazi armies in Italy in 1943-44 deliberately caused a massive malaria epidemic in Lazio. It was \"the only known example of biological warfare in 20th century Europe\". Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute quinine, despite being well aware of（be aware of,意识到） the epidemic to come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy — with the support of the US Rockefeller Foundation — using a new pesticide, DDT. Missiroli allowed the epidemic to（allow sth to do,允许） spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive, and lucrative, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It is estimated that more than a third of（三分之一） those in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many, died. With the war over, the US government and the Rockefeller Foundation were free to experiment. DDT was sprayed from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered with（covered with,被覆盖） the chemical. The effects were dramatic, and nobody really
cared about the toxic effects of the chemical.
F By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole peninsula. The last cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final victims to die of（die of/die from,因..过世） the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist. Fausto Coppi. He had contracted malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to spot the disease was a sign of（..的标志） the times. A few decades earlier, they would have immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose of quinine would have saved his life. As there are still more than 1 m deaths every year from malaria worldwide, Snowden s book also has contemporary relevance. This is a disease that affects every level of the societies where it is rampant. It also provides us with（provide sb with sth；provide sth to sb,提供sth给sb） message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency\".
高频词汇
Mal-aria. Bad air. Even the word is Italian, and this horrible disease（疾病,可已通过dis-否定前缀,ease舒适,来组合记忆） marked the life of those in the peninsula（半岛） for thousands of years. Yet by 1962, Italy was officially（正式的,官方的,形容词official） declared（宣布,公告；可与announce, state互换） malaria-free, and it has remained（剩余,留存） so ever since. Frank Snowden’s study of this success story takes us to areas historians have rarely（极少的,罕见的） visited before.
A Everybody now knows that malaria is carried by mosquitoes. But in the 19th
century, most experts believed that the disease was produced by \"miasma” or \"poisoning of the air\". Others made a link between swamps, water and malaria, but did not make the further leap（飞跃；跨越） towards insects. The consequences（结果,可用于替换result） of these theories（理论） were that little was done to combat（战斗,搏斗；动名词同形,可以用于替换fight） the disease before the end of the century. Things became so bad that 11m Italians (from a total population of 25m) were \"permanently（永久的） at risk\"'. In malarial zones the life expectancy（期待,期望） of land workers was a terrifying 22.5 years. Those who escaped death were weakened or suffered from splenomegaly —a \"painful enlargement（扩大,en-使…前缀,large-大,-ment名词后缀,联系可猜测词义） of the spleen\" and \"a lifeless stare\". The economic impact（影响；同义effect） of the disease was immense（巨大的,可与giant互换）. Epidemics were blamed on southern Italians, given the widespread（传播广泛的；wide-广阔,spread传播,组合可知词义） belief that malaria was hereditary（遗传性的）. In the 1880s, such theories began to collapse（崩溃,坍塌） as the dreaded（令人害怕的） mosquito was identified as the real culprit（犯人；罪人）.
B Italian scientists, drawing on the pioneering（开创性的；pioneer,先驱者） work of French doctor Alphonse Laveran, were able to predict（预测；同义词foretell） the cycles of fever but it was in Rome that further key discoveries were made. Giovanni Battista Grassi, a naturalist, found that a particular（特定的,可用specific代替） type of mosquito was the carrier（载体；通过动词carry,可猜测词义） of malaria. By experimenting on healthy volunteers (mosquitoes were released into rooms where they drank the blood of the human guinea pigs), Grassi was able to make the direct link between the insects (all females of a certain kind) and the disease.
Soon, doctors and scientists made
another startling（令人吃惊的，可与amazing，stunning互换使用） discovery: the mosquitoes themselves were also infected（感染,可以与septic互换） and not mere carriers. Every year, during the mosquito season, malarial blood was moved around the population by the insects. Definitive（决定性的；definite,明确的） proof of these new theories was obtained（获得,尤其指通过努力获得,近义词gain；词根-tain有to hold拿住的意思） after an extraordinary（不凡的；extra-额外的,ordinary平凡的,组合可知词义） series（系列,单复数同形） of experiments in Italy, where healthy people were introduced into malarial zones but kept free of mosquito bites — and remained well. The new Italian state had the necessary information to tackle（处理,可以用handle替换,也可以用词组deal with） the disease.
C A complicated（复杂的,可与complex互换） approach was adopted（采用,也有“收养”的意思）, which made use of quinine - a drug obtained from tree bark which had long been used to combat fever, but was now seen as a crucial（关键的,重要的；可与essential互换） part of the war on malaria. Italy introduced a quinine law and a quinine tax in 1904, and the drug was administered to large numbers of rural（农村的；对应的,形容词urban是“都市的”的意思） workers. Despite its often terrible side-effects (the headaches produced were known as the “quinine-buzz”) the drug was successful in limiting the spread of the disease, and in breaking cycles of infection. In addition, Italy set up rural health centres and invested heavily in education programmes. Malaria, as Snowden shows, was now not just a medical problem, but a social and regional（地区性的；名词region） issue（问题,此处可以matter, subject互换）, and could only be defeated（打败） through multilayered
（多层次的；multi-多,layer名词,层次,组合可知词义） strategies（策略；与tactic意思相近,但tactic多指军事战术,且多用复数形式）. Politics was itself transformed by the anti-malarial campaigns. It was originally decided to give quinine to all those in certain regions - even healthy people; peasants were often suspicious（有嫌疑的；suspect做名词时意为嫌疑犯） of medicine being forced upon them. Doctors were sometimes met with hostility（敌意, 指对他人的不友好或非常恼恨；hostile则是形容词“有敌意的”） and refusal（拒绝；通过动词refuse可推测词意）, and many were dubbed（称作；dub A （as）B,将A称作B） \"poisoners”.
D Despite these problems, the strategy was hugely successful. Deaths from malaria fell by some 80% in the first decade of the 20th century and some areas escaped（逃脱；escape from sth,从某处逃出） altogether（完全地,总共地；而all together意为全部在同一地方或同一时间） from the scourge（天灾,灾难；可用disaster互换） of the disease. War, from 1915-18, delayed（延迟；动名词同形） the campaign. Funds were diverted（转移,分流；近义词distract） to the battlefields and the fight against malaria became a military issue, laying the way for the fascist approach to the problem. Mussolini’s policies in the 20s and 30s are subjected to a serious cross-examination by Snowden. He shows how much of the regime's （制度）claims to have \"eradicated\" malaria through massive land reclamation(开垦,开拓), forced population removals and authoritarian clean-ups were pure propaganda（宣传运动；可以用campaign代替）. Mass draining was instituted — often at a great cost as Mussolini waged war not on the disease itself, but on the mosquitoes that carried it. The cleansing
of Italy was also ethnic（种族的；ethnic minority少数民族）, as \"carefully
selected'* Italians were chosen to inhabit（居住；in-使得…;habit居住,组合可知词义） the gleaming（闪闪发光的；而动词gleam意为使闪烁，使闪亮） new towns of the former marshlands（沼泽地） around Rome. The \"successes\" under fascism（法西斯主义） were extremely vulnerable（容易受伤的；常与to搭配,be vulnerable to sth意为易受某物伤害的）, based as they were on a top-down concept（概念；前缀con-有共同的之意） of eradication（摧毁,根除；动词eradicate,摧毁,根除）. As war swept through the drained（流干的；动词drain,流干,排水） lands in the 40s, the disease returned with a vengeance（复仇,同义词revenge）.
E In the most shocking part of the book, Snowden describes — passionately（热情的）, but with the skill of a great historian _ how the retreating（retreat,撤退） Nazi armies in Italy in 1943-44 deliberately（故意,特意；形容词deliberate；同时deliberate也有动词,权衡之意） caused a massive malaria epidemic in Lazio. It was \"the only known example of biological warfare in 20th century Europe\". Shamefully, the Italian malaria expert Alberto Missiroli had a role to play in the disaster: he did not distribute（分配,散布；-tribute有to give之意,如attribute,归因于） quinine, despite being well aware of the epidemic to come. Snowden claims that Missiroli was already preparing a new strategy — with the support of the US Rockefeller Foundation — using a new pesticide（杀虫剂；pest为害虫的意思,-cide有切、杀的意思；如suicide,意为自杀）, DDT. Missiroli allowed the epidemic to spread, in order to create the ideal conditions for a massive（大规模的；mass,大量）, and lucrative（获利多的,可与profitable互换）, human experiment. Fifty-five thousand cases of malaria were recorded in the province of Littoria alone in 1944. It is estimated that more than a third of those in the affected area contracted the disease. Thousands, nobody knows how many, died. With the war over, the US government and the
Rockefeller Foundation were free to experiment. DDT was sprayed（喷射；hair spray 发胶） from the air and 3m Italians had their bodies covered with the chemical. The effects were dramatic（令人瞩目的,戏剧化的；名词drama,意为戏剧；固定搭配drama queen,意为戏精）, and nobody really cared about the toxic（毒性,可与poisonous互换） effects of the chemical.
F By 1962, malaria was more or less gone from the whole peninsula. The last cases were noted in a poor region of Sicily. One of the final victims to die of the disease in Italy was the popular cyclist. Fausto Coppi. He had contracted（contract有签合同、感染、缩小三种词义,注意区分） malaria in Africa in 1960, and the failure of doctors in the north of Italy to spot the disease was a sign of the times. A few decades earlier, they would have immediately noticed the tell-tale signs; it was later claimed that a small dose（剂量；overdose 过量） of quinine would have saved his life. As there are still more than 1 m deaths every year from malaria worldwide（世界范围内；world世界,wide广阔,组合可知词义）, Snowden s book also has contemporary（当代的） relevance（关联性；relevant相关的）. This is a disease that affects every level of the societies where it is rampant（猖獗的）. It also provides us with message of hope for a world struggling with the great present-day medical emergency\".
参考译文
战胜疟疾：1900-1962的意大利
“疟疾，，一词源自意大利语，意为“坏空气”。这种可怕的疾病数千年来伴随着这个
半岛上的居民。但在1962年，意大利政府正式宣布消灭了疟疾，从此，意大利再没有发生过疟疾.弗兰克.斯诺登对这个成功案例的研究带着我们走进了历史学家很少涉足的区域。
A现在大家都知道疟疾是由蚊子传播的。但在19世纪时，大部分专家认为这种疾病是
由“瘴气，，或者“毒气”引起的。有人认为疟疾与湿地和水有关，却没有进一步想
到与蚊子相关。持这些理论的结果是，在19世纪末以前，人类与疟疾的对战几乎没
有什么进展。更糟糕的是，在意大利2500万的总人口中，有1100万人患上了疟疾，
处于“持久的危险中”。在疟疾横行区，陆上工人的预期寿命只有可怕的22.5岁。那
些死里逃生的人则变得虚弱或者患上“脾肿大”疾病，表现为脾脏肿大及眼睛无神。
这沉重地打击了经济。疟疾这种流行病被归咎于南部的意大利人，因为当时普遍认
为疟疾是会遗传的。到19世纪80年代，随着人们发现可怕的蚊子是真正的元凶，
遗传理论才开始崩溃。
B意大利科学家在法国医生阿方斯.拉韦朗的开拓性研究的基础上，成功预测了发热
的周期，不过关于疟疾更多的重大发现则是在罗马出现的。意大利动物学家乔瓦尼.巴
蒂斯塔.格拉西发现传播疟疾的蚊子只有一种。通过在健康的志愿者身上做实验（使
志愿者与蚊子共居一室，让蚊子吸取志愿者的血），他得知蚊子（全都是一种雌蚊）
和症疾有直接关系。不久后，医生和科学家得到另一个惊人的发现：蚊子不仅携带
病毒，而且其自身也被感染了。在每年蚊虫肆虐的季节，蚊子都会携带疟疾的血液
到处传播。及至在意大利进行一系列重要实验后，这个新理论得到了确切的佐证。
健康的人到了疟疾流行区，只要不被蚊子叮咬，那么他们就能保持健康。这时，意
大利得到对付这种疾病的必要信息了。
C 一个复杂的方法被采用了，那就是奎宁的使用。奎宁是从树皮中提取的药物，长期
被应用于治疗发热，如今，它被认为是战胜症疾的关键一步。意大利于19〇4年颁布
了奎宁法律、开征了奎宁税，并分发了奎宁药物给大量的农民工。尽管这种药物常
有可怕的副作用（会产生头痛，这种头痛被称为“奎宁响”），但是它能有效地控制
症疾的传播并破坏传染周期。此外，意大利还成立了乡村治种心，并加大教育投资。正如斯诺登所展示的，疟疾不仅是医学问题，它还是社会和地区问题，只有通过多
层面的策略才能解决。与症疾对抗的运动改变了政治。政府最初的决定是要把奎宁
分发给特定地区的所有人，包括健康的人。农民经常会怀疑这些被强加给他们的药物。
有时候，医生会遭到敌意和拒绝，许多的医生被称为“毒害者，’。
D尽管遇到这些问题，该策略还是相当成功的。20世纪的头1〇年，因疟疾而死亡的人
数下降了 80%，而有些地区甚至完全摆脱了疟疾。不过，1915年至1918年的第一次
世界大战延误了这场运动。政府把大多数资金用于战争，于是，与疟疾的抗争成了军
事话题，这促成了用法西斯办法解决问题的局面。墨索里尼于20世纪20年代和30
年代颁布的政策受到斯诺登的严正“拷问”。墨索里尼政权宣称通过大量开垦荒地、
强迫人口迁徙和专制的清洗运动已经消灭了疟疾。斯诺登在书中则展示了该政权所宣
称的有多少只是出于宣传目的。实行大规模抽干湿地的代价是严重的，因为墨索里尼
并不是对疾病本身发动战争，而是对携带病毒的蚊子发动战争。意大利的清洗运动还
有民族差别性，那些被“精挑细选”出来的意大利人住在新兴的城镇，而这些城镇以
前是罗马附近的湿地。法西斯主义下的所谓“成功”是十分脆弱的，因为这是基于自
上而下的消灭概念。当20世纪40年代的战争席卷被抽干的土地时，疟疾卷土重来。
E在这本书最震撼人心的部分中，斯诺登运用伟大历史学家所具有的技巧，热情地描
述了在意大利撤退的纳粹军队如何于1943年至1944年间故意在拉齐奥引起一场大
规模的疟疾瘟疫。这是“20世纪欧洲唯一已知的生物战争”。可耻的是，意大利疟疾
专家阿尔贝托•米西罗利在这场灾难中难辞其咎：尽管清楚地意识到了瘟疫即将来
临，他却没有分发奎宁。斯诺登教授认为，米西罗利当时已在准备一个新的策略——
在美国洛克菲勒基金会的支持下——使用新的杀虫剂，滴滴涕（DDT)。米西罗利
任由瘟疫蔓延，是为了给一场大规模的、暴利的人类试验创造条件。1944年，仅在
意大利的拉蒂纳省就有55000个疟疾病例。据估计，受灾区里有超过三分之一的人
感染了这种疾病。成百上千的人（没有人知道确切数字）因此死去。当二战结束后，
美国政府和洛克菲勒基金会便可任意地拿滴滴涕来做试验。空气中喷洒着滴滴涕，
这种化学物被洒到三百万意大利人的身上。其影响是巨大的，但当时没有人真正关
注这种化学物的毒效。
F及至1962年，疟疾在整个半岛基本消失了。西西里岛的一个落后地区发现了最后一
批疟疾病例。最后一批疟疾受害者中有著名的自行车手浮士托•科皮。他于1960年
在非洲感染了疟疾，而当时意大利北部的医生没能察觉这种疾病，这一事件是那个
时代的写照。几十年以前，医生会马上注意到显著的病症；后来据称，一小剂的奎宁
就能挽救科皮的命。每年，全球各地仍有超过万人因疟疾而死亡，因此，斯诺
登的书同样具有现代意义。这是一个在它肆虐的地方能影响社会各层的疾病。对于
这个正与当今大型医疗紧急事故作斗争的世界来说，这本书也传递了一种希望的讯息。
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