专业八级-605

专业八级-605

(总分：100.10，做题时间：90分钟)

一、READING COMPREHENSION(总题数：2，分数：100.00)

Section A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

Passage One

The sudden death of an admired public person always seems an impossibility. People ascribe invulnerability, near immortality to our centers of attention. John Kennedy dies, and it could not happen. John Lennon dies, and it could not happen. Elvis, and Grace Kelly, and shock after shock. And now this death of a young woman by whom the world had remained shocked from the moment she first appeared before it, whose name contained the shadow of her end: Princess Di.

But who would have believed it? People thought every thought that could be thought about Diana, but not death. She was beauty, death\"s opposite. Beauty is given not only a special place of honor in the world but also a kind of permanence,

as if it were an example of the tendency of nature to perfect itself, and therefore something that once achieved, lives forever.

Her life never seemed as tragic as it was often made out—just sad, and a little off. She married the wrong man. Her in-laws could be vindictive. For every photographer eager to capture a picture of her in one of those astonishing evening gowns or hats, another was hiding in the bushes ready to bring her down.

One cannot think of any public statement of hers that was especially brilliant or witty. She was more innocent than clever; even her confession of an affair to a reporter sounded girlish. If pressed, few could say exactly what it was that made her so important, especially to people outside England, except for the fact that one could not take one\"s eyes off the woman.

Yet that was no small thing. Diana was someone one had to look at, and such a person comes along once in a blue moon . She had a soft heart; that was evident. She had a knack for helping people in distress. And all such qualities rose in a face that everyone was simply pleased to see.

In a way, she was more royal than the royals. She had a higher station than the Queen of England; she was the nominal young monarch of her own country and of every other place in the world. She was the sentimental favorite figurehead, who was authorized to sign no treaties, command no armies, make no wars. All she had was the way she looked and sounded and behaved. No model or actress could hold a candle to her. She was the image every child has of a princess—the one

who can feel the pea under the mattresses, who kisses the frog, who lets down her hair from the tower window.

Her marriage was gone long before her death. As the years went on, it is likely that there would have been other romances after Dodi AI Fayed to tickle the throngs. Exactly how her life would have progressed is hard to imagine. She would have continued to be a good mother and a worker for the ill and the poor; she would have been pictured from time to time at a dinner party or on a boat. In older age she might have become the King\"s mother, welcomed back into the royal family at a time of life that is automatically accorded status. How would she have looked? The hair whiter, the skin a bit more lined, but the eyes would still have had that sweet mixture of kindness and longing. By then the story of her and Charles, the scandals and accusations, might have been lost in smoke.

Yet if people now were asked how they will remember Diana, what picture among the thousands they will hold in their mind, it would not be Diana at an official ceremony, or with a boyfriend, or even with her children. It would be her on the day of her wedding, when all the world was glad to be her subject and when she gave everyone who looked at her the improbable idea that life was beautiful. (此文选自 Time )

Passage Two

We all know that we don\"t get enough sleep. But how much sleep do we really need? Until about 15 years ago, one common theory was that if you slept at least

four or five hours a night, your cognitive performance remained intact; your body simply adapted to less sleep. But that idea was based on studies in which researchers sent sleepy subjects home during the day—where they may have sneaked in naps and downed coffee.

Enter David Dinges, the head of the Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory at the Hospital at University of Pennsylvania, who has the distinction of depriving more people of sleep than perhaps anyone in the world. In what was the longest sleep-restriction study of its kind, Dinges and his lead author, Hans Van Dongen, assigned dozens of subjects to three different groups for their 2003 study, some slept four hours, others six hours and others, for the lucky control group, eight hours—for two weeks in the lab.

Every two hours during the day, the researchers tested the subjects\" ability to sustain attention with what\"s known as the psychomotor vigilance task, or P. V. T., considered a gold standard of sleepiness measures. During the P. V. T., the men and women sat in front of computer screens for 10-minute periods, pressing the space bar as soon as they saw a flash of numbers at random intervals. Even a half-second response delay suggests a lapse into sleepiness, known as a microsleep.

The P. V. T. is tedious but simple if you\"ve been sleeping well. It measures the sustained attention that is vital for pilots, truck drivers, astronauts. Attention is also key for focusing during long meetings; for reading a paragraph just once, instead of five times; for driving a car. It takes the equivalent of only a two-second lapse for a driver to veer into oncoming traffic.

Not surprisingly, those who had eight hours of sleep hardly had any attention lapses and no cognitive declines over the 14 days of the study. What was interesting was that those in the four-and six-hour groups had P. V. T. results that declined steadily with almost each passing day. Though the four-hour subjects performed far worse, the six-hour group also consistently fell off-task. By the sixth day, 25 percent of the six-hour group was falling asleep at the computer. And at the end of the study, they were lapsing fives times as much as they did the first day. The six-hour subjects fared no better—steadily declining over the two weeks—on a test of working memory in which they had to remember numbers and symbols and substitute one for the other. The same was true for an addition-subtraction task that measures speed and accuracy. All told, by the end of two weeks, the six-hour sleepers were as impaired as those who, in another Dinges study, had been sleep-deprived for 24 hours straight—the cognitive equivalent of being legally drunk.

So, for most of us, eight hours of sleep is excellent and six hours is no good, but what about if we split the difference? What is the threshold below which cognitive function begins to flag? While Dinges\"s study was under way, his colleague Gregory Belenky, then director of the division of neuroscience at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Silver Spring, Md. , was running a similar study. He purposely restricted his subjects to odd numbers of sleep hours—three, five, seven and nine hours—so that together the studies would offer a fuller picture of sleep-restriction. Belenky\"s nine-hour subjects performed much like Dinges\"s eight-hour ones. But in the seven-hour group, their response time on the P. V.T. slowed and continued to do so for three days, before stabilizing at lower

levels than when they started. Americans average 6.9 hours on weeknights, according to the National Sleep Foundation. Which means that, whether we like it or not, we are not thinking as clearly as we could be.

Of course our lives are more stimulating than a sleep lab. we have coffee, bright lights, the social buzz of the office, all of which work as \"countermeasures\" to sleepiness. They can do the job for only so long, however. As Belenky, who now heads up the Sleep and Performance Research Center at Washington State University, Spokane, where Van Dongen is also a professor, told me about cognitive deficits: \"You don\"t see it the first day. But you do in five to seven days.\"

And it\"s not clear that we can rely on weekends to make up for sleep deprivation. Dinges is now running a long-term sleep restriction and recovery study to see how many nights we need to erase our sleep debt. But past studies suggest that, at least in many cases, one night alone won\"t do it.

(此文选自 International Herald Tribune)

Passage Three

There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it seems like we\"re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who said there was no one with whom they discussed important matters tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University researchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking

women to increased risk of heart disease shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.

The bad news doesn\"t just affect women. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a raft of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well you\"ll sleep tonight and how depressed you\"ll feel a year from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection . Studies have shown that loneliness can cause stress levels to rise and

can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less healthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than those who are not lonely.

Though more Americans than ever are living alone (25 percent of US households, up from 7 percent in 1940), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak. \"Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are present,\" says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though they\"re surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of the school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the second quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfortunately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate those social relationships. And that can

be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with an increasing number of Americans who say that they\"re willing to move away from home for a job.

Loneliness can be relative: it has been defined as an aversive emotional response to a perceived discrepancy between a person\"s desired levels of social interaction and the contact they\"re actually receiving. People tend to measure themselves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the norm. That\"s why collectivist cultures, like those in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than individualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family and friends.

Still, loneliness is a natural biological signal that we all have. Indeed, loneliness serves an adaptive purpose, making us protect and care for one another. Loneliness essentially puts the brain on high alert, encouraging us not to eat leftovers from the refrigerator but to call a friend and eat out. Certain situational factors can trigger loneliness, but long-term feelings of emptiness and isolation are partly genetic, Cacioppo says. What\"s inherited is not loneliness itself, but rather sensitivity to disconnection.

Social-networking sites like Facebook and MySpace may provide people with a false sense of connection that ultimately increases loneliness in people who feel alone. These sites should serve as a supplement, but not replacement for,

face-to-face interaction, Cacioppo says. For people who feel satisfied and loved in their day-to-day life, social media can be a reassuring extension. For those who are already lonely, Facebook status updates are just a reminder of how much better everyone else is at making friends and having fun.

So how many friends do you need to avoid loneliness? An introvert might need one confidante not to feel lonely, whereas an extrovert might require two, three, or four bosom buddies. Experts say it\"s not the quantity of social relationships but the quality that really matters. \"The most popular kid in school may still feel lonely,\" Cacioppo says. \"There are a lot of stars who have been idols and lived lonely lives.\"

(此文选自 Newsweek)

Passage Four

Laos, a poor country of 6 million people wedged between Vietnam and Thailand, has no openings to the sea and few routes to world attention. But it is now enjoying a rare moment in the sun. Last month it won approval to join the World Trade Organisation. This week it hosted the ninth Asia-Europe meeting, which brings together leaders from the world\"s most and least dynamic regions. Its small economy, which exports gold, copper and hydropower, is distinguishing itself. Its growth rate is not only one of the fastest in the world but also one of the steadiest.

In spite of the fluctuated growth rate worldwide, growth in developing Asia, especially in Indonesia and Bangladesh, is now steadier, as well as faster, than growth in the \"mature\" economies of the G7. The \"Great Moderation\" is the name given to the era of economic tranquility that prevailed in America and elsewhere in the rich world before the financial crisis. Should the label now be applied to Asia?

Asia\"s economies are better known for their speed than their stability. Even now some highly open economies, such as Thailand, Singapore, remain more volatile than the global average. Exposed to international trade flows, their industrial output fluctuates like a twirling ribbon with every twitch of demand.

But developing Asia (which excludes rich economies like Singapore, South Korea) is dominated by populous countries that rely increasingly on domestic demand to drive their economies. Household consumption contributed half of the growth of just over 6% Indonesia enjoyed in the year to the third quarter. Developing Asia\"s combined current-account surplus, which reflects its dependence on foreign demand, more than halved from 2008 to 2011 and is expected to fall further this year.

Asia\"s stability also owes something to demand management. During the Asian financial crisis, policymakers faced a dilemma. They could defend their exchange rates by raising interest rates. But that would cripple borrowers. Or they could let their currencies fall and ease rates. But that would inflate the burden of foreign-currency debt, crippling borrowers too.

In the aftermath of the crisis the region worked its way out of this trap. Most countries accumulated an impressive stock of hard-currency reserves and weaned themselves off foreign-bank loans in favour of foreign equity and local-currency bonds. Because these liabilities were denominated in their own currency, they did not rise in value when the currency fell.

That has freed policymakers to cut interest rates when the economy slows. Indonesia\"s central bank, for example, slashed rates by three percentage points from December 2008 to August 2009. It cut rates by another point from October 2011 to February 2012. Thanks in part to its responsive central bank, Indonesia\"s year-on-year growth rates over the past 20 quarters have been the most stable in the world.

Wise monetary policy was also one of the reasons cited for the Great Moderation enjoyed by the G7 economies. Another was the supposed depth and sophistication of the rich world\"s financial systems, which, it was said, allowed households to smooth their spending, firms to diversify their borrowing and banks to unburden their balance-sheets. Both of these pillars of stability proved false comforts. Economists had not quite settled on an explanation for the Great Moderation before it inconveniently ceased to exist.

Worryingly, Asia\"s great moderation has also been accompanied by sharply rising credit. According to Fred Neumann of HSBC, leverage is now higher than at any time since the Asian financial crisis. This credit expansion may represent healthy\" financial deepening\

and stability. But rising leverage can also be a threat to stability. The late Hyman Minsky, among others, argued that drops in volatility allow firms and households to borrow more of the money they invest. Stability, in Minsky\"s formulation, eventually becomes destabilising. Overleverage does not require excessive optimism, merely excessive certitude; not fast growth, merely steady growth.

Fortunately, Asia\"s policymakers never shared the West\"s faith in self-correcting financial systems. The region has pioneered \"macro-prudential\" regulations, designed to curb excessive credit and capital flows even without raising interest rates. In March, for example, Indonesia tightened loan-to-value ratios on mortgages and imposed minimum downpayments on car and motorbike loans.

Mr. Neumann is, however, skeptical that regulatory tightening can substitute for the monetary kind. Macro-prudential controls are not watertight, he notes. As long as capital remains cheap, money will leak. If the regulator lowers mortgage loan-to-value ratios, for example, banks may simply raise the appraised value of a home. If regulators impede foreign purchases of property, as just did, foreigners will seek inventive ways around the rules.

\"s freedom to raise rates is constrained by its currency\"s fixed link to the dollar, one of the few pegs to survive the Asian financial crisis. Other central banks do not have that excuse. Currency flexibility has given them the freedom to cut rates when growth slows. It should also allow them to raise rates when financial excess threatens—even if rates remain near zero in America, Europe and

Japan. If stable growth allows lenders or borrowers to become overstretched, it can \"sow the seeds of its own destruction\about that.

(此文选自 The Economist)

（分数：44.00）

(1).The author\"s main purpose of mentioning John Kennedy, John Lennon, Elvis and Grace Kelly in the first paragraph is to ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.00）

A.show that Diana\"s death is as sudden and unexpected as theirs

B.illustrate that Diana was as prominent and popular as they were

C.express how regretful people felt for the loss of Diana √

D.imply that people could not accept the fact that they had died

解析：[解析] 推断题。文章第一句指出，但凡有令人爱戴的公众人物去世，人们总是会觉得难以置信，希望他们能够永垂不朽。接下来作者用排比的方式列举了肯尼迪总统等人的去世给大家带来的打击，进而引出戴安娜之死，由文中“shock after shock”和“remained shocked”可以判断，作者提到肯尼迪等人的目的是为了说明戴安娜的去世和这些人物的去世一样，使人们感到遗憾和难过，因此答案是C。

(2).\"That\" in the first sentence of Paragraph Five refers to

---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.00）

A.any of Diana\"s brilliant or witty public statements

B.Diana\"s innocent confession of an affair to a reporter

C.what made Diana so important √

D.the fact that one could not take one\"s eyes off Diana

解析：[解析] 语义题。第四段最后一句指出，人们无法确切地说出究竟是什么让她变得那么重要，但就是无法不去关注她，第五段紧接着讲“that was no small thing”，由此推断，她受关注和爱戴的原因不管到底是什么，总归是非同一般的事情，第五段最后一句提到的“all such qualities”更验证了第五段是在解释戴安娜为何会受人爱戴的原因。由此可知，that指代的是“到底是什么让戴安娜受人爱戴”，故C正确。

(3).Which of the following word is used literally, NOT metaphorically?(Passage One)（分数：2.00）

A.Moon (Paragraph Five).

B.Candle (Paragraph Six).

C.Smoke (Paragraph Seven).

D.Subject (Paragraph Eight). √

解析：[解析] 修辞题。“subject”有“国民，臣民”之意，正符合最后一段末句的语境，并不是修辞用法，故答案为D。第五段第二句用“comes along once in a blue moon”来表明戴安娜在人们心目中的地位，“in a blue moon”比喻“罕见的、稀有的东西”，因此“moon”在此表达的并非字面含义，故排除A；第六段倒数第二句指出，没有演员或者模特能够与戴安娜媲美，“hold a candle to somebody”的意思是“与某人相提并论”，“candle”并非字面含义，故排除B；第七段最后一句的意思是：到那时，她与查尔斯王子的恩怨也许早已烟消云散，“smoke”并非字面含义，故排除C。

(4).The author does NOT mention Princess Diana\"s ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.00）

A.outer and inner beauty

B.personal life

C.charitable heart

D.political influences √

解析：[解析] 细节题。第六段第二句中的“nominal”和第三句中的“figurehead”说明戴安娜并无任何实权，“既不能签署任何官方条约，又不能指挥，更不能发动战争”，由此判断，本文并未提及她的政治影响力，故答案是D。第二段第三句“she was beauty”说明作者提到了戴安娜的外在美，第四段讲她的机智聪明可以看作是对她内在美

的表述，因此排除A；第三段和第七段都提到了她的婚姻，还有她的绯闻，这都是她的个人生活，故排除B；第五段倒数第二句的“helping people in distress”和第七段第四句中的“a worker for the ill and the poor”都显示出她心怀慈悲，故排除C。

(5).The old common theory was that if you slept at least four or five hours a night, ---|||________|||---.(Passage Two)（分数：2.00）

A.your performance would be poor because of cognitive deficits

B.you would fall asleep in front of the computer

C.you would become energetic because your life was stimulating

D.you would work normally because your body could adapt to it √

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词“common theory”定位到第一段。该段第三句提到，大约在15年前，有一种达成共识的理论，那就是如果你每晚至少能保持四至五个小时的睡眠，你的认知能力就不会受到损伤，你的身体完全能够适应较少的睡眠。D“你能够正常工作因为你的身体能够适应它”与之相符，是正确答案。A“由于认知障碍，工作表现将很差”，在第三句中已经说明了认知能力不会受到损伤，不会产生认知障碍，故排除；B“将会在电脑前睡着”在文中并没有提及，故排除；C“由于生活很刺激，你将会很有活力”，在共识中没有涉及此内容，故排除。

(6).Which of the following statements is NOT true about P. V. T. ?(Passage Two)（分数：2.00）

A.It is a standard of sleepiness measures.

B.It is an easy but thought-provoking test. √

C.It can tell a lapse into sleepiness.

D.It can measure the sustained attention.

解析：[解析] 推断题。根据题干关键词P．V．T．定位到第三、四段。第四段第一句提到，用P．V．T．法检测睡眠虽单调乏味但却简单有效，故B与原文意思不符，是正确答案。A“它是衡量睡眠充足程度的标准”与第三段第一句意思相符，故排除；C“它能辨明是否进入睡眠状态”与第三段第三句意思一致，故排除；D“它能够衡量注意力的持续”与第四段第二句意思一致，故排除。

(7).It can be learned from Paragraph Five that ---|||________|||---.(Passage Two)（分数：2.00）

A.8-hour subjects fared the best among three groups √

B.the 6-hour subjects began to decline in the middle of the study

C.half of the 6-hour subjects fell asleep at the computer

D.4-hour subjects were more impaired than 6-hour subjects

解析：[解析] 推断题。根据题干提示定位到第五段。该段主要讲述了丁格斯进行的一

项最长睡眠期的研究结果。该段第一、二句指出，在为期14天的实验中，达到八小时睡眠的受试者几乎没有出现任何注意力分散或认知能力下降的现象，四小时组的受试者情况则很糟，还有六小时组参与者的表现也在走下坡路。A“八小时睡眠的受试者在三个组中进展最好”与之相符，是正确答案。该段第二句指出，四小时与六小时组的受试者的表现是日复一日逐步下降的，并不是到了实验中期才开始下降的，B“六小时组的受试者在实验进行到一半时表现开始下降”与文意不符，故排除；该段第四句指出，到了第六天时，六小时组中25%的人在电脑前进入了梦乡，C“六小时组的一半受试者都在电脑前睡着了”与文意不一致，故排除；D“四小时组受试者比六小时组受试者受损程度大”，文中并没有涉及二者之间的比较，故排除。

(8).Why did Gregory Belenky restrict his subjects to odd numbers of sleep hours?(Passage Two)（分数：2.00）

A.Because he could acquire more precise information. √

B.Because he could provide different tests.

C.Because he could find out the utmost effects of sleep.

D.Because he could observe the relationship between sleep and cognition.

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词“Gregory Belenky”定位到第六段。该段第四句提到，格雷戈里·贝恩凯为了想知道低于多少小时的睡眠会造成认知功能下降，他故意把他们的睡眠小时数在奇数上，如3、5、7、9等，结果他的九小时组受试者表现得与丁格斯八小时组成员不相上下，而七小时组的参与者在接受P．V．T．测试时反应也慢

了，这意味着，大部分人的睡眠都不够，思维能力都没有应有的那么清晰。A“因为他能得到更确切的信息”与原文一致，为正确答案。B“因为他要进行不同的实验”、C“因为他能发现睡眠的最大作用”和D“因为他能观察到睡眠与认知能力之间的关系”都与这个实验分组的目的不相符，故均可排除。

(9).Which of the following is NOT among the factors that may cause people to feel lonely?(Passage Three)（分数：2.00）

A.Less healthy lifestyles. √

B.Being far away from family and friends.

C.Holiday atmosphere.

D.Sensitivity to isolation.

解析：[解析] 细节题。由第二段最后一句可知，“亚健康的生活方式”是孤独感带来的后果之一，而不是造成孤独的原因，因此选A。第三段第三至五句用大学新生的例子来证明孤独感可能会与离家和朋友的距离远近有关，故排除B；第四段最后一句讲到孤独感是相对的，在圣诞节或感恩节这样的团聚时刻，独处的人会感到格外孤独，故排除C；第五段的最后提到孤独感在一定程度上是由基因引起的，因为对孤独的那种敏感可能会遗传，故排除D。

(10).Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?(Passage Three)（分数：2.00）

A.There are approximately 8% of Americans who claimed to be lonely in 1985.

B.College sophomores tend to be lonelier than freshmen. √

C.The more you expect of social interaction, the lonelier you feel if the reality is the reverse.

D.People who often feel lonely are likely to have lonely children.

解析：[解析] 推断题。第三段倒数第三句提到大学新生在第一学期的后几个月就会慢慢交到新朋友，孤独感会有所缓和，由此推断，二年级学生的情况会比新生好一些，故[B]为答案。第一段第三句的关键在对“tripled to 25%”(增至25%)的理解上，由此可推算出1985年的数字应该约在8%，故排除A；第四段第一句给出孤独感的定义，当人们对社会交往的期望与实际情况产生了差异，就会产生孤独感，故排除C；第五段最后说对孤独的敏感可能会遗传，如果父母经常感到孤独的话，他们的孩子很有可能遗传了对孤独的敏感，故排除D。

(11).This passage mainly talks about ---|||________|||---.(Passage Three)（分数：2.00）

A.causes of loneliness √

B.effects of loneliness

C.ways to avoid loneliness

D.loneliness and lifestyles

解析：[解析] 主旨题。虽然第一、二段提到了孤独感可能带来的后果，但接下来用大量篇幅解释可能会引发孤独感的原因，也只有在最后一段提到了避免孤独感最重要的是社会交往的质量，因此选A。

(12).According to the passage, which of the following statements is CORRECT about Laos?(Passage Four)（分数：2.00）

A.The population of Laos is more than that of Thailand.

B.It used to receive little attention from worldwide. √

C.Its economy mainly relies on exports.

D.Its growth rate is faster and steadier than any other countries.

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词“Laos”定位到文章第一段。该段首句指出老挝鲜受关注，因此B为正确选项。该段第一句指出老挝的人口约为600万，并未提及泰国人口总数，故排除A；该段第五句指出老挝经济规模极小，在对外出口黄金、铜和水力资源方面占有优势，而非其经济主要依赖出口，故排除C；该段最后一句指出老挝是“世界上经济增长最快且最稳定的国家之一”，而非世界上经济增长最快且最稳定的国家，故排除D。

(13).Which of the following is NOT the reason why Great Moderation is enjoyed by developing Asia?(Passage Four)（分数：2.00）

A.Household consumption.

B.Demand management.

C.Wise monetary policy.

D.Rising leverage. √

解析：[解析] 细节题。第九段第四句提到不断增长的杠杆比率可能会对经济稳定造成威胁，而不是亚洲发展中国家处于经济大缓和的原因之一，因此D为正确答案。第四段第一句提到居民消费在驱动亚洲发展中国家经济方面发挥着巨大的作用，故排除A；第五段第一句提到了亚洲的稳定在一定程度上归功于需求管理方式，故排除B；第六段最后一句以及第七段第一句指出大多数亚洲国家积累了可观的硬通货储备并清偿了外资银行的贷款，这使得制定者们在经济增长缓慢时下调利率，从而保持稳定的增长率。硬通货储备和清偿了外资银行的贷款均属于明智的货币，故排除C。

(14).All of the following facts can support Mr. Neumann\"s view of \"macro-prudential controls are not watertight\" EXCEPT that in Asia, ---|||________|||---.(Passage Four)（分数：2.00）

A.banks are capable of offsetting the effect of lower loan-to-value ratios

B.the exchange rates of Asia\"s economies are limited by currency pegs √

C.foreign investors can bypass the rules to buy real estate

D.stable economic growth may lead to excess credit

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干定位到文章最后两段。最后一段第一句指出港币汇率的浮动受制于联系汇率制，而非亚洲所有国家和地区，所以正确答案为B。第十一段第四句提到监管机构降低抵押贷款价值比率，银行就会提高房产的评估价值以规避监管，故排除A；第十一段最后一句提到如果监管机构阻挠外国人购置本国房产，外资就会另辟蹊径绕过资本监管，故排除C；最后一段倒数第二句指出稳定的经济增长可能会导致过度借贷，从而引发严重的后果，故排除D。

(15).Section B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

Passage One

What\"s the author\"s attitude towards Princess Diana?（分数：2.00）

解析：Admiring.[解析] 由于本题是观点态度题，所以要从全文着手来作答。文章一开头作者就用“impossibility”来表达对戴安娜之死的遗憾和难过，第二段的“She was beauty”，第四段的“especially brilliant or witty”，第五段的“comes along once in a blue moon”，以及第六段的“more royal than the royals”，这些无一不显示出作者对她的崇敬之情，故答案为Admiring。

(16).Passage Two

What\"s the main idea of the passage?（分数：2.00）

解析：The passage illustrates what enough sleep is through tests.[解析] 由于本题是主旨大意题，所以答案要通过全文细读方可得知。这篇文章主要介绍丁格斯所进行的实验。为了知道充足的睡眠到底是多长时间，科学家们进行了多种有关睡眠的实验，将受试者们分成了不同的小组，来测试在不同睡眠情况下他们注意力的维持程度。通过实验得知，八小时睡眠是比较充足的睡眠，而不充足的睡眠会导致人注意力下降，损害认知能力。由此可知，答案是The passage illustrates what enough sleep is through tests。

(17).Passage Two

What\"s the result of Duke University\"s research?（分数：2.00）

解析：The number of American people who feel lonely increased.[解析] 由题干关键词“Duke University”定位至第一段第二句，该句说美国人比以往任何时候都孤独。接着第三句提到根据杜克大学的调查，从1985年到2004年，抱怨没有人可以和自己谈论重要事务的人的数量竟增加了两倍，增至25%。概括起来就是：觉得孤独的美国人增加了。因此答案为The number of American people who feel lonely increased。

(18).Who tends to be the least lonely according to the passage?(Passage Three)（分数：2.00）

解析：A person who lives in all individualist culture.[解析] 由题干关键词“least

lonely”定位至第四段第二句，该句说人们会以别人为标准衡量自己，当生活在以社会联系为准则的社会中时会感到孤独，因此生活在集体主义社会中的人会比个人主义文化中的人更容易感到孤独，因此答案为A person who lives in an individualist culture。

(19).What\"s the author\"s main purpose of mentioning Facebook?(Passage Three)（分数：2.00）

解析：To emphasize the supplementary function of Facebook to daily communication.[解析] 由题干关键词“Facebook”定位至第六段第二句，该句引用卡乔波的话来强调这些社交网站应当成为日常交流方式的补充而不是替代品，因此答案为To emphasize the supplementary function of Facebook to daily communication。

(20).Passage Four

According to the passage, what can we learn about some highly open economies?（分数：2.00）

解析：They experience more fluctuations than the average level.[解析] 根据题干关键词“some highly open economies”定位到第三段和第四段。第三段第二句指出这些经济体的经济增长率波动仍然高于世界平均水平，故答案为They experience more fluctuations than the average level。

(21).What\"s the significance of currency\"s fixed link to the dollar according to the passage?(Passage Four)（分数：2.00）

解析：It helped survive the Asian financial crisis.[解析] 由题干关键词“”“currency\"s”“fixed link”可定位至文章最后一段第一句，该句提到港币汇率的浮动受制于港币与美元挂钩的联系汇率制，这也是顺利走出亚洲金融危机所实施的措施之一。由此可知，港币与美元挂钩的联系汇率制曾帮助度过亚洲金融危机，因此答案为It helped survive the Asian financial crisis。

(22).What\"s the author\"s attitude in this passage?(Passage Four)（分数：2.00）

解析：Objective.[解析] 根据全文可以看出，作者在开篇以老挝目前的经济发展为例，谈到了亚洲经济的大缓和，通过举例子、列数据等方式，客观地说明了该现象的成因，故作者的态度是客观的。因此答案为Objective。

Section A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

In this section there are several passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

Passage One

When the Viaduct de Millau opened in the south of France in 2004, this tallest bridge in the world won worldwide compliments. German newspapers described how it \"floated above the clouds\" with \"elegance and lightness\" and \"breathtaking\" beauty. In France, papers praised the \"immense concrete giant\".

Was it mere coincidence that the Germans saw beauty where the French saw heft and power? Lera Boroditsky thinks not.

A psychologist at Stanford University, she has long been intrigued by an age-old question whose modern form dates to 1956, when linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf asked whether the language we speak shapes the way we think and see the world. If so, then language is not merely a means of expressing thought, but a constraint on it, too. Although philosophers, anthropologists, and others have weighed in, with most concluding that language does not shape thought in any significant way, the field has been notable for a distressing lack of empiricism—as in testable hypotheses and actual data.

That\"s where Boroditsky comes in. In a series of clever experiments guided by pointed questions, she is amassing evidence that, yes, language shapes thought. The effect is powerful enough, she says, that \"the private mental lives of speakers of different languages may differ dramatically,\" not only when they are thinking in order to speak, \"but in all manner of cognitive tasks,\" including basic sensory perception. \" Even a small fluke of grammar\"—the gender of nouns—\"can have an effect on how people think about things in the world,\" she says.

As in that bridge, in German, the noun for bridge, Brücke, is feminine. In French, pont is masculine. German speakers saw female features; French speakers, masculine ones. Similarly, Germans describe keys (Schlüssel) with words such as hard, heavy, jagged, and metal, while to Spaniards keys (llaves) are golden, intricate, little, and lovely. Guess which language interprets key as masculine and

which as feminine?

Language even shapes what we see. People have a better memory for colors if different shades have distinct names—not English\"s light blue and dark blue, for instance,

but

Russian\"s

goluboy

and

sinly.

Skeptics

of

the

language-shapes-thought claim have argued that that\"s a trivial finding, showing only that people remember what they saw in both a visual form and a verbal one, but not proving that they actually see the hues differently. In an ingenious experiment, however, Boroditsky and colleagues showed volunteers three color swatches and asked them which of the bottom two was the same as the top one. Native Russian speakers were faster than English speakers when the colors had distinct names, suggesting that having a name for something allows you to perceive it more sharply. Similarly, Korean uses one word for \"in\" when one object is in another snugly (a letter in an envelope), and a different one when an object is in something loosely (an apple in a bowl). Sure enough, Korean adults are better than English speakers at distinguishing tight fit from loose fit.

In Australia, the Aboriginal Kuuk Thaayorre use compass directions for every spatial cue rather than right or left, leading to locutions such as \"there is an ant on your southeast leg.\" The Kuuk Thaayorre are also much more skillful than English speakers at dead reckoning, even in unfamiliar surroundings or strange buildings. Their language \"equips them to perform navigational feats once thought beyond human capabilities,\" Boroditsky wrote on Edge. org.

Science has only scratched the surface of how language affects thought. In

Russian, verb forms indicate whether the action was completed or not—as in \"she ate (and finished) the pizza.\" In Turkish, verbs indicate whether the action was observed or merely rumored. Boroditsky would love to run an experiment testing whether native Russian speakers are better than others at noticing if an action is completed, and if Turks have a heightened sensitivity to fact versus hearsay. Similarly, while English says \"she broke the bowl,\" even if it smashed accidentally (she dropped something on it, say), Spanish and Japanese describe the same event more like \"the bowl broke itself.\" \"When we show people video of the same event,\" says Boroditsky, \"English speakers remember who was to blame even in an accident, but Spanish and Japanese speakers remember it less well than they do intentional actions. It raises questions about whether language affects even something as basic as how we construct our ideas of causality.\" (此文选自

Newsweek )

Passage Two

What would the holidays be without lots of tiny twinkling lights? Less colorful and festive—but also a lot safer.

From living rooms to front porches across the country, homeowners are stringing millions of lights on Christmas trees or eaves and decorating their windowsills with electric, battery-operated or traditional candles. But according to the federal Consumer Product Safety Commission, too many are doing so with little regard to the hazards. Last holiday season there were about 200 Christmas tree fires in American homes, caused primarily by faulty lights and resulting in 10

deaths and more than $10 million in property loss, the Commission says. Another 14,000 house fires are started yearly by misplaced or mishandled flame candles, causing 170 deaths and $350 million in property loss. And about 10,000 people are treated at emergency rooms for injuries from falls, cuts or shocks while hanging lights or decorations.

The biggest causes of holiday fires are \"candles and live trees\a Commission spokeswoman. The agency recommends battery-operated candles instead of real or electric, she said, along with fire-resistant artificial trees—or fresh well-watered trees.

A cut tree is fresh, she said, if the bottom of its trunk is sticky with resin and its needles are hard to pull and don\"t break when bent. It is too dry if it sheds a shower of needles when bounced on the ground. A harvested tree should be cut about a half inch from the bottom and put in water within no more than three to six hours, said Rick Dungey, the public relations manager of the National Christmas Tree Association, in Chesterfield, Mo. \"if you wait any longer, air molecules get in the trunk and they prevent the tree from siphoning water,\" Mr. Dungey said, adding that people should water often and never let the water go below the cut end. Once a Christmas tree dries out, it is an accident waiting to happen, said Lorraine Carli, the communications vice president of the National Fire Protection Association, in Quincy, Mass. If ignited, it can be engulfed in seconds.

The most common cause is electrical—either an overused electrical system or faulty wiring. Brett Brenner, the president of the Electrical Safety Foundation

International (ESFI), in Rosslyn, Va., said homeowners should make yearly inspections. \"Cracked sockets, frayed or bare wires and loose connections can cause a serious shock or start a fire,\" he said. Use no more than one extension cord per socket, and string no more than three sets of lights together. Wires should not run under carpets or through windows or doors. He said outdoor outlets should be protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter—a breaker that trips with any interruption or problem with the ground wire. (An interrupter usually needs to be installed when an outlet is near or exposed to water; it generally costs less than $10.)

John Drengenberg, the consumer affairs director of Underwriters Laboratories, the testing group in Northbrook, Ⅲ., said that if lights are certified for indoors only, they must not be used outside; those certified for outdoors, however, can be used inside. No matter the kind, he said, if the bulbs are the screw-in type, there should be no more than 50 per outlet. Outdoor lights, he said, should be hung with plastic clip-on hangers, not metal nails or staples, which can pierce insulation and cause a short. And what about those who don\"t take down their outdoor lights until the wisteria is in bloom in May? \"You should never leave lights up all year round,\" Mr. Drengenberg said. \"They\"re not designed for year-round use.\" (此文选自

International Herald Tribune )

Passage Three

We all know that emotions originate in the brain. But we usually talk about our emotions coming from our hearts. If someone you know doesn\"t give up easily,

you might say, \" He\"s got a lot of heart .\" Not every culture would agree—for instance, when Italians want to say someone has heart, they say instead, \"Ha fegato\": \"He has liver.\"

But what about bad emotions? When you feel so sad or so angry that your heart \"acheshat, yes, what goes on in your mind can break your heart .

In the first study, just published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), a team of eight researchers looking at more than 63,000 women who were participants in the ongoing Nurses\" Health Study, found that those who reported basic symptoms of depression (like feeling down and incapable of happiness) had a higher-than-normal risk of coronary heart disease. And women who were clinically depressed were more than twice as likely as other women to suffer sudden cardiac death. None of the participants had heart problems at the study\"s outset, but nearly 8% had symptoms of depression.

The researchers theorize that depression might have some direct physiological impact on the heart—like causing it to work harder in the face of stress. The study also found that the more depressed women were, the more likely they were to smoke cigarettes or have high blood pressure and diabetes—not exactly heart-healthy conditions. Or it may be that the antidepressants prescribed to treat those with mood problems were associated with heart ailments; in the study, sudden cardiac death was linked more strongly with antidepressant use than with women\"s symptoms of depression.

The antidepressant theory is just that—a theory. It could be that the antidepressant takers in the study were simply the most depressed. But if the theory is substantiated by further research, it would add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that antidepressants carry a high risk (particularly for teenagers) when weighed against the drugs\" still uncertain benefits. Scientists have already shown that antidepressants are a bad idea for those about to undergo coronary artery bypass surgery.

No one is sure exactly how depression hurts the heart, and one plausible explanation is that the train runs in the opposite direction —a damaged heart and its consequent stress on the body might activate, somehow, genes or other physiological changes that contribute to depression.

But another new paper, also published in the JACC, lends credit to the idea that it is our moods that work on our hearts and not the other way around. In this paper, researchers from University College London reviewed the findings of 39 previously published articles and found that men who are angry and hostile are significantly more likely to have a cardiac event than those who aren\"t. That may sound unsurprising—we all know that anger can stress your heart. But it\"s important to note the difference between aggression and just being aggressive. Previous studies have found that so-called type A\"s—those who are driven, competitive and obsessed with deadlines—are not more likely to experience heart disease. In other words, your type A co-workers who are annoyingly ambitious and dutiful are no more likely to have a heart attack than you are. Rather, it\"s the seething, angry types with underlying hostility who are the ticking time bombs .

Anger, it turns out, is physiologically toxic.

The authors of the second paper offer the standard theories about how an angry emotion translates to a physical heart attack: angry people have a harder time sleeping; they take prescribed drugs less often; they eat worse, exercise less, smoke more and are fatter. These things add up. compared with the good-humored, those who were angry and hostile—but had no signs of heart problems at the outset—ended up with a 19% higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, according to the University College London paper.

The two studies reify gender stereotypes: women get their hearts broken through sadness; men \"break\" their hearts (via heart attack) through anger. But both studies suggest that men and women have a common interest in understanding that some causes of cardiac disease—poor diet or lack of exercise or bad sleep habits—may have a precipitating cause themselves. Whether male or female, letting yourself get overwhelmed by emotion can damage not only your mind but also that crucial organ, the heart. (此文选自 Time )

Passage Four

A far cry from the pirates and princesses of today, costumes during Halloween\"s precursor centuries ago included animal skins and heads, drag getups, and even mechanical horse heads, historians say.

Records of the precursor to Halloween—the Celtic new year celebration of

Saimhain—are extremely threadbare, said Ken Nilsen, professor of Celtic studies at Canada\"s St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. \"We don\"t have actual records telling us what it was like in ancient times, so our knowledge is based principally on folk customs that continued until recent centuries,\" Nilsen told National Geographic News .

Samhain, however, is known to date back at least 2,000 years, based on analysis of a Celtic bronze calendar discovered in the 10s in Coligny, France, in what was then called Gaul. The festival marked the end of the Celtic year, when the harvest was gathered and animals were rounded up. It\"s said the hides of cattle and other livestock slaughtered at this time were ritually worn during festivities that likely hark back to even earlier pagan beliefs.

Ancient Roman writers recorded that tribes in what is now Germany and France held riotous ceremonies where they donned the heads and skins of wild mammals to connect with animal spirits. The custom of wearing animal hides at bonfire-lighted Celtic feast ceremonies survived until recent times, Nilsen notes. \"This was certainly done at Martinmas (the November 11 Christian feast of St. Martin) in Ireland and Scotland, which, in the old calendar, would be Halloween,\" he said. \"There might have been an excess of livestock, so it would make sense to slaughter an animal,\" Nilsen said.

Samhain night was also a celebration of the dead—the one time the spirits were believed to walk among the living. Again, the earliest rituals aren\"t known in detail, but in recent centuries families put out food and even set extra table places

for their ancestors at Samhain. It was also a night when people dressed to create mischief and confusion, according to Bettina Arnold of the Center for Celtic Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. \"The spirits of the dead were

impersonated by young men dressed with masked, veiled or blackened faces,\"

Arnold wrote in an essay titled Halloween Customs in the Celtic World . These disguises were intended both to protect revelers from any malevolent spirits and to fool households they visited. In Scotland and elsewhere, revelers masquerading as the dead would go around demanding food offerings—a forerunner to today\"s trick-or-treating. Nilsen of St. Francis Xavier University added: \"People put on costumes which frequently included blackened faces and so on, representing spooks, demons, or whatever.\"

According to the University of Wisconsin\"s Arnold, on Samhain the boundary between the living and the dead was obliterated —as was the boundary between the sexes. Male youths would dress up as girls and vice versa, she wrote. In Wales, for example, groups of mischievous young men in Halloween drag were referred to as hags. In parts of Ireland, a man dressed as a white horse known as Lair Bhan—an ancient Celtic fertility symbol—led noisy processions at Samhain.

Many Samhain ensembles were incomplete without the appropriate accessories: lanterns made with hollowed-out turnips and candles. Later

transplanted to North America with Irish immigrants, the tradition would be replicated in the fatter form of the pumpkin, a fruit native to the New World.

(此文选自 National Geographic)

（分数：56.10）

(1).In the first paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.55）

A.explaining a phenomenon

B.justifying an assumption

C.posing a contrast √

D.making a comparison

解析：[解析] 细节题。第一段中，作者拿德国媒体和法国媒体对密约高架桥不同的描述方法来进行对比，引出下文中他想提出的问题：语言是否决定思维。A“解释一个现象”、B“证明一种假设”、D“做出类比”都不符合第一段的内容，只有C“进行对比”正确。

(2).Lera Boroditsky most probably holds the viewpoint that

---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.55）

A.language expresses thought

B.language constrains thought

C.language determines thought √

D.language and thought interact with each other

解析：[解析] 推断题。由第二段第一句可知，“语言是否决定思维和对世界的看法”这一问题早就引起了人们的争论，第三段第二句指出，受一些尖锐问题的引导，鲍若迪斯基在进行着一系列的实验来积累能够证明“语言决定思维”的证据，因此C正确。

(3).Which of the following statements is true about the languages mentioned in the passage?(Passage One)（分数：2.55）

A.Both the nouns for bridge and key are feminine in German.

B.The language of the Aboriginal Kuuk Thaayorre is really helpful for sailing. √

C.Korean has a larger vocabulary than English in describing colors.

D.Whether an action is completed or not is best shown in Spanish.

解析：[解析] 细节题。第六段指出，澳洲土著在航位推算方面也比讲英语的国家的人更熟练，即使是在不熟悉的环境或者陌生的建筑物里，因此B正确。由第四段可知，在德语中表示桥的名词是阴性的，而钥匙是阳性的，因为表达钥匙的词是“硬的、重的、有锯齿的、金属的”，故排除A；由第五段的内容可知，在描述颜色方面，词汇丰富的并不是韩语，而是俄语，故排除C；由最后一段可知，能够表现出一个动作是否完成的并不是西班牙语，而是俄语和英语，故排除D。

(4).The author uses the following ways to develop paragraphs EXCEPT ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)（分数：2.55）

A.cause and effect

B.deduction and induction

C.explanation

D.definition √

解析：[解析] 篇章题。本题考查文中运用的展开段落的方法，在论述名词的性会影响人们对某一东西的感知时，作者运用了因果法：因为德语中的桥是阴性的，所以德国媒体才会把它描述为“优雅又轻盈地、艳丽动人”，故排除A；第五段先提出一个观点，再举例论证它，这是演绎法，最后一段先举例子，最后提出“语言是否还影响着我们头脑中因果关系的建立”这个问题，这是归纳法，故排除B；文章很多地方都在做出解释，比如第四段中解释了第一段中提出的问题：为何德国媒体和法国媒体对那座桥的描述不一样，故排除C。文章并没有用到定义法，所以选D。

(5).Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a cause of the holiday hazards?(Passage Two)（分数：2.55）

A.Accidents during decoration.

B.Poor quality of bubbles. √

C.Careless handling of candles.

D.Problematic management of lights.

解析：[解析] 细节题。整篇文章中都没有提到灯泡的质量问题，因此B为答案。第二段最后一句说到了在装饰过程中的摔伤和割伤等情况，因此排除A；第二段第四句提到蜡烛的问题，因此排除C；第二段第三句提到了有问题的照明设施，通过第六段的内容可知，这里指的是灯具安装和使用过程中出现的问题，因此D也是导致安全问题的原因，故排除。

(6).According to the passage, what is the best choice of Christmas trees?(Passage Two)（分数：2.55）

A.A real tree that is soaked in water at the shop.

B.A real tree whose needles don\"t break when bent. √

C.An artificial tree with delicate craftsmanship.

D.An artificial tree that won\"t be engulfed immediately.

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词“choice of Christmas trees”定位到第三、四段。第三段第二句中提到，在选择圣诞树时，最好是选择由耐火材料制成的人造树，或是新鲜且富含水分的真树。第四段中就对什么样的树是新鲜且富含水分的进行了解释，根据第四段第一句“松针很难被摘下并且在弯曲时不易折断”可知，这样的树是比较好的，因此B为答案。

(7).It can be inferred from Paragraph Five that ---|||________|||---.(Passage Two)（分数：2.55）

A.the ESFI inspects household electrical system annually

B.electrical devices for outdoor use are not expensive

C.homeowners do not have the particular electrical knowledge

D.an overloaded electrical system or faulty wiring may lead to disasters √

解析：[解析] 推断题。第五段主要提到的是电路方面的问题，第一句中就明确说明，超负荷工作的电路系统和错误的走线是最常见的问题，结合第三句的内容可知，一旦出现这些问题，最容易产生的后果就是火灾，因此D为答案，选项中的“overloaded”和原文中的“overused”意思相同。

(8).Which of the following is NOT in accordance with Mr. Drengenberg\"s suggestion?(Passage Two)（分数：2.55）

A.Never use outdoor lights that are certified for indoor use.

B.Put exactly 50 screw-in type bulbs to each outlet. √

C.Take off the outdoor lights after the Christmas season is over.

D.Avoid metal nails or staples when putting on the outdoor lights.

解析：[解析] 细节题。根据题干关键词“Mr. Drengenberg\"s”定位到第六段。本段中，Mr. Drengenberg给出了安装彩灯时需要注意的事项，第二句中提到如果灯泡是旋转安装的，那么每个插孔上最多连接50个，但这并不是说每个插孔上都一定要不多不少正好连接50个，因此B与他的建议不符，故为答案。

(9).The relationship between the first study and the second study is that ---|||________|||---.(Passage Three)（分数：2.55）

A.each presents one side of the picture √

B.each presents a different issue

C.the second generalizes the first

D.the second proves the first

解析：[解析] 篇章题。作者在第二段提出自己的论点——消极情感会影响到心脏健康，接下来用两个研究发现来证明这一论点，由第四段内容可以推断出，第一个研究是针对抑郁对心脏的影响展开的，由第七段内容可以得出，第二个研究是针对愤怒对心脏的影响展开的，两个研究都在讨论消极的情感，只不过一个是研究抑郁，另一个则研究愤怒，故它们是针对一个问题的两个方面展开的，故A正确。B“每个研究都提到了一个不同的问题”、C“第二个研究是第一个的总结”、D“第二个研究证明了第一个研究”都可排除。

(10).Which of the following has been proven both practically and theoretically?(Passage Three)（分数：2.55）

A.Depression has some direct physiological impact on the heart.

B.Antidepressants are closely related to heart disease.

C.Antidepressants\" disadvantages outweigh their advantages.

D.Anger and hostility may contribute to a heart attack. √

解析：[解析] 细节题。第七段第二句指出，有愤怒和敌对情绪的人患心脏病的概率明显高于心态平和的人，这一点在先前的39篇文章的调查结果中已经有了事实依据，第八段又提出了这一现象的理论依据，因此D正确。第六段提到，没有人能够确切地说出抑郁究竟是如何影响心脏的，只有一个似是而非的解释，可见，这一发现并没有令人信服的理论依据，故排除A；第四段最后一句指出，在第一个研究中发现抗抑郁剂导致的心脏猝死比率比抑郁症本身导致的猝死比率要高，但第五段第一、三句又指出这只是个理论，还没有证据能够证实它，故排除B；由第五段第三句得知，C成立的前提是先证明B成立，既然B没有得到证实，那么C也可以排除。

(11).Which of the following expressions is used literally, NOT

metaphorically?(Passage Three)（分数：2.55）

A.He\"s got a lot of heart (Paragraph One).

B.Break your heart (Paragraph Two). √

C.The train runs in the opposite direction (Paragraph Six).

D.Who are the ticking time bombs (Paragraph Seven).

解析：[解析] 修辞题。通过对两项研究内容的理解可以得知，第二段最后一句中的“break your heart”是字面意思“伤害、损坏心脏”，而不是它的比喻义“令人心碎”，故选B。由第一段第三句得知，A的意思应该是“他很勇敢、很坚强”，非字面意思，故

排除；由第六段得知，C的意思应该是“逆向推理”，非字面意思，故排除；第七段倒数第二句把“愤怒和有敌对情绪的人”比作“定时”，这是隐喻，故排除D。

(12).The knowledge about the ancient Halloween comes from the following EXCEPT ---|||________|||---.(Passage Four)（分数：2.55）

A.historians\" introduction

B.factual and detailed records √

C.today\"s Halloween customs

D.books written by ancient Roman writers

解析：[解析] 细节题。第二段第二句指出，我们并没有确切的记录来表明古代的万圣节究竟是什么样的，现代人对它的了解基本上是来自于一直延续至今的民间习俗，由此判断B为答案，同时排除C。第一段指出，几个世纪前的万圣节装束和现在的大相径庭，这是历史学家的描述，因此A“历史学家的介绍”是古代万圣节知识的来源之一，故排除；第四段第一句指出，古罗马的作家曾经在书中提到过一些有关古代万圣节的习俗，因此D也可排除。

(13).Which of the following statements about Samhain is true?(Passage Four)（分数：2.55）

A.It is the forerunner of today\"s Halloween. √

B.It was the celebration of new year 2,000 years ago.

C.It was celebrated first in Coligny, France.

D.It is an occasion of family gatherings.

解析：[解析] 细节题。第二段第一句指出，万圣节的前身就是凯尔特人的萨温新年庆典，因此A正确。由第二段第一句可知，萨温节是凯尔特人的新年，而B没有特别指出“凯尔特人的新年”，意思不完整，故排除；第三段第一句指出，根据19世纪90年代在法国克里尼(那时被称为高卢)发现的凯尔特青铜日历上的记载，萨温节至少要追溯到两千年前，由此可见，法国克里尼是发现青铜日历的地方，而非萨温节开始的地方，故排除C；第三段后两句指出，萨温节是人们收获庄稼、围捕猎物的节日，作为一种仪式人们还会把动物的皮毛披在身上，但是文章并没有提到萨温节是个家庭团聚的时刻，因此排除D。

(14).On Samhain the boundary between the living and the dead was obliterated by ---|||________|||---.(Passage Four)（分数：2.55）

A.the dead walking among the living

B.the living masquerading as the dead √

C.boys dressing up as girls

D.men disguising as white horses

解析：[解析] 细节题。第六段第一句中，阿诺德指出，过萨温节时生者和死人之间的

界限已分不清了，由第五段第四句可知，年轻人戴上面具、面纱或者把脸涂黑来假扮鬼魂，因此B正确。

(15).Section B SHORT-ANSWER QUESTIONS

In this section there are eight short-answer questions based on the passages in SECTION A. Answer each question in NO more than 10 words in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.

Passage One

What\"s the author\"s purpose of using the example of Korean?（分数：2.55）

解析：To show that language shapes what we see.[解析] 由题干关键词“Korean”定位到第五段最后两句。该段作者运用“演绎法”，一开头先提到语言甚至决定着我们看到的东西，接下来用“举例法”来证明这一点，可见，韩语的例子也是为这一中心思想服务的，故答案为To show that language shapes what we see。

(16).Passage Two

What\"s the main idea of this passage?（分数：2.55）

解析：The possible dangers of Christmas decoration.[解析] 由于本题是主旨大意题，所以答案要通过全文细读方可得知。本文第一段中就说，如果没有节日的装扮会怎样?节日气氛会减弱，但却也会安全得多。接下来，作者在第二段通过引用数字说明节假日期间的安全问题不容忽视，第三段中作者归纳了引起事故的主要原因，并且在第四至六这三

段中对其进行分析，还通过专家之口给出了建议。因此本文的主要内容是介绍节假日装饰可能会带来的安全问题，所以The possible dangers of Christmas decoration为答案。

(17).Passage Three

What does \"He\"s got a lot of heart\" mean according to the author?（分数：2.55）

解析：He doesn\"t give up easily.[解析] 由题干关键词“He\"s got a lot of heart”定位至第一段第三句，该句说如果我们认为某人不轻言放弃，我们会说他“很勇敢、很坚强”(He\"s got a lot of heart. )。因此，答案为He doesn\"t give up easily。

(18).What does the author aim to indicate by citing the two new studies?(Passage Three)（分数：2.55）

解析：Negative emotions have a negative effect on the heart.[解析] 作者在本文中采取了演绎法来论证，先在第二段中提出论点：我们的消极情绪会伤及心脏，然后引用两个最新研究来证明这一点，文章最后一句又重申了这一论点，故Negative emotions have a negative effect on the heart为答案。

(19).What are the factors that may lead to a physical heart attack? (Please list no more than 3 factors)(Passage Three)（分数：2.55）

解析：Sleep disorders, a poor diet and a heavy body.[解析] 由题干关键词“physical heart attack”可定位至第八段，该段提到，愤怒情绪是如何引发心脏病的标准理论：愤怒的人通常睡不好、不常吃药、吃得不好、运动少、抽烟多、越变越胖。这些

都被证实是引发心脏疾病的因素。答案限定了列出不要超过三个因素，同时问题中是复数形式，所以答案可以列出两个或三个因素，即Sleep disorders, a poor diet and a heavy body。

(20).Passage Four

What did people do at Martinmas according to the passage?（分数：2.55）

解析：Wearing animal hides at bonfire-lighted feast ceremonies.[解析] 根据题干关键词“Martinmas”定位到第四段第三句，该句指出，爱尔兰和苏格兰的圣马丁节也就是旧历上的万圣节，由上一句可知，“This was certainly done...”中的“This”指的是“在篝火宴会庆典上披上兽皮”，故Wearing animal hides at bonfire-lighted feast ceremonies为答案。

(21).Which word is used metaphorically in Paragraph Six?(Passage Four)（分数：2.55）

解析：Obliterated.[解析] 根据题干关键词“Paragraph Six”定位至第六段，“obliterated”原意为“涂抹，擦掉”，它在第六段第一句中的意思为“萨温节时生者和死者之间的界限已经分不清了”，这里并不是真的把界限抹掉，而是暗指活人打扮得很像死人，这是隐喻的用法，故Obliterated为答案。

(22).What\"s the origin of pumpkin lantern according to the passage?(Passage Four)（分数：2.55）

解析：Lanterns made with hollowed-out turnips and candles at Samhain.[解析] 根据题干关键词“pumpkin lantern”定位至文章最后一段。该段说很多萨温节的装扮如果没有了一些小饰物的搭配也会显得不完整：比如把空心萝卜里放上蜡烛做成的灯笼。这样的东西后来被爱尔兰移民带到了北美，而且萝卜也被当地盛产的南瓜所取代。由此可知，南瓜灯源自萨温节的萝卜灯，因此答案是Lanterns made with hollowed-out turnips and candles at Samhain。