考研英语模拟试卷182(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语模拟试卷182 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

1． Currently, the American armed forces are the largest professional military on the planet. Other (1)_____ have professional soldiers, (2)_____ not as many as the United States. For thousands of years, it was (3)_____ that professional soldiers were superior to (4)_____ timers. But (5)_____ most of history, few nations could (6)_____ an army of professionals, at least not on a permanent basis. It wasn’t (7)_____ the late 20th century that countries began to (8)_____ large, permanent, all-volunteer armed forces that were carefully (9)_____ and trained for combat. Britain was the first, when it phased out conscription in 1962. In 1975, the United States followed (10)_____. For over a century, conscription has been seen (11)_____ the way to remain (12)_____ strong without breaking the bank. But the conscripts did not stay in uniform long enough to get really good at fighting. Britain and American were the first two nations to realize that conscription was so (13)_____ that the voters would pay extra to (14)_____ a professional force. Within a decade, an army of professionals begins to pay (15)_____. The professionals are not only more (16)_____ on the battlefield, but are also, if carefully (17)_____ (for education and aptitude) more likely to constantly develop better ways to (18)_____ This produces a tremendous battlefield (19)_____ It doesn’t make you (20)_____, but it does make you very difficult to defeat.

A．races B．areas C．nations D．disciplines

正确答案：C

解析：选项”nations”(国家)与其前面的”other”一词结合起来构成”Other nations”(其他国家)之含义，与其前面的”American”和其后面的”the United States”形成对立对比关系。在解题时要注意类似于”other”之类的指代词所提供的解题线索。

2． A．and B．but C．or

D．notwithstanding

正确答案：B

解析：选项”but”(但是)作为转折词出现在第二句话的中间位置，本词和其后面的部分所构成的含义(但是不如美国的职业军人多)是用来进一步说明本文第一句(即全文中心主旨句)的核心内容：美国的武装力量是全球最大规模的职业化军队。在解题时要注意合理利用”启、承、转、合”词语来准确表达中心主旨思想。

3．

A．recognized B．revised C．suspended D．suspected

正确答案：A 解析：选项”recognized”(承认，认识到)出现在原文中的一个固定表达形式中，即”it was recognized that...”(人们认为…)。众所周知，专业人士一般要优于业余人士。这是一种无可争辩的共识。在解题时要注意固定句式的应用，同时要注意原文所表达内容的合理性。

4．

A．unintelligible B．passive C．part

D．universal

正确答案：C

解析：选项”part”与其后面的”timers”结合在一起的含义是”业余人士”。在本题中”part timers”借助于”be superior to”(优于…)这一结构与其前面的”professional soldiers” (职业士兵)构成了一个”比较级结构”。在解题时要注意”比较级”之类的固定结构。

5． A．in

B．throughout C．for D．unlike

正确答案：B

解析：选项”throughout”(贯穿)与其后面的”most of history”结合在一起构成”through most of history”(纵贯大部分历史)之含义，以便达到与上句中的”For thousands of years” (数千年来)在语意上的连贯。在解题时要注意上下句中的语意的扩展和连贯。

6．

A．afford B．purchase

C．streamline D．scrutinize

正确答案：A

解析：选项”afford”(负担得起，支付得起)在本句中与其前后部分构成一个完整的”主谓宾”结构，其含义是”没有几个国家能够负担得起一支职业化军队…”。众所周知，军队开支巨大，之所以美国的职业士兵人数全球第一，其原因在于美国的财力。本句中的”few nations”(没有几个国家)指的就是类似于美国这样的财力巨大得足以负担得起职业化军队的国家。在解题时要注意原文中所要表达的逻辑关系。

7．

A．during B．before C．in D．until

正确答案：D

解析：选项”until”在本句中与其前后的部分构成一个固定的语言表达结构，即”it is not until...that...”(直到…才…)。在解题时要注意固定语言结构的识别与使用。

8．

A．establish B．integrate C．intervene D．facilitate

正确答案：A

解析：选项”establish”(建立)与其前后的部分构成一个完整的”主谓宾”结构，其含义是”各国开始组建(establish)…部队”。本句前面的一句显示：”以前没有几个国家能够负担得起职业军队”。本句话与上句话实际上是一种对比对照关系，说的是近来的事情，即：近来各国开始行动起来花钱组建(establish)军队。在解题时要注意上下句之间的对立对比关系所给出的暗示。

9．

A．evoked B．carve C．evacuated D．recruited

正确答案：D 解析：选项”recruited”(征选，招募)借助于”and”与其后的”trained”一词构成动词的并列平行结构。”培训”人员之前肯定是首先”征选，招募”(recruited)人员。在

解题时要注意并列平行结构以及该结构中的语意搭配关系。

10． A．outlet B．suit C．therapy D．origin

正确答案：B

解析：选项”suit”与其前面的动词”follow”结合在一起构成”follow suit”(跟着学，仿效)这一固定表达方式。在解题时要充分考虑到语言中的一些固定表达方式。

11． A．in B．by C．as D．on

正确答案：C

解析：选项”as”与其前面的部分结合在一起构成”be seen as...”(被看作，被视为)这一固定语言结构。在解题时要注意一些常用固定句式的应用。

12．

A．militarily B．theoretically C．physically D．mentally

正确答案：A

解析：选项”militarily”(军事上)是副词用来修饰其后的形容词”strong”(强大的)。本句的主语是”conscription”(征兵)，其产生的结果理所当然是保持”军事上”(militarily)的强大。在解题时要注意原文中主语所产生的相关行为和结果，当然本文的中心主旨也要求使用与军事有关的词语。

13．

A．strenuous B．invalid C．prudent D．unpopular

正确答案：D

解析：选项”unpopular”(不受欢迎的)在本句中出现在”so...that...”(太…以至于…)这一固定的句式中。在本句中这一句式表达一个”因果”关系。”that”一词后

面的内容(即：表达结果的部分)暗示丁该题的答案(即：本句中的原因部分)。”人们之所以愿意付更多的钱供养一支职业部队”，其原因在于”征兵(conscription)这一形式”“不受人们的欢迎”(unpopular)。原文上一句又非常详细讲出了”不受欢迎的”具体理由：经由征兵入伍的军人服役时间较短，不足以获得真正良好的作战技能。在解题时要注意原文中一些固定结构所形成的语意关系。

14． A．propel B．mute C．maintain D．oppose

正确答案：C

解析：选项”maintain”(供养)与其后面的部分”a professional force”(一支职业化军队)结合起来构成一个不定式短语(即：to maintain a professional force)在句中充当目的状语，表明原文中”pay extra”(多花钱)的目的。在解题时要注意原文中的语法结构及其产生的语意关系。

15． A．for B．up C．out D．off

正确答案：D

解析：选项”off”与其前面的动词”pay”结合在一起构成”pay off”(取得好结果)这一固定用法。在解题时要注意正确使用固定用法，更要注意原文上下句之间的语义连贯。

16． A．fragile B．lethal C．punctual D．vulnerable

正确答案：B

解析：选项”lethal”(有杀伤力的)与其前后的部分构成一个完整的”主系表”结构，其大意是：”职业军人在战场上更具杀伤力或战斗力(lethal)”。谈及军人在战场上的表现时，人们所评论的一定是军人的战斗力。在解题时要注意紧紧围绕中心主旨思想内容进行思考和分析。

17．

A．notified B．provoked

C．selected D．manifested

正确答案：C

解析：选项”selected”(选择，挑选)与其前后的部分结合在一起构成一个完整的条件状语从句，即：if (the professionals are)carefully selected for education and aptitude(如果职业军人根据教育与能力的标准经过认真地挑选)。原文括号中的”for education and aptitude”(就教育和能力)暗示了本题应该选择”selected”，因为”教育和能力”是”选拔”(select)人才的一般标准。在解题时要注意深入理解原文的内容，以便做出合理且迅速的推断。

18．

A．liberate B．impart C．hinder D．fight

正确答案：D 解析：选项”fight”(战斗)与其前面的”to”结合在一起构成不定短语(即：to fight战斗)，用来作定语限定修饰前面的名词”way”(方法)。根据全文中心主旨及本句话的主语 (professionals职业军人)，选项”fight”(战斗)最合适，因为职业军人所开创出来的一定是与其相关的工作方式。在解题时要注意全文中心主旨以及句子本身的内容。

19．

A．advantage B．harmony C．hazard D．savage

正确答案：A

解析：选项”advantage”(优势)是对前面一句话的概括和总结，本句话中的代词”this”指代的是前一句话的内容。前一句话表明：职业军人不仅战场上的战斗力强，而且还能不断地开拓出更好的战斗方式。这就是战场上的一种优势(advantage)。在解题时要注意代词在上下文语义上的功能和作用。

20．

A．invariable B．invincible C．robust D．rigorous

正确答案：B

解析：选项”invincible”(战无不胜)在本句中与其后面由”but”一词引导的成分

形成对立对比关系。”but”一词所引导的部分的大意是：”但是确实可以做到极难被打败(...very difficult to defeat)”。”but”前面部分的含义只能是：”虽然这种优势不能确保战无不胜(invincible)”。只有在这样的语意内容的条件下，”but”前后的部分才能构成一种对立对比关系。在解题时要注意对立对比关系。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

“It is an evil influence on the youth of our country.” A politician condemning video gaming? Actually, a clergyman denouncing rock and roll 50 years ago. But the sentiment could just as easily have been voiced by Hillary Clinton in the past few weeks, as she blamed video games for “a silent epidemic of media desensitization” and “stealing the innocence of our children”. The gaming future centers on “Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas”, a popular and notoriously violent cops and robbers game that turned out to contain hidden sex scenes that could be unlocked using a patch downloaded from the Internet. The resulting outcry (mostly from Democratic politicians playing to the centre) caused the game’s rating in America to be changed from “mature”, which means you have to be 17 to buy it, to “adults only”, which means you have to be 18, but also means that big retailers such as Wal-Mart will not stock it. As a result the game has been banned in Australia; and, this autumn, America’s Federal Trade Commission will investigate the complaints. That will give gaming’s opponents an opportunity to vent their wrath on the industry. Skepticism of new media is a tradition with deep roots, going back at least as far as Socrates objections to written texts, outlined in Plato’s Phaedrus. Socrates worried that relying on written texts, rather than the oral tradition, would “create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves.” (He also objected that a written version of a speech was no substitute for the ability to interrogate the speaker, since, when questioned, the text “always gives one unvarying answer”. His objection, in short, was that books were not interactive. Perhaps Socrates would have thought more highly of video games.) Novels were once considered too low-brow for university literature courses, but eventually the disapproving professors retired. Waltz music and dancing were condemned in the 19th century; all that twirling was thought to be “intoxicating” and “depraved”, and the music was outlawed in some places. Today it is hard to imagine what the fuss was about. And rock and roll was thought to encourage violence, promiscuity and Satanism but today even grannies buy Coldplay albums.

21． We can learn from the text that human beings have a history of______. A．fascination for the academic establishment B．enthusiasm for juvenile psychology C．disbelief in the novel medium D．hatred of political corruption

正确答案：C

解析：这是一道细节题，测试准确识别和理解原文重要信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的首句，该句的大意是：”对新媒介物的置疑是一种有着深厚历史根源的传统…”。由此可以推断本题的正确选项是”disbelief in the novel medium”(置疑新的媒介物)。在阅读时一定要准确识别重要信息，例如本文第三段的主题句。

22． The attitudes of Socrates and Hillary Clinton toward the novel medium are______.

A．identical B．optimistic C．panicked D．confused

正确答案：A

解析：这是一道细节归纳题，测试准确理解和归纳原文信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第一段第四句和第三段第一句。第一段第四句表明：Hillary Clinton指责电子游戏 (当前的一种新的媒介)；第三段第一句表明：Socrates反对书面文本(当时的一种新的媒介)。由此可以得出这两人均对新的媒介持否定的态度，故本题的正确选项是”identical”(相同的)。在阅读时要善于准确归纳原文信息。

23． Video games would have been recommended by Socrates due to its______. A．text messages B．oral tradition

C．unvarying answers

D．two-way communication

正确答案：D

解析：这是一道细节分析题，测试准确识别和分析原文信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的倒数第一、二句。这两句话的大意是：”Socrates反对的理由是书本不是互动的。大概Socrates会比较欣赏电子游戏的”。从这两句话可以推断出：电子游戏的互动性会使Socrates接纳和肯定。故本题的正确选项应该是”two-way communication”(双向交流)。在阅读时要注意运用逻辑推导的能力。

24． To which of the following statements would the author most likely agree? A．The emergence of video games is bound to breed evil.

B．There’s no legal ruling that video games are bad for people, and they may be positively good.

C．University literature courses are subject to the harassment of video games. D．There’s no sound proof that adults are prone to the moral decline when engaged in video games.

正确答案：B

解析：这是一道细节推导题，测试准确理解原文主要信息并进行准确归纳的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第二段倒数第二句的后半部分，这部分的大意是：”今年秋天，美国联邦贸易委员会将调查有关投诉”。由此可以推断：有关电子游戏对人们有害的指责还没有法律上的裁决。在阅读时要注意重要的细节信息并进行准确推导。

25． When mentioning novels, waltz music and rock and roll, the author is suggesting______.

A．the mishaps of vogues

B．the misfortune of art masterpieces C．the prospect of video games D．the effects of various art forms

正确答案：C

解析：这是一道细节推导题，测试准确理解原文信息作用的能力。本题的答案信息在尾段。尾段一共四句话，作者在第一、二、四句中分别论述了”小说”(novel)、”华尔兹音乐”(waltz music)以及”摇滚”(rock and roll)的今昔对比，即：昔日受指责，今日得到接受。作者在尾段的论述暗示：”电子游戏”(video games)正在重复着它们的历史。目前受指责的”电子游戏”一定会在未来得到人们的接受。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是”the prospect of video games”(电子游戏的未来)。在阅读时要重视相关信息与全文中心主旨的关联。

“You are not here to tell me what to do. You are here to tell me why I have done what I have already decided to do,” Montagu Norman, the Bank of England’s longest serving governor (1920-1944), is reputed to have once told his economic adviser. Today, thankfully, central banks aim to be more transparent in their decision making, as well as more rational. But achieving either of these things is not always easy. With the most laudable of intentions, the Federal Reserve, America’s central bank, may be about to take a step that could backfire. Unlike the Fed, many other central banks have long declared explicit inflation targets and then set interest rates to try to meet these. Some economists have argued that the Fed should do the same. With Alan Greenspan, the Fed’s much-respected chairman, due to retire next year—after a mere 18 years in the job—some Fed officials want to adopt a target, presumably to maintain the central bank’s credibility in the scary new post-Greenspan era. The Fed discussed such a target at its February meeting, according to minutes published this week. This sounds encouraging. However, the Fed is considering the idea just when some other central banks are beginning to question whether strict inflation targeting really works. At present central banks focus almost exclusively on consumer-price indices. On this measure Mr. Greenspan can boast that inflation remains under control. But some central bankers now argue that the prices of assets, such as houses and shares, should also somehow be taken into account. A broad price index for America which includes house prices is currently running at 5.5%, its fastest pace since 1982. Inflation has simply taken a different form. Should central banks also try to curb increases in such asset prices? Mr. Greenspan continues to insist that

monetary policy should not be used to prick asset-price bubbles. Identifying bubbles is difficult, except in retrospect, he says, and interest rates are a blunt weapon: an increase big enough to halt rising prices could trigger a recession. It is better, he says, to wait for a housing or stock market bubble to burst and then to cushion the economy by cutting interest rates—as he did in 2001-2002. And yet the risk is not just that asset prices can go swiftly into reverse. As with traditional inflation, surging asset prices also distort price signals and so can cause a misallocation of resources—encouraging too little saving, for example, or too much investment in housing. Surging house prices may therefore argue for higher interest rates than conventional inflation would demand. In other words, strict inflation targeting—the fad of the 1990s—is too crude.

26． The word “minutes”(Paragraph 2) most probably means ______. A．record B．new-letter C．announcement D．motive

正确答案：A

解析：这是一道词汇题，测试准确理解原文中词语的能力。在第二段倒数第三句中的”minutes”一词的含义是”会议记录”，故本题的正确选项应该是”record”(记录)。在阅读时要注意有些词在原文中的准确含义。熟词僻意是一种常考词汇的题型。

27． According to the text, it is upsetting that the Federal Reserve does not take into ac count inflation targets______.

A．until what to do is clarified

B．until explicit inflation targets are declared C．until increases in asset prices are Curbed D．until its efficiency is cast doubt on

正确答案：D

解析：这是一道细节题，测试识别和理解原文中重要信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在原文第二段的倒数第一、二句，这两句的大意是：”这听起来令人鼓舞。但是，美联储刚刚开始考虑这个想法，此时其他一些中央银行开始质疑精确的通货膨胀的目标是否的确起作用”。这表明美联储的动作晚了一步。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是”until its efficiency is cast doubt on”(直到其效用被质疑)。在阅读时要善于捕捉转折词所引导出的重要信息内容。

28． We can learn from the third paragraph that______.

A．increases in asset prices are interfered by the Federal Reserves B．more emphasis should be placed on consumer-price indices C．changes have taken place in the pattern of inflation D．inflation have been brought under federal control

正确答案：C

解析：本题是一道细节题，测试对原文中重点句子的理解和把握能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的末句，该句的大意是：”通货膨胀呈现出不同的形式”。由此句可以推断出本题的正确选项应该是”changes have taken place in the pattern of inflation”(通货膨胀的形式发生了变化)。

29． It is implied in the fourth paragraph that Mr. Greenspan is skeptical of______.

A．the stipulation of anti-monopoly rules and regulations B．the intervention by central banks in asset prices C．the prevention of economic recession

D．the countdown by the Federal Reserve of new economic upheavals

正确答案：B

解析：这是一道细节归纳推导题，测试对原文相关信息的归纳和推导能力。本题的答案信息在第四段，尤其是第一、二句。第一句话问：”中央银行是否应该抑制上述资产价格方面的增长?”第二句话回答：”格林斯潘先生继续坚持金融政策不应该被用来刺破资产价格的泡沫”。由此可以推断：格林斯潘不赞成中央银行用相关金融政策去干涉资产价格。故本题的正确选项应该是”the invention by central banks in asset prices”(中央银行在资产价格方面的干涉)。在阅读时应注意对原文上下旬之间语意关系的理解和把握。

30． Which of the followings would be the best title for the text? A．American Monetary Conundrums Are Readily Deciphered. B．American Central Banks Are on the Verge of Extinction.

C．Conventional Inflation Target Is Best Employed in Transparent Environment. D．America’s Monetary Policy Is off Target.

正确答案：D 解析：本题属于中心主旨题型，测试识别全文中心句和归纳全文中心主旨的能力。本题的答案信息来源在首段尾句，该句是全文的中心主旨句，其大意是：”…美国中央银行美联储也许会采取一个可以产生适得其反的结果的措施”。这是控制原文全篇的灵魂句。全文的其他段落均是围绕此句进行的阐述。故本题的正确选项是”America’s Monetary Policy Is off Target”(美国的金融政策偏离目标)。在阅读时要重视识别和控制原文的中心主旨句，以免造成误解。

It may be just as well for Oxford University’s reputation that this week’s meeting of Congregation, its 3,552-strong governing body, was held in secret, for the air of civilized rationality that is generally supposed to pervade donnish conversation has lately turned fractious. That’s because the vice-chancellor, the nearest thing the place has to a chief executive, has proposed the most fundamental reforms to the university since the establishment of the college system in 1249; and a lot of the dons and colleges don’t like it. The trouble with Oxford is that it is unmanageable. Its problems—the difficulty of recruiting good dons and of getting rid of bad ones, concerns about academic standards, severe money worries at some colleges—all

spring from that. John Hood, who was recruited as vice-chancellor from the University of Auckland and is now probably the most hated antipodean in British academic life, reckons he knows how to solve this, and has proposed to reduce the power of dons and colleges and increase that of university administrators. Mr. Hood is right that the university’s management structure needs an overhaul. But radical though his proposals seem to those involved in the current row, they do not go far enough. The difficulty of managing Oxford stems only partly from the nuttiness of its system of governance; the more fundamental problem lies in its relationship with the government. That’s why Mr. Hood should adopt an idea that was once regarded as teetering on the lunatic fringe of radicalism, but these days is discussed even in polite circles. The idea is independence. Oxford gets around ￡5,000($9,500) per undergraduate per, year from the government. In return, it accepts that it can charge students only ￡1,150 (rising to ￡3,000 next year) on top of that. Since it probably costs at least ￡10,000 a year to teach an undergraduate, that leaves Oxford with a deficit of ￡4,000 or so per student to cover from its own funds. If Oxford declared independence, it would lose the ￡52m undergraduate subsidy at least. Could it fill the hole? Certainly. America’s top universities charge around ￡20,000 per student per year. The difficult issue would not be money alone: it would be balancing numbers of not-so-brilliant rich people paying top whack with the cleverer poorer ones they were cross subsidizing. America’s top universities manage it: high fees mean better teaching, which keeps competition hot and academic standards high, while luring enough donations to provide bursaries for the poor. It should be easier to extract money from alumni if Oxford were no longer state-funded.

31． According to the text, the author’s attitude toward John Hood is one of______.

A．enthusiastic support B．slight contempt C．strong disapproval D．reserved consent

正确答案：D

解析：本题是一道细节题，测试准确识别和理解原文重要信息内容的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的第一、二句，这两句话的大意是：”Hood先生认为大学管理结构需要大检修是正确的。但是虽然他的建议对于那些参与争论的人土而言似乎极端，但是他的建议的力度并非足够大”。从这两句话可以推断本文作者对John Hood的态度是有保留的肯定，故本题的正确选项应该是”reserved consent”(有保留的赞同)。在阅读时要善于识别转折词”but”所引导的重要信息。

32． It is implied in the third paragraph that______.

A．reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of Oxford B．an overhaul of Oxford management structure is urgently needed

C．the nuttiness of Oxford system of governance may be easily removed D．the current row is essential to many in polite circle

正确答案：A

解析：这是一道细节归纳推导题，测试对原文重点语句的理解和归纳能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的第三句至尾句，尤其是尾句。第三段暗示：牛津大学的问题就是其与政府的关系，它的独立性问题是关键存在。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是”reliance upon official subsidy has bred the current predicament of Oxford”(对官方资助的依赖导致了目前牛津大学的困境)。在阅读时要重视原文重点语句的含义，例如本文第三段的结论句(尾句)。

33． The term “bursaries”(Paragraph 5) most probably means______. A．preferential policies B．scholarship or grant

C．free stationery and accommodation D．sheltering and meals

正确答案：B

解析：这是一道词汇题，测试对原文词语的理解能力。全文尾段倒数第二句中的”bursaries”一词的含义是”奖学金”。故本题的正确选项应该是”scholarship or grant”(奖学金)。如果不认识这个单词可以根据上下文进行合理的推断。

34． We can see from the available statistics that the______.

A．the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-funded B．radical reforms concentrate on Oxford management structure

C．Oxford independence might become a barrier to its recruiting good dons D．notorious reputation results in Oxford meeting of Congregation held this week

正确答案：A 解析：这是一道细节归纳推导题，测试准确理解原文信息并进行归纳和推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第四段，该段着重阐述：牛津大学接受国家资助，接受国家资助的同时也受到了收取学费方面的限制，以至于资金入不敷出；由此可以推断：牛津大学的财政困难的根本在于其接受国家资助所带来的问题。故本题的正确选项是”the current financial status of Oxford results from its being state-funded”(目前牛津大学金融状况来自于它受国家资助)。在阅读时应重视对原文因果关系的剖析，更要重视原文所提供数据的作用和功能。

35． To which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

A．The contribution from alumni won’t lure ample donation by the wealthy. B．The civilized rationality is gradually spoiled by fractious nature. C．The row going on in Oxford is passionate but beside the point.

D．American’s top universities are somewhat apprehensive of their current status but over-confident of their prospect.

正确答案：C

解析：本题既是一道中心主旨题，又是一道细节题，测试对原文中心主旨句

的识别和正确理解能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的大意是：”Hood先生坚持牛津大学的管理需要大检修是正确的。虽然他的建议对参与这场争论的人士而言似乎是极端的，但是他的建议并不足够极端。…更根本的问题在于牛津大学与政府的关系”。作者的言外之意是：虽然牛津大学目前的争议非常激烈，但是还未对准其根本问题(即：牛津与政府的关系问题)。由此可以推断本题的正确选项应该是”The row going on in Oxford is passionate but beside the point”(牛津大学进行的争论是激烈的，但是偏离了要点)。在阅读时要善于识别和理解原文的中心主旨句，这对理解全文和解题均十分重要。

Elections often tell you more about what people are against than what they are for. So it is with the European ones that took place last week in all 25 European Union member countries. These elections, widely trumpeted as the world’s biggest-ever multinational democratic vote, were fought for the most part as 25 separate national contests, which makes it tricky to pick out many common themes. But the strongest are undoubtedly negative. Europe’s voters are angry and disillusioned—and they have demonstrated their anger and disillusion in three main ways. The most obvious was by abstaining. The average overall turnout was just over 45%, by some margin the lowest ever recorded for elections to the European Parliament. And that average disguises some big variations: Italy, for example, notched up over 70%, but Sweden managed only 37%. Most depressing of all, at least to believers in the European project, was the extremely low vote in many of the new member countries from central Europe, which accounted for the whole of the fall in turnout since 1999. In the biggest, Poland, only just over a fifth of the electorate turned out to vote. Only a year ago, central Europeans voted in large numbers to join the EU, which they did on May 1st. That they abstained in such large numbers in the European elections points to early disillusion with the European Union—as well as to a widespread feeling, shared in the old member countries as well, that the European Parliament does not matter. Disillusion with Europe was also a big factor in the second way in which voters protested, which was by supporting a ragbag of populist, nationalist and explicitly anti-EU parties. These ranged from the 16% who backed the UK Independence Party, whose declared policy is to withdraw from the EU and whose leaders see their mission as “wrecking’’ the European Parliament, to the 14% who voted for Sweden’s Junelist, and the 27% of Poles who backed one of two anti-EU parties, the League of Catholic Families and Selfdefence. These results have returned many more Eurosceptics and trouble-makers to the parliament: on some measures, over a quarter of the new MEPS will belong to the “awkward squad”. That is not a bad thing, however, for it will make the parliament more representative of European public opinion. But it is the third target of European voters’ ire that is perhaps the most immediately significant: the fact that, in many EU countries, old and new, they chose to vote heavily against their own governments. This anti-incumbent vote was strong almost everywhere, but it was most pronounced in Britain, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Sweden. The leaders of all the four biggest European Union countries, Tony Blair in Britain, Jacques Chirac in France, Gerhard Schroder in Germany and Silvio Berlusconi in Italy, were each given a bloody nose by their voters.

The big question now is how Europe’s leaders should respond to this. By a sublime (or terrible) coincidence, soon after the elections, and just as The Economist was going to press, they were gathering in Brussels for a crucial summit, at which they are due to agree a new constitutional treaty for the EU and to select a new president for the European Commission. Going into the meeting, most EU heads of government seemed determined to press ahead with this agenda regardless of the European elections—even though the atmosphere after the results may make it harder for them to strike deals.

36． The relationship between the opening paragraph and the rest of text is that______.

A．a proposal is advanced in the first paragraph and then negated in the following paragraphs

B．an prophecy is revealed and then proved with concrete examples

C．a generalization is made in the first paragraph and then elaborated in the following paragraphs

D．a proposition is introduced in the first paragraph and then explained in details in the following paragraphs

正确答案：C 解析：本题属于中心主旨类型题，测试把握全文整体结构以及准确识别理解原文中心主旨的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第一段的尾句和第二、三、四段的首句(段落主题句)。首段尾句讲：”欧洲的选民愤怒并且幻想破灭——他们已经用三种主要的方式来显示他们的愤怒和幻想破灭”。第二、三、四段分别阐述了三种主要的方式。由此判断本题的正确选项应该是”a generalization is made in the first paragraph and then elaborated in the following paragraphs”(在第一段进行概述，然后在下面的段落详细阐述)。在阅读时要注意把握全文的整体结构，这是准确理解原文的基础。

37． Which of the following statements is not mentioned in the text?

A．EU member countries hold that the European Parliament is of importance. B．The European Project is the worst vision of all. C．EU member countries maintain that central Europe are gaining more common themes.

D．Anti-EU parties are never detrimental to the building-up of the European collaboration.

正确答案：A

解析：这是一道细节分析题，测试准确识别和理解原文复杂信息的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第二段的尾句，其大意是：”欧洲人在欧洲选举中大量弃权的事实显示对欧盟的幻想破灭，以及一种普遍的感觉，即：欧洲议会无关紧要。这种感觉也存在于老欧盟成员中”。由此可以推断：欧盟成员普遍认为欧洲议会重要。故本题的正确选项应该是”EU member countries hold that the European Parliament is of importance”(欧盟成员国认为欧洲议会重要)。在阅读时要注意对细节的挖掘和归纳。

38． It is implied in the text that the departure of Eurosceptics and trouble-makers from the European Parliament______.

A．benefits the old member countries for the time being B．fortifies the support of populist and nationalists

C．might oblige anti-EU parties to adopt a compromise resisted by the public D．would hinder the full expression of European public feeling

正确答案：D 解析：这是一道细节推导题，测试识别原文相关信息并且进行适当逻辑推导的能力。本题的答案信息来源在第三段的倒数一、二句，这两句话的大意是：”这些结果选举更多的欧洲怀疑论者和麻烦制造者成为国会成员…。然而，这并不是一件坏事，因为这将使国会更代表欧洲公众的意见”。由此可以反推：欧洲怀疑论和麻烦制造者离开国会将有碍于欧洲公众情感的充分表达。故本题的正确选项应该是”would hinder the full expression of European public feeling”(将阻碍欧洲公众情感的充分表达)。在阅读时要充分运用逆向思维的能力。

39． The word “ire”(Line 1 Paragraph 4) most probably means______. A．entertainment B．wrath C．syndrome D．premise

正确答案：B

解析：这是一道词汇题，测试准确识别和理解原文词语的能力。原文第四段第一行”ire”一词的含义是”怒火”，故本题的正确选项应该是”wrath”(愤怒)。在阅读时如果遇到生词可以根据上下文或中心主旨思想去推断。可根据本文的全文中心主旨(即欧洲人以3种形式表达自己的”愤怒”和”幻想破灭”)来推断出本题的正确选项”wrath”(愤怒)。

40． It is implied in the concluding paragraph that______. A．European old member countries are poor and homogenous B．Europe’s leaders are bewildered by the crucial summit

C．Europe’s politicians should heed their voters’ dissatisfaction

D．European coincidences might emerge due to the economic stagnation

正确答案：C 解析：这是一道细节推导题，测试识别原文重点句子并且准确分析和理解的能力。本题的答案信息来源在尾段的第一句，其大意是：”目前最大的问题是欧洲的领导人如何对这种情况做出反应”。”这种情况”(this)涉及的是欧洲选民的愤怒和幻想破灭。由此可以引申推导：欧洲政府更应该注意欧洲选民的不满(即愤怒和幻想破灭)。故本题的正确选项应该是”Europe’s politicians should heed their voters dissatisfaction”(欧洲政治家应该注意其选民的不满情绪)。在阅读时要重视原文中的重点句子(例如段落主题句和结论句)，在回答问题时更要注意引申思维

的运用。

Part B (10 points)

41． In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) (41)______. The synthetic(合成的) polymer(聚合的) device is the first flexible hydrophilic(吸水的) artificial cornea to be produced and inserted into a human. It is the product of 8 years work by researchers at the Lions Eye Institute of the University of WA’S Department of Ophthalmic Biomaterials. (42)______. “First, the plastic material used to construct the artificial cornea absorbs water and becomes elastic and soft like human tissue.” Prof. Chirial told Australian Science. “A second novel characteristic is that the periphery(外围) is a sponge with pores allowing host tissue to grow into it. Third, the device uses interpenetrating(渗透) polymer networks to link the central transparent area with the non-transparent periphery.” (43)______. The first recipient(接纳者)of the device, a 79-year-old WA man who was blind in one eye, can now read large print. A further eight patients are awaiting the technically challenging two-step procedure, with the first due to be operated on this month. (44)______. Many patients admitted to the trial have experienced rejection of previous human corneal grafts due to an immune reaction or medical syndrome. In others who have had a chemical burn to an eye, the artificial graft offers their only hope of restored vision. A senior ophthalmologist with the team, Dr. Geoffrey Crawford, said the artificial cornea was a promising development for people in underdeveloped countries where an absence of eye banks meant that less than 1% of those needing a human corneal graft ever get one. (45)______.A. It is novel in three ways according to its designer, Romanian-trained polymer chemist Professor Trainan Chirial, who set up the department in 1986.B. The device is designed to replace a diseased or damaged cornea or a failed human graft and can give back sight to some patients.C. The artificial cornea was made from a transparent matrix of collagen and a synthetic polymer.D. Before the device can be marketed, an international trial of at least 50 patients in five centers worldwide needs to be completed successfully.E. However, he conceded that the cost of the device would need to fall dramatically for it to be used in any widespread way.F. He explained that material in the center and periphery have an identical chemical composition but are produced by different chemical processes, hence their different light-transmitting qualities.G. Western Australian researchers have patented an artificial cornea with the potential to benefit blind or partially sighted individuals worldwide.

正确答案：G

42．

正确答案：A

43．

正确答案：F

44．

正确答案：D

45．

正确答案：E

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

46． Electronic or “cyber” warfare holds the promise of destroying an army’s-or even a whole nation’s ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. (46)In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn’t damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. (47)Wouldn’t the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot’s ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or “cyber” warfare—hacking into an enemy’s computers, jamming radio transmissions, and the like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. (48)Before we imagine what such a “cyberwar” scenario might be like, let’s briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. (49)Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U.S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U.S. military

observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. (50)Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary’s radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment.

正确答案：在指挥权高度集中的军事行动中，各种通讯和数据管理已经成为单独的小单位连接中央指令机构的重要工具。

47．

正确答案：但是反过来的话，像在《地球停转的日子》中提到的一种类似机器人射线那样的装置不是更好吗?它能熔化武器，但不伤害士兵。

48．

正确答案：在我们想象”网络战”可能会是怎样的场面之前，让我们先简要地看看电子战是怎么发展的。

49．

正确答案：通过这些行动不仅获得了宝贵的情报资料，一些谍报员甚至还开始发送假消息，以在南部邦联的各级军队中制造混乱。

50．

正确答案：监测雷达的频率可以对敌方雷达进行电子欺骗和干扰，从而使部队的主要单位和设备得以完全用于干扰与反干扰活动。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． You are a college graduate and try to write a letter to a foreign university, expressing your desire of getting admitted. Write a letter of self-introduction based on the following outline: 1) an introduction of your education background and hopes; 2) giving your reasons for attending this university; 3) asking for application forms, financial aids, etc. You should write about 100 words and do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li

Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.

正确答案：Dear Sir/Madam， I am a junior student and am to graduate next June at Department of Chemistry，Tsinghua University，Beijing，P．R．China．I hope to further my studies in the same field at your university upon my graduation．Since your university has a strong faculty in chemistry and offers the most advanced courses in the field，I think it is sensible for me to make your university as my first Choice． I wonder if you could send me application forms for admission and financial aids and a brochure of the programs offered by your university. I will be very grateful if prompt attention is paid to my request． I am looking for ward to heating from you． Yours sincerely， Li Ming

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52． Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing, In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.

正确答案： Look at this picture! Two young persons are sitting intimately in a bench in the park, talking and laughing merrily. One is a beautiful girl and the other is a handsome lad, both are decently dressed in modern fashion. Apparently they are a pair of lovers. Around them are littered with banana peels, seed shells, etc., and the clean ground is in a terrible mess. What does the artist mean by drawing such a picture? His intention is very clear: with the improvement of our living standard, people now enjoy good social facilities and material comforts, but some of us lack social morality-they pursue their own enjoyment without consideration of others’ benefits. This picture puts me into deep thinking. Real beauty not only lies in appearance and clothing, but also in one’s manners, in one’s inner world. If everyone behaves like them, the world will become a big dustbin. In my opinion, social morality should be observed by everyone, so as to make the world a more beautiful place to live in.