托福模拟试卷13 (题后含答案及解析)
题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITING
Section One：Listening Comprehension
听力原文：M: Hi! Are you busy right now?W: Oh, hi, Sean. There’s a meeting at two-thirty, but I have a few minutes. What can 1 do for you?M: Welt, l wanted to talk with you before I went to register for next semester. That’ll be my last term because I hope to transfer to the university next year.W: Great! Have you applied to the university yet?M: Not yet. The deadline’s not till March 1.W: Right.M: But I was, uh, I wanted to check with you to see if there are any other courses I still need before I transfer. I think I’ve filled all the requirements, but I, uh, just wanted to make sure before ! register.W: All right. Let me pull up your record. Let’s see now ... Sean Howard. Here we are. Hmm. All right, it looks like you’ve got all of your English and math credits, so you’re OK there, as well as your humanities and, uh, social sciences. But for natural science ... hmm ... you took biology in your first year, but I don’t see anything after that. You’re required to have at least one more natural science course before you can transfer.M: Oh, really? I thought I needed only one science course.W: No, sorry, you need at least eight credits in natural science, and that means two courses.M: I didn’t know that. OK. Then I wonder which course l should take. What do you recommend?W: Next semester ... let’s see ... it looks like astronomy, botany, and ecology are all being offered. There’s also a course in meteorology for non-science majors.M: Meteorology? Do you mean, like, the weather?W: That’s right.M: Hey, that might be kind of interesting. I always wanted to know how they forecast the weather.W: Then that’s the right course for you. Oh, and, Sean, it looks like you also need two credits in physical education.M: Phys. ed!W: Right. You’re required to have four credits, and you’ve only got two so far.M: Oh, boy. Well, OK, that shouldn’t be too hard. Maybe I should take golf that is offered in the spring, right?W: Golf?. Uh ... yes, it is. Do you play?M: Not very well, no. I’ve only played a couple of times, but I need to do better than that. My boss plays golf and he’s always talking about it. It would be nice to know what he’s talking about!W: Then you’d better take golf. You’ve got to play golf with your boss!M: OK, OK, you talked me into it! Hey, thanks for your time. I appreciate your help, and I’ll get out of your way now.W: Glad to help, Sean. Good luck with registration!
1． Why does the student go to see his adviser? A．To find out if he can change one of his classes B．To ask her for a letter of recommendation
C．To check the time of his registration appointment D．To learn if he still has required courses to take
正确答案：D 解析： The student’s purpose is to learn if he still has required courses to take. The student says ...I wanted to check with you to see if there are any courses I still need before I transfer. I think I’ve filled all the requirements, but I, uh, just wanted to make sure before I register. (2.3)
2． Why does the adviser say this:
A．To invite the student to attend a meeting with her
B．To let the student know that she will have to leave soon C．To announce that she will be speaking at a meeting D．To explain why she cannot help the student right now
正确答案：B
解析：Why does the adviser say this:”There’s a meeting at two-thirty, but I have a few minutes.” The adviser’s purpose is to let the student know that she will have to leave soon. The student asks the adviser if she is busy, and she tells him about a meeting at two-thirty. She says that she has a few minutes before she must leave for the meeting. (2.3)
3． What does the student want to do next year? A．Change his major field of study B．Study at the university
C．Work as a weather forecaster
D．Become a professional golf player
正确答案：B
解析：The student says ...I hope to transfer to the university next year. (2.2)
4． In which subject areas must the student take courses next semester? Click on two answers.
A．Social science B．Natural science C．Humanities
D．Physical education
正确答案：BD
解析：The student must take a course in natural science: You’re required to have at least one more natural science course before you can transfer He must also take a course in physical education: ...it looks like you also need two credits in physical education; You ‘re required to have four credits, and you ‘ve only got two so far. (2.2)
5． What does the student imply about golf?. A．Golf is his favorite leisure activity. B．He enjoys playing golf with his boss. C．He would like to know more about golf. D．He has never played golf before.
正确答案：C
解析：The student implies that he would like to know more about golf. He says I’ve only played a couple of times, but I need to do better than that. My boss plays golf and he’s always talking about it. It would be nice to know what he’s talking about/(2.4)
听力原文：M: One type of immune response has to do with bees- actually any insect of that class, including hornets and fire ants. If you’ve ever been stung or bitten, you know how painful it is. But stings and bites usually aren’t dangerous, unless you have lots of them at the same time, or unless you have an allergic reaction to the venom. A massive allergic reaction to a sting is known as anaphylaxis. The term anaphylaxis is Greek for “a lack of protection.” But the name is sort of inaccurate. Anaphylaxis is actually a disease, a severe form of allergic, um, over-response by the immune system when it’s suddenly faced with a foreign substance. That foreign substance is the bee’s venom, or in some cases it’s certain foods, like nuts, eggs, and shellfish ... or drugs, especially antibiotics like penicillin. Anaphylaxis-or anaphylactic shock-is one of those true emergencies where minutes can make the difference between life and death. It can start within seconds, although sometimes it has a delay of thirty minutes or more.W: Excuse me, Professor Watson, but how do you recognize it? I mean, there’s a difference between a few seconds and thirty minutes. So how do you ... like, how do you know when a person’s in anaphylactic shock?M: Sometimes it’s hard to identify the real reason why someone is in trouble. Unfortunately, that’s what happened last year to a little girl who ate a peanut cookie at a birthday party. No one who was with her at the time knew she was allergic to peanuts, so they didn’t know why she suddenly went into respiratory distress. The reason, of course, was anaphylaxis. But by the time the medics got there, it was too late, and the girl died. So, how do we identify anaphylactic shock? The first sign is the victim becomes very weak and feels sick. There may be an itchy rash near the site of the sting, if it’s a bee sting, or a tingling in the mouth, if it’s a food allergy. The tissues of the face and throat may swell up. The chest feels tight, and the person has trouble breathing-this is when every minute, every second matters. The blood pressure drops dangerously low. Finally, the person may lose consciousness and stop breathing. When this happens, the person’s life is in danger. Anaphylactic shock, as you can see, can be life threatening in some cases. What happens to the immune system? First, it has to be exposed previously to the offending substance-the bee venom, the peanuts, or whatever. People don’t get anaphylaxis from their first bee sting. The immune cells that produce antibodies ... they ... uh ... they have to be sensitized to the offending substance at least once before they overreact to it the second or third time. We don’t understand
why some unlucky immune systems go crazy the next time the}’ encounter the same substance. But some immune systems do sort of go crazy. The cells pour out far more antibody than they need. This sets off a whole series of reactions involving the release of histamine into the bloodstream. Histamine makes the blood vessels dilate and get “leaky,” and the liquid part of the blood leaks out into the tissues. This is what causes the skin rash, the potentially fatal swelling, the narrowing of the airways, and the drop in blood pressure. The worst part is all of this happens within minutes.W: Because this can happen so fast-I mean, going into shock-how do we prevent-I mean, is there a way we can stop somebody from dying of this?M: With anaphylaxis, a few minutes can make the difference between life and death, so the keys to survival are being prepared and acting quickly. The most important tool to have is called an epi-pen- basically an automatic syringe that lets you self-administer the drug epinephrine into your body, a drug that helps combat the effects of anaphylaxis.
6． What is the lecture mainly about?
A．The components of the immune system B．Why some people are immune from disease C．A severe type of immune response D．Dangers of different types of shock
正确答案：C
解析： The professor mainly discusses a severe type of immune response called anaphylaxis. The professor says A massive allergic reaction to a sting is known as anaphylaxis; Anaphylaxis is actually a disease, a severe form of allergic over-response by the immune system when it’s suddenly faced with a foreign substance. (2.1)
7． According to the professor, what can initiate anaphylaxis? Click on two answers.
A．Alcohol B．Bee venom C．Peanuts D．A virus
正确答案：BC
解析：Bee venom can initiate anaphylaxis: One type of immune response has to do with bees..., But stings and bites usually aren’t dangerous... unless you have an allergic reaction to the venom. Peanuts can initiate anaphylaxis: No one who was with her at the time knew she was allergic to peanuts, so they didn’t know why she suddenly went into respiratory distress. The reason, of course, was anaphylaxis. (2.2)
8． Why does the professor tell a story about a little girl at a birthday party?
A．To find out which students have children B．To frighten the class with facts about bees C．To change the topic of the discussion D．To stress the serious effects of an allergy
正确答案：D
解析：The professor’s purpose is to stress the serious effects of an allergy. The professor says ... that’s what happened last year to a little girl who ate a peanut cookie at a birthday party. No one who was with her at the time knew she was allergic to peanuts, so they didn’t know why she suddenly went into respiratory distress. The reason, of course, was anaphylaxis. But by the time the medics got there, it was too late, and the girl died. (2.3)
9． Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this:
A．To stress the mysterious nature of severe immune responses B．To argue that anaphylaxis is mainly the result of bad luck C．To point out that scientists disagree over what causes allergies D．To suggest that people are crazy to eat offending substances
正确答案：A
解析：Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.”People don’t get anaphylaxis from their first bee sting. The immune cells that produce antibodies ... they ... uh ... they have to be sensitized to the offending substance at least once before they overreact to it the second or third time. We don’t understand why some unlucky immune systems go crazy the next time they encounter the same substance.”Why does the professor say this:”We don’t understand why some unlucky immunesystems go crazy the next time they encounter the same substance.” The professor’s purpose is to stress the mysterious nature of severe immune responses. Scientists do not understand why some immune systems go crazy, or overreact to an offending substance, while other immune systems do not. (2.3)
10． The professor describes what happens during anaphylactic shock. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process. For each sentence, click in the correct box.
正确答案：Yes: The chest feels tight and breathing is difficult: The chest feels tight, and the person has trouble breathing Yes: The face and throat begin to swell: The tissues of the face and throat may swell up. No: Fatty particles attach to the walls of blood vessels: Not supported by the information in the lecture. Yes: The body releases histamine into the bloodstream: This sets off a whole series of reactions involving the release of histamine into the bloodstream. No: The blood pressure rises dangerously high: The blood pressure drops dangerously low. (2.6)
11． What can be inferred about surviving anaphylaxis? A．It is impossible for children to survive anaphylaxis. B．Only a few people have ever survived anaphylaxis. C．Survival depends on immediate medical treatment.
D．The professor knows someone who survived the disease.
正确答案：C
解析：The professor says With anaphylaxis, a few minutes can make the difference between life and death, so the keys to survival are being prepared and acting quickly. You can infer that survival depends on immediate medical treatment. (2.4)
听力原文：In the early years of the twentieth century, 60 percent of the American population was rural, and half of the nation’s towns and cities had fewer than ten thousand people. Up until that time, life on the farm was lonely, and farm families felt that they weren’t keeping up with the urban population, which had electric lights, telephones, and access to the latest goods in department stores. Farm families were isolated, often with limited funds, and few could afford the time or the expense of shopping in the city. But all of this changed with the introduction of the mail-order catalog.In 1872, a Chicago merchant named Montgomery Ward began sending copies of a catalog to thousands of farmers in the Midwest. The catalog was 280 pages long and offered farm families the opportunity to order any of the goods listed in it by mail. This is how Montgomery Ward and Company became the nation’s first mail-order company. Ward had discovered something entirely new and profitable, a new method of conducting business. After that, the terms “mail-order house” and “mail-order catalog” were added to our vocabulary.The most successful mail-order house was Sears and Roebuck, which entered the mail-order business in 1895. Just as Montgomery Ward had done with his catalog, Richard Sears advertised his products in catalogs that were sent to farm families. The Sears catalog sold food, clothing, machinery, tools, stoves-anything and everything a farm family might need.The mail-order business spread rapidly, largely because of improvements in postal services. The post office established Rural Free Delivery in 1902 and Parcel Post in 1913. These new services meant that catalogs and goods would be delivered directly to the farm, so farmers didn’t have to drive several miles into town to pick up packages. These new services greatly contributed to the success of mail-order houses.Rural Free Delivery also had great benefit for farm families. Families that had previously been isolated could now receive newspapers, magazines, and mail-order catalogs in their mailboxes. This contact with the outside world broke their isolation and changed the outlook of rural America. Thanks to the mail-order houses of Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck, no farm was too isolated to be aware of the latest clothing, furniture, farm equipment, music, and literature.The wide distribution of the Sears catalog had another interesting effect. The Sears catalog had a lot to do with the similarity of goods available nationwide. Of course, this was also due to the mass-production of goods. Mass-roduction techniques made it possible to create
reasonable copies of, for example, high-priced clothing. The two factors working together-mass production and nationwide distributio-tended to minimize regional differences in clothing styles. This is why there was a general lack of class and regional distinction in American clothing. People believed that if clothing of the same design and brand was widely worn by many people, then this was a sign of its value.By 1910, both men and women could buy every article of clothing, ready made, from mail-order catalogs like Sears. Sears didn’t pretend to be a leader in fashion, but it did try to provide what average Americans wanted. Women wanted to dress more fashionably and they welcomed new styles. For farm women, the pictures of the smiling women on the pages of the Sears catalog were as close as they came to outside contacts during the long winter months. And for immigrants who wanted to become Americans, the Sears catalog was a textbook. Here they learned how to dress, how to furnish their homes, and-some catalogs even had recipes and menus for holiday dinners how to cook American food.
12． What is the talk mainly about?
A．American farm life in the early twentieth century B．The history of a successful business innovation C．Differences between the rural and urban way of life D．The effects of mail-order catalogs on rural America
正确答案：D
解析： The professor mainly discusses the effects of mail-order catalogs on rural America. The professor says Farm families were isolated, often with limited funds, and few could afford the time or the expense of shopping in the city. But all of this changed with the introduction of the mail-order catalog; The Sears catalog sold food, clothing, machinery, tools, stoves-anything and everything a farm family might need. (2.1)
13． How did the mail-order business begin’?
A．A businessman sent a catalog to a large number of farmers. B．The railroads started delivering goods to isolated rural areas. C．The post office added new services to promote ordering by mail. D．A group of farmers organized a method of cooperative buying.
正确答案：A 解析：The professor says In 1872, a Chicago merchant named Montgomery Ward began sending copies of a catalog to thousands of farmers in the Midwest,” This is how Montgomery Ward and Company became the nation ‘s first mail order company. (2.2)
14． Why does the professor mention Rural Free Delivery and Parcel Post?
A．To give examples of early mail-order houses
B．To compare the benefits of two different types of services C．To explain how these services helped the mail-order business D．To describe the origins of the concept of customer service
正确答案：C
解析：The professor’s purpose is to explain how these services helped the mail-order business. The professor says The mail-order business spread rapidly, largely because of improvements in postal services. The post office established Rural Free Delivery...and Parcel Post...; These new services greatly contributed to the success of mail-order houses. (2.3)
15． According to the professor, what two factors led to the similarity of goods available nationwide? Click on two answers.
A．The mass production of goods B．The wide distribution of catalogs
C．The growing interest in regional styles D．The desire to copy designer fashions
正确答案：AB
解析：The mass production of goods and the wide distribution of catalogs led to the similarity of goods available nationwide: The wide distribution of the Sears catalog had another interesting effect. The Sears catalog had a lot to do with the similarity of goods available nationwide. Of course, this was also due to the mass production of goods; The two factors working together-mass production and nationwide distribution-tended to minimize regional differences in clothing styles. (2.2)
16． What does the professor mean when she says this:
A．Immigrants were required to buy a textbook to learn English.
B．Most of the people who used mail-order catalogs were immigrants. C．The Sears catalog taught immigrants about American culture. D．People immigrated to America for its economic opportunities.
正确答案：C
解析：What does the professor mean when she says this:”And for immigrants who wanted to become Americans, the Sears catalog was a textbook.” The professor means that the Sears catalog taught immigrants about American culture. The purpose of a textbook is to teach, and the Sears catalog was like a textbook because it taught immigrants how to dress, how to furnish their homes, and...how to cook American food. (2.4)
17． Based on the information in the talk, would the professor most likely agree or disagree with each statement below? For each sentence, click in the correct box.
正确答案：Disagree: Nineteenth-century farm families had the same cultural opportunities as city residents:...farm families felt that they weren’t keeping up with the urban population, which had electric lights, telephones, and access to the latest goods in department stores. Farm families were isolated, often with limited funds, and few could afford the time or the expense of shopping in the city. Agree: Mail-order companies changed the lives of farm families across the country: This contact with the outside world broke their isolation and changed the outlook of rural America. Thanks to the mail-order houses of Montgomery Ward and Sears and Roebuck, no farm was too isolated to be aware of the latest clothing, furniture, farm equipment, music, and literature. Disagree: Clothing ordered from mail-order catalogs was more fashionable than clothing bought in department stores: Sears didn’t pretend to be a leader in fashion, but it did try to provide what average Americans wanted. Agree: The Sears catalog provided an important illustration of American life: And for immigrants who wanted to become Americans, the Sears catalog was a textbook. Here they learned how to dress, how to furnish their homes, and.., how to cook American food. (2.4)
听力原文：W: There’s something I’ve always wondered about. OK. A glass of water is crystal clear. A bathtub full of water looks faintly blue. And the water in a swimming pool is light blue at the shallow end and a darker color blue at the deep end. Does water have a color? I mean, its own true color?M: Believe it or not, it does.W: OK. Then what is it?M: It’s blue, like a piece ofbhie glass. And like glass or any other relatively transparent substance, the thicker it is, the deeper the color. That’s why a swimming pool is a darker blue at the deep end.W: OK. Then what I learned as a kid was wrong. In grade school I was taught that water doesn’t have a color, that it’s clear, and clear isn’t a color. But my own eyes teI1 me otherwise. So, why is this? I mean, why is water blue, like blue glass?M: It’s because water transmits light of every color, but it’s clearest for colors with shorter wavelengths. That’s why its peak transparency is in the blue-green part of the light spectrum.W: That explains why most of the time it looks blue or green.M: Well, there are actually lots of factors that affect the color of water.W: Such as ... what, like how deep the water is?M: Right. And it’s easy to see why. It’s because light from water comes from three places: the top, the middle, and the bottom of the water.W: I’m not sure I understand.M: Think of it like this. Together, all three parts of the water-top, middle, and bottom-make up the blend of light that we see. Under certain circumstances, one may dominate the others. For example, in shallow water, light from the bottom is most important. In deep water, very little light comes from below, so reflections from the surface are the brightest.W: So, that means, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit, so it sort of contributes more to the scene. I mean, it affects the overall color more than ... say uh. ... the invisible bottom of the ocean?M: Uh ... that’s right. Because a shallow puddle is relatively transparent, the water adds virtually no blue light of its own.W: And muddy water looks brown because...?M: Because the light is scattered, primarily from the suspended sediments near the surface. That’s another factor that affects the color of water-sediments. Even
the cleanest, purest mountain lake contains a lot of tiny particles that scatter light.W: That’s because mountain lakes have a lot of silt from the glaciers, right?M：That’s right. Lakes fed by glaciers get their colors from the fine, suspended silt in the water, and also from the reflected light of the sky. Glacier fed streams are usually sort of a milky blue, and hot springs are sometimes yellow because of the sulfur suspended in the water. Some water is green and some is brown, depending on the mineral content.W: This is really interesting. I’m glad I asked you about this.
18． What is the main subject of the conversation? A．The importance of pure water
B．Factors that affect the color of water C．How the human eye perceives color D．The colors of the light spectrum
正确答案：B
解析： The speakers mainly discuss factors that affect the color of water. The student asks ... why is water blue, like blue glass? The tutor says It’s because water transmits light of every color, but it’s clearest for colors with shorter wavelengths; Well,there are actually lots of factors that affect the color of water. (2.1)
19． What does the student mean when she says this: A．She does not believe that water is colorless. B．She has difficulty seeing certain colors.
C．It is possible to see through water only if it is clear. D．It is interesting to look at things underwater.
正确答案：A
解析：What does the student mean when she says this: “In grade school I was taught that water doesn’t have a color, that it’s clear, and clear isn’t a color. But my own eyes tell me otherwise.” The student means that she does not believe that water is colorless. She was taught that water doesn’t have a color, but her own eyes tell her otherwise. Her eyes tell her that water does have a color. (2.4)
20． Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question. Why does the student say this:
A．To express her fear of very deep water
B．To explain why she likes the color of the ocean C．To change the topic of the conversation
D．To check her understanding of what the tutor said
正确答案：D
解析：Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the
question.”Together, all three parts of the water-top, middle, and bottom-make up the blend of light that we see. Under certain circumstances, one may dominate the others. For example, in shallow water, light from the bottom is most important. In deep water, very little light comes from below, so reflections from the surface are the brightest.” “So, that means, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit, so it sort of contributes more to the scene. I mean, it affects the overall color more than ... say uh ... the invisible bottom of the ocean?”Why does the student say this:”So, that means, in a shallow puddle, the bottom is well lit, so it sort of contributes more to the scene. I mean, it affects the overall color more than ... say uh ... the invisible bottom of the ocean?” The student’s purpose is to check her understanding of what the tutor said. She says So, that means Then she repeats the tutor’s explanation in her own words to check whether she understands correctly. (2.3)
21． According to the conversation, what factors influence the color of water? Click on two answers.
A．Waves on the surface B．The depth of the water C．Sediments in the water D．The water temperature
正确答案：BC
解析：One factor that influences the color of water is its depth: ... there are actually lots of factors that affect the color of water; Such as...how deep the water is?; Right. Another factor is sediments in the water: That’s another factor that affects the color of water-sediments. Even the cleanest, purest mountain lake contains a lot of tiny particles that scatter light. (2.2)
22． What can be inferred about a lake with brown water? A．The lake is not safe for swimming. B．The lake has a sandy bottom.
C．The water contains suspended particles.
D．The water is very deep in the center of the lake.
正确答案：C
解析：The tutor says Lakes fed by glaciers get their colors from the fine, suspended silt in the water...,” Some water is green and some is brown, depending on the mineral content. You can infer that a lake with brown water contains suspended particles. (2.4)
听力原文：Throughout most of human history, a society’s culture was defined and communicated primarily through the family. Early cultures communicated their values and beliefs to their children by oral tradition-word of mouth. Parents and grandparents had the job of passing on the culture’s history and traditions. The older members of the family were storytellers and historians-our “cultural narrators.”The
cultural narrator was valued for his or her wisdom and experience. The cultural narrator helped to sustain the society through the preservation of vital cultural information. Until the mid-twentieth century, the family was the medium by which culture was passed along.Since the 1950s, however, the role of the cultural narrator has been taken over by television. What I mean is, the family storytellers have been replaced by television shows that tell us who we are, what we need, how we should speak, and what we should believe in.In the sixties and seventies, as television became more a part of North American life, several writers and philosophers began to study what was going on. One of the most creative minds to explore this issue was Marshall McLuhan.McLuhan studied English literature in his native Canada and in England, and then taught at several universities in the United States. As a Canadian scholar teaching in the U. S., McLuhan realized that he didn’t understand his American students. He couldn’t figure out their interests and values, why they spoke and acted and felt the way they did. So, he set out to learn more about the values of his students by studying their popular culture: the movies, television shows, music, pastimes-all the things that young Americans pursued in their leisure time.McLuhan became convinced that electronic media played a significant role and that the media were responsible for the attitudes and values of his students. In fact, he went beyond his immediate interest in his own students to theorize that the media had prompted most of the social changes in Western culture. McLuhan’s ideas soon made him the leading cultural critic and media theorist of his time.McLuhan’s ideas gained attention worldwide. He wrote several books about the effect of media on human development, including this one, The Medium is the Message, which is the book you’ll be reading next in this course.The Medium is the Message is McLuhan’s most influential book. Although it was first published more than thirty years ago, it remains an important classic in the field of communications. It’s a book-and an idea-that you’ll come back to over and over again, and reading it will probably change your view of how we communicate.Why is it such an important book? Well, you’ve probably heard the expression, “The medium is the message” because it’s entered our vocabulary. What McLuhan meant by this statement was that how people learn-the medium-is more important than what they learn-the message. In other words. the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself. Communication is culture, and-culture is communication.McLuhan didn’t consider himself a critic of the media in the sense of condemning it. He wasn’t interested in deciding whether television was good or bad. He just wanted people to understand how it affected them so they could make their own informed decisions about it. We’re just beginning to understand the ways that the media have affected our culture. Sociologists, psychologists, media ecologists-people in a multitude of fields are trying to explain the relationships among media, values, and behavior.Is television good or bad for us? Does television cause human behavior, or merely record it? This question is of particular interest to researchers who study the effects of television-especially television violence-on children’s behavior. And now that television is starting to merge with other electronic media, like the Internet, there are a growing number of issues and new questions calling for informed thinking about the
relationship of the media to human development.
23． According to the professor, how did children acquire their culture throughout most of history?
A．By experiencing life in another country B．By watching cultural programs on television C．By going to the museum and the library D．By listening to parents and grandparents
正确答案：D
解析： The professor says Throughout most of human history, a society’s culture was defined and communicated primarily through the family; Parents and grandparents had the job of passing on the culture’s history and traditions. (2.2)
24． What does the professor mean by the term “cultural narrator”? A．The voice that tells a story on a television program B．The medium that conveys a culture’s values and beliefs C．A book that is considered a classic in its field
D．A scholar who states theories about popular culture
正确答案：B
解析：By “cultural narrator,” the professor means the medium that conveys a culture’s values and beliefs. The professor says The cultural narrator helped to sustain the society through the preservation of vital cultural information. Until the mid-twentieth century, the family was the medium by which culture was passed along. (2.4)
25． According to the professor, why did Marshall McLuhan study popular culture?
A．McLuhan wanted to understand the values of his students. B．McLuhan needed an interesting topic for his dissertation. C．McLuhan wanted to write stories for a popular magazine. D．McLuhan enjoyed watching television with his family.
正确答案：A
解析：The professor says He couldn’t figure out their interests and values, why they spoke and acted and felt the way they did. So, he set out to learn more about the values of his students by studying their popular culture (2.2)
26． What is the professor’s opinion of The Medium is the Message? A．It is a good source of information about cultural history. B．Its ideas are becoming less relevant today than in the past.
C．It was the first book to argue that television was bad for society. D．It will influence how the students think about communication.
正确答案：D
解析：The professor’s opinion is that The Medium is the Message will influence how the students think about communication. The professor says It’s a book-and an idea-that you’ll come back to over and over again, and reading it will probably change your view of how we communicate. (2.3)
27． Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. Why does the professor say this: G
A．To compare different ways of conveying a message B．To explain an important theory of communications C．To show that miscommunication is a serious problem D．To introduce a controversial topic of conversation
正确答案：B 解析：Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.”Well, you’ve probably heard the expression, ‘The medium is the message’ because it’s entered our vocabulary. What McLuhan meant by this statement was that how people learn-the medium is more important than what they learn-the message. In other words, the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself.”Why does the professor say this:”In other words, the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself.” The professor’s purpose is to explain an important theory of communications, specifically the meaning of McLuhan’s theory that the medium is the message. (2.3)
28． Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question. What does the professor imply about the effects of the media on society?
A．The media did not affect society before the twentieth century. B．Television has a mostly negative effect on human behavior. C．The media’s effects are of widespread interest and concern. D．The Internet will be the most influential medium in the future.
正确答案：C
解析：Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.”Is television good or bad for us? Does television cause human behavior, or merely record it? This question is of particular interest to researchers who study the effects of television-especially television violence-on children’s behavior. And now that television is starting to merge with other electronic media, like the Internet, there are a growing number of issues and new questions calling for informed thinking about the relationship of the media to human development.”What does the professor imply about the effects of the media on society? The professor implies that the media’s
effects are of widespread interest and concern. The professor says that researchers are interested in the effects of television on human behavior. He says ... there are a growing number of issues and new questions that require study of the relationship of the media to human development. (2.4)
听力原文：In the field of agriculture, marketing is sort of a complex system. Marketing is supplying people with goods and services-what people want, in the form they want it, and when they want it. In agriculture, marketing involves moving a wide range of products-food crops, animal products, fiber crops, flowers, wood, and so on.Marketing links the producer with the consumer. All of the processes and infrastructure involved-harvesting equipment, storage and transportation facilities-all of these processes and infrastructure come under the broad heading of “agricultural marketing technology.” The focus of agricultural marketing technology is on meeting consumer demand.A lot has to be done before farm products are ready for the consumer. The typical North American consumer can’t deal with live chickens or cattle, unshelled wheat, or raw logs. Typical North American consumers want their food ready to cook, their clothes ready to wear, their wood products in sizes ready to use, and so on.Consumers also want certain products at certain times of the year. They expect to have roses at Valentine’s Day and poinsettias at Christmas. So, producers and marketing specialists have to make these special products available when consumers want them.Getting products to consumers involves several processe- we call them marketing functions. These functions convert the product from its original form into the form that consumers want, and then transport it to the consumers. Functions such as harvesting, assembling, grading, transporting-these are just some of the important functions of agricultural marketing.The first function, harvesting-this begins on the farm or ranch. Harvesting methods vary for different types of products. Some products are harvested by machine, while others have to be harvested by hand. Harvesting includes a wide variety of activities for example, picking apples, picking cotton, digging potatoes, cutting wheat, cutting roses, cutting timber, shearing sheep, milking cows, and so on.A very important function that comes after harvesting is assembling. Assembling is the delivery of a product to a central location, like a packing shed, grain elevator, cotton gin, or processing plant. Assembling is gathering large quantities together to make marketing more efficient. Marketing professionals want to deal with large volumes, and some farms don’t have large enough volumes, so they have to combine their product with the product of other farms.Another function is grading, which means sorting products for uniformity. Grading can take place during or after assembling. Grading involves dividing up the product on the basis of several factors-for example, size, color, variety, or the presence of defects. When people buy eggs, they kind of want a uniform size, not a mixture of small, medium, and large eggs. Various standards are used in grading products. Sometimes the government sets the standards. Sometimes the standards are set by an association of producers, or even by the processing plant or supermarket.A very important marketing function is transporting, moving the product from one place to another. Milk is moved from the dairy farm to a processing plant. Freshly picked tomatoes are moved to the
packing shed or cannery. Wheat is moved to the grain elevator. Logs are moved to the sawmill. Agricultural products are transported in various kinds of vehicles: wagons, trucks, barges, airplanes, and railroad cars.In order to market products, certain facilities must be available-what we call marketing infrastructure-the vehicles, roads, railroads, assembling and processing plants, storage facilities, and so on. All of these facilities are necessary infrastructure for marketing agricultural goods.
29． What does the professor mainly discuss? A．Recent advances in agricultural technology B．How farm products are supplied to consumers C．Methods that farmers use to increase production D．Ways of transporting farm products to stores
正确答案：B
解析： The professor mainly discusses how farm products are supplied to consumers. The professor says Marketing is supplying people with goods and services-what people want, in the form they want it, and when they want it; Marketing links the producer with the consumer,” The focus of agricultural marketing technology is on meeting consumer demand. (2.1)
30． Why does the professor say this:
A．To illustrate the unreasonable demands of the typical consumer B．To compare consumers in North America with those in other places C．To give examples of common agricultural products in North America D．To explain why agricultural marketing technology is necessary
正确答案：D
解析：Why does the professor say this:”The typical North American consumer can’t deal with live chickens or cattle, unshelled wheat, or raw logs. Typical North American consumers want their food ready to cook, their clothes ready to wear, their wood products in sizes ready to use, and so on.” The professor’s purpose is to explain why agricultural marketing technology is necessary. Agricultural marketing technology meets consumer demand by getting farm products ready for consumers and delivering the products in the form and quantities that consumers want, when consumers want them. (2.3)
31． Which of the following are examples of the marketing function of harvesting? Click on two answers.
A．picking cotton
B．Sorting eggs by size
C．Moving corn to a grain elevator D．Milking cows
正确答案：AD
解析：Picking cotton and milking cows are examples of the marketing function of harvesting: Harvesting includes a wide variety of activities- for example, ...picking cotton milking cows (2.2)
32． According to the professor, why is assembling an important function in agricultural marketing?
A．It allows markets to deal efficiently with large quantities. B．It gives consumers a variety of products to choose from. C．It results in products of uniform size, color, or quality.
D．It helps farmers make decisions about what crops to grow.
正确答案：A 解析：The professor says A very important function that comes after harvesting is assembling; Assembling is gathering large quantities together to make marketing more efficient. Marketing professionals want to deal with large volumes, and some farms don’t have large enough volumes, so they have to combine their product with the product of other farms. (2.2)
33． What is the purpose of grading agricultural products?
A．It encourages farmers to produce crops of the highest quality.
B．It enables consumers to buy products that meet uniform standards. C．It allows the government to regulate agricultural markets.
D．It promotes the development of better marketing infrastructure.
正确答案：B
解析：The professor says Another function is grading, which is sorting products for uniformity; When people buy eggs, the), kind of want a uniform size- not a mixture of small, medium, and large eggs. (2.2)
34． Why does the professor say this:
A．To show that agriculture involves taking risks B．To illustrate the function of transporting C．To compare various methods of harvesting D．To describe job opportunities in marketing
正确答案：B
解析：Why does the professor say this:”Milk is moved from the dairy farm to a processing plant. Freshly picked tomatoes are moved to the packing shed or cannery. Wheat is moved to the grain elevator. Logs are moved to the sawmill.” The professor’s purpose is to illustrate the function of transporting, moving the product from one place to another. (2.3)
Sections Three：Reading Comprehension
“Layers of Social Class” Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people’s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom. In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited. → Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”—the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins,1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles. → The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed--successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States. → The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position. In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above
it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class. → The lower class is composed primarity of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs.A Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year- round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class.B The underclass includes those who have been left behind by Contemporary economic developments.C Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.D
35． The word those in the passage refers to A．characteristics B．groups C．classes
D．continuum
正确答案：B
解析：”Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those [groups] with the most money, education, and prestige at the top.” The pronoun “those” does not refer to choices A, C, or D.
36． The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning to A．very large B．very new C．very early D．very good
正确答案：A
解析：In this passage, very large describes “enormous.” “... a very small proportion of people” contrasts with very large control. “... vast amounts of wealth” also provides context.
37． Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
A．Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth.
B．You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may have been born.
C．It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future wealth
and level of social status.
D．Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and social status of your family.
正确答案：A
解析：Although it is not generally accepted paraphrases “Despite social myths to the contrary.”... your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth paraphrases “... the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born.”
38． Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3? A．To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year
B．To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money C．To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth
D．To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections
正确答案：B
解析：The author uses the example of the Forbes 400 to support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money. “... most inherited significant assets.”
39． In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of the
A．lower middle class B．upper middle class C．nouveau riche D．upper class
正确答案：B
解析：”The upper middle class... tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives.” Choice A is not correct because the lower class is composed of the displaced and poor. Choice C is not correct because the term nouveau riche refers to the upper class that has recently acquired money. Choice D is not correct because the upper class is typically a group that has inherited wealth.
40． The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning to A．mostly B．somewhat C．finally D．always
正确答案：A
解析：In this passage, mostly is a synonym for “primarily.” Context comes from the root prime, which means “first.”
41． The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning to A．unexpected B．modern C．strategic D．reliable
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, modern is a synonym for “contemporary.” Context comes from the reference to “Recently” in the previous sentence.
42． According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?
A．They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.
B．They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States. C．They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear. D．They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.
正确答案：B
解析：... an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because...people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States.” Choice A is not correct because they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources. Choice C is not correct because, although the status may be unclear, people do not have a problem defining themselves as middle class. Choice D is not correct because “norm” refers to average, not normal.
43． What can be inferred about poor people in the United States? A．They are not able to find entry-level jobs. B．They work in jobs that require little education. C．They are service workers and manual laborers. D．They do not try to find employment.
正确答案：B 解析：”People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs.” Choice A is not correct because 40 percent of the poor work. Choice C is not correct because service workers and manual laborers are part of the lower middle class. Choice D is not correct because the underclass that does not try to find employment is a special segment of the poor, not all poor people.
44． According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?
A．The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously.
B．The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities.
C．Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by
welfare or crime.
D．Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system.
正确答案：C
解析：”The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments... the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.” Choices A and D may be true, but they are not mentioned in the passage. Choice B is not correct because the illegal activities cause the increase in crime, not the opposite.
45． All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPT A．the level of education that a person has achieved B．the amount of money that an individual has acquired C．the type of employment that someone pursues
D．the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis
正确答案：D
解析：Choices A, B, and C are mentioned for the first time in paragraph 1, sentence 1.
46． Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
A．Square Ａ. B．Square Ｂ. C．Square Ｃ. D．Square Ｄ.
正确答案：A 解析：Generalization and example is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the following sentence. “The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor” provides a general statement which is followed by an example, “Forty percent of the poor work.” Choices B, C, and D are not correct because they are not examples of the generalization.
47． An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States. ______ ______ ______ Answer Choices(A) People who have
made their money more recently tend not to be accepted by those who have inherited their wealth from family holdings. (B) The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclass of people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime. (C) The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the upper middle class has a high income that they earn in their professions. (D) Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it is difficult for many people to maintain this standard of living. (E) Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workers and service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.(F) It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States by working your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.
正确答案：CEB
解析：summarize the passage. Choice A is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice C. Choice D is a minor point that supports the major point in Choice E. Choice F is true, but it is not developed as a major point.
“Weather and Chaotic Systems” Scientists today have a very good understanding of the physical laws and mathematical equations that govern the behavior and motion of atoms in the air, oceans, and land. Why, then, do we have so much trouble predicting the weather? For a long time, most scientists assumed that the difficulty of weather prediction would go away once we had enough weather stations to collect data from around the world and sufficiently powerful computers to deal with all the data. However, we now know that weather is fundamentally unpredictable on time scales longer than a few weeks. To understand why, we must look at the nature of scientific prediction. → Suppose you want to predict the location of a car on a road 1 minute from now. You need two basic pieces of information: where the car is now, and how fast it is moving. If the car is now passing Smith Road and
heading north at 1 mile per minute, it will be 1 mile north of Smith Road in 1 minute. Now, suppose you want to predict the weather. Again, you need two basic types of information: (1) the current weather and (2) how weather changes from one moment to the next. You could attempt to predict the weather by creating a “model world.” For example, you could overlay a globe of the Earth with graph paper and then specify the current temperature, pressure, cloud cover, and wind within each square. These are your starting points, or initial conditions. Next, you could input all the initial conditions into a computer, along with a set of equations (physical laws) that describe the processes that can change weather from one moment to the next. → Suppose the initial conditions represent the weather around the Earth at this very moment and you run your computer model to predict the weather for the next month in New York City. The model might tell you that tomorrow will be warm and sunny, with cooling during the next week and a major storm passing through a month from now. Now suppose you run the model again but make one minor change in the initial conditions—say, a small change in the wind speed somewhere over Brazil.A For tomorrow’s weather, this slightly different initial condition will not change the
weather prediction for New York City.B But for next month’s weather, the two predictions may not agree at all! C The disagreement between the two predictions arises because the laws governing weather can cause very tiny changes in initial conditions to be greatly magnified over time.D This extreme sensitivity to initial conditions is sometimes called the butterfly effect: If initial conditions change by as
much as the flap of a butterfly’s wings, the resulting prediction may be very different. → The butterfly effect is a hallmark of chaotic systems. Simple systems are described by linear equations in which, for example, increasing a cause produces a proportional increase in an effect. In contrast, chaotic systems are described by nonlinear equations, which allow for subtler and more intricate interactions. For example, the economy is nonlinear because a rise in interest rates does not automatically produce a corresponding change in consumer spending. Weather is nonlinear because a change in the wind speed in one location does not automatically produce a corresponding change in another location. Many (but not all) nonlinear systems exhibit chaotic behavior. → Despite their name, chaotic systems are not completely random. In fact, many chaotic systems have a kind of underlying order that explains the general features of their behavior even while details at any particular moment remain unpredictable. In a sense, many chaotic systems are “predictably unpredictable.” Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate, but much remains to be learned about them.
48． According to the passage, it will be difficult to predict weather A．unless we learn more about chaotic systems B．because we don’t have enough weather stations C．without more powerful computers
D．until we understand the physical laws of atoms
正确答案：A
解析：”Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate, but much remains to be learned about them.” Choice B is not correct because it was an incorrect assumption. Choice C is not correct because it was also an incorrect assumption. Choice D is not correct because today we have a very good understanding of the physical laws of atoms.
49． The word assumed in the passage is closest in meaning to A．agreed B．supposed C．revealed D．expressed
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, supposedis a synonym for “assumed.”
50． The word fundamentally in the passage is closest in meaning to A．typically B．historically C．presently D．basically
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, basically is a synonym for “fundamentally.”
51． Why does the author mention a car in paragraph 2?
A．The car is an example of how conditions are used to make predictions. B．The author digresses in order to tell a story about a car. C．The car introduces the concept of computer models.
D．The mathematical equations for the car are very simple to understand.
正确答案：A
解析：The author uses the example of the car to explain how conditions are used to make predictions. The prediction of the location of the car is compared with the prediction of the weather.
52． Why do the predictions disagree for the computer model described in paragraph 4?
A．The conditions at the beginning were very different. B．The model was not accurately programmed. C．Computer models cannot predict weather. D．Over time models are less reliable.
正确答案：D
解析：”For tomorrow’s weather, this slightly different initial condition will not change the weather prediction... But for next month’s weather, the two predictions may not agree at all!” Choice A is not correct because the change in the initial conditions was minor. Choice B is not correct because it is not mentioned in the passage. Choice C is not correct because computer models are used to deal with all the data for weather prediction on time scales shorter than a few weeks.
53． Why is weather considered a chaotic system? A．Because it is made up of random features B．Because it is not yet very well understood C．Because it is described by nonlinear equations D．Because it does not have an orderly structure
正确答案：C
解析：... chaotic systems are described by nonlinear equations.” Choice A is not correct because chaotic systems [like weather] “are not completely random.” Choice
B is true, but it is not the reason why weather is considered a chaotic system. Choice D is not correct because many chaotic systems are “‘predictably unpredictable.’”
54． Based on information in paragraph 6, which of the following best explains the term “butterfly effect”?
A．Slight variations in initial conditions can cause very different results.
B．A butterfly’s wings can be used to predict different conditions in various locations.
C．The weather is as difficult to predict as the rate of a butterfly’s wings when it flaps them.
D．A butterfly flaps its wings in one location, which automatically produces a result in another place.
正确答案：A
解析：”This extreme sensitivity to initial conditions is sometimes called the butterfly effect.” Choice B is not correct because the flap of a butterfly’s wings is used to describe the sensitivity, not to predict conditions. Choice C is not correct because the rate of the wings is not mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the cause and result do not refer to different locations. They refer to changes over time.
55． The phrase in which in the passage refers to A．the butterfly effect B．chaotic systems C．simple systems D．linear equations
正确答案：D
解析：”Simple systems are described by linear equations in which, [in the linear equations] for example, increasing a cause produces a proportional increase in an effect.” The phrase “in which” does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.
56． Why does the author mention the economy in paragraph 6? A．To contrast a simple system with a chaotic system B．To provide an example of another chaotic system C．To compare nonlinear equations with linear equations D．To prove that all nonlinear systems are not chaotic
正确答案：B
解析：The author mentions the economy to provide an example of another chaotic system. “For example, the economy is nonlinear because a rise in interest rates does not automatically produce a corresponding change in consumer spending.”
57． The word features in the passage is closest in meaning to A．problems
B．exceptions C．characteristics D．benefits
正确答案：C 解析：In this passage, characteristics is a synonym for “features.” Context comes from the contrast with “details” later in the sentence.
58． In paragraph 7, the author suggests that our knowledge of chaotic systems A．will never allow us to make accurate predictions B．has not improved very much over the years
C．reveals details that can be predicted quite accurately D．requires more research by the scientific community
正确答案：D
解析：”Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate, but much remains to be learned about them.” Choice A is not correct because “many chaotic systems have a kind of underlying order.” Choice B is not correct because “Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate.” Choice C is not correct because “details... remain unpredictable.”
59． Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. For next week’s weather, the new model may yield a slightly different prediction. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
A．Square Ａ. B．Square Ｂ. C．Square Ｃ. D．Square Ｄ.
正确答案：B
解析：Chronological order is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence in sequence within the text. “... tomorrow” should precede “next week” and “next month” should follow “next week.”
60． An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Because weather is a chaotic system, it is very difficult to predict. ______ ______ ______ Answer Choices (A) The accuracy of weather prediction will improve as we make progress in the application of computers to equations. (B) It is very easy to make predictions about the location of a car when you know where it is and how fast it is going. (C)
A slight variation in initial conditions will cause a very different prediction for weather over the long term. (D) Because weather is chaotic but not random, it may be described by nonlinear equations that provide for sensitive interactions. (E) The economic system demonstrates chaotic behavior, and it must be represented by a nonlinear equation. (F) Weather is predictable only within a time frame of a few weeks because of the nature of scientific prediction.
正确答案：BFC
解析：summarize the passage. Choice A may be true, but it is not directly stated in the passage. Choice B is a minor point because it is an example. Choice E is a minor point because it is an example.
“‘Building with Arches” Round Arch and Vault → Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century B.C.E. The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open up fairly large spaces in a wall without risking the building’s structural soundness. These spaces admit light, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount of material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch is a perfect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests on columns. It is constructed from wedge-shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always perpendicular to the curve of the arch. Because of tensions and compressions inherent in the form, the arch is stable only when it is complete, when the topmost stone, the keystone, has been set in place. For this reason an arch under construction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework. → Among the most elegant and enduring of Roman structures based on the arch is the Pont du Gard at Nimes, France, built about 15 C.E. when the empire was nearing its farthest expansion. At this time, industry, commerce, and agriculture were at their peak. Roman engineering was applied to an ambitious system of public-works projects, not just in Italy but in the outlying areas as well. The Pont du Gard functioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to transport water, and its lower level served as a footbridge across the river. That it stands today virtually intact after nearly two thousand years (and is crossed by cyclists on the route of the famous Tour de France bicycle race) testifies to the Romans’ brilliant engineering skills. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifies the best qualities of arch construction. Solid and heavy, obviously durable, it is shot through with open spaces that make it seem light and its weight-bearing capabilities effortless. → When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches placed flush one behind the other—the result is called a barrel vault. This vault construction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans made great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we look many hundreds of years later, to the churches of the Middle Ages. → The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French city of Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200—a style known as Romanesque. Romanesque builders adopted the old Roman forms of round arch and
barrel vault so as to add height to their churches. Until this period most churches had beamed wooden roofs, which not only posed a threat of fire but also limited the height to which architects could aspire. With the stone barrel vault, they could achieve the
soaring, majestic space we see in the nave of Sainte-Foy. Pointed Arch and Vault → While the round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many problems and made many things possible, they nevertheless had certain drawbacks. For one thing, a round arch, to be stable, must be a semicircle; therefore, the height of the arch is limited by its width. Two other difficulties were weight and darkness. Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their structural stability. Also, the builders who constructed them dared not make light-admitting openings in or around them, for fear the arches and vaults would collapse, and so the interiors of Romanesque buildings tend to be dark. The Gothic period in Europe, which followed the Romanesque, solved these problems with the pointed arch. A The pointed arch, while seemingly not very different from the round one, offers many advantages.B Because the sides arc up to a point, weight is channeled down to the ground at a steeper angle, and therefore the arch can be taller. The vault constructed from such an arch also can be much taller than a barrel vault.C Architects of the Gothic period found they did not need heavy masses of material throughout the curve of the vault, as long as the major points of intersection were reinforced. D Glossary nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side
61． Why does the author mention the keystone in paragraph 1 ? A．To explain the engineering of an arch
B．To provide historical background on arches C．To point out one of the virtues of arches D．To suggest an alternative to the arch
正确答案：A
解析：... the arch is stable only when it is complete, when the topmost stone, the keystone, has been set in place.” Choice B is not correct because the historical background was provided at the beginning of the passage. Choice C is not correct because the virtues are pointed out before the keystone is mentioned. Choice D is not correct because the passage is about arches, and no alternatives are suggested.
62． The word inherent in the passage is closest in meaning to A．uncertain B．unsatisfactory C．expansive D．essential
正确答案：D
解析：In this passage, essentialis a synonym for “inherent.”
63． The Pont du Gard mentioned in paragraph 2 has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
A．It was an aqueduct. B．It is still being used.
C．It was built 2000 years ago. D．It was repaired recently.
正确答案：D
解析：Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 2, sentence 4. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 2, sentence 5. Choice C is mentioned in paragraph 2, sentence 5.
64． According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of a barrel vault? A．It was used in the Middle Ages. B．Many arches were joined. C．The space was larger.
D．It was a typical Roman look.
正确答案：C
解析：”This vault construction makes it possible to create large interior spaces.” Choices A, B, and D are true, but they are not advantages of the arch.
65． The word virtually in the passage is closest in meaning to A．obviously B．accurately C．routinely D．practically
正确答案：D
解析：In this passage, practically is a synonym for”virtually.”
66． What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Romanesque architecture? A．Arches and barrel vaults were used in the designs. B．Wood beams characterized the buildings.
C．The structures were smaller than those of Roman style.
D．The architecture was popular during the Roman occupation.
正确答案：A
解析：”Romanesque builders adopted the old Roman forms of round arch and barrel vault so as to add height to their churches.” Choice B is not correct because wooden beams characterized buildings before the Romanesque style. Choice C is not correct because the Romanesque buildings added height. Choice D is not correct because the Romanesque style was many hundreds of years later.
67． Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
A．Architects wanted to build higher ceilings in churches, but they were limited because of the fire hazard caused by wooden beams in the roofs.
B．The majority of the churches prior to this time were constructed with wooden roofs that caused a considerable fire hazard because of their height.
C．The wood beams in the roofs of most churches before this period were a concern because of fire and the constraints they imposed on the height of the ceiling.
D．The limitations on the architecture of the churches were a result of the construction materials and the limited vision of the architects.
正确答案：C
解析：... a concern because of fire paraphrases “a threat of fire” and constraints they imposed on the height of the ceiling paraphrases “limited the height to which architects could aspire.”
68． The word achieve in the passage is closest in meaning to A．retain
B．accomplish C．decorate D．finance
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, accomplish is a synonym for “achieve.” Context comes from the contrast with “limited” in the previous sentence.
69． Gothic architects extended the height of their arches by A．using barrel vaults
B．designing pointed arches C．including a nave D．adding windows
正确答案：B 解析：”The pointed arch... offers many advantages... and... the arch can be taller.” Choice A is not correct because such an arch [pointed] can be much taller than a barrel vault. Choice C is not correct because the nave added space but not height. Choice D is not correct because windows were an additional advantage of pointed arch construction, but they did not extend the height.
70． The word their in the passage refers to A．masses B．builders C．stone
D．vaults
正确答案：D 解析：”Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their [the vaults] structural stability.” The pronoun “their” does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.
71． According to paragraph 5, why are Romanesque churches so dark? A．It was a characteristic of construction with pointed arches. B．It was too difficult to make windows in the heavy materials. C．Openings for light could have compromised the structure. D．Reinforcements covered the areas where light could shine in.
正确答案：C
解析：... the builders... dared not make light-admitting openings... for fear the arches and vaults would collapse, and so the interiors of Romanesque buildings tend to be dark.” Choice A is not correct because the Gothic period, which followed the Romanesque, solved the problem with pointed arches that allowed for windows. Choice B is not correct because the author does not mention that windows were difficult to make. Choice D is not correct because the reference to reinforcement at the major points of intersection was characteristic of Gothic, not Romanesque, architecture.
72． Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. These reinforcements, called ribs, are visible in the nave ceiling of Reims Cathedral. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
A．Square Ａ. B．Square Ｂ. C．Square Ｃ. D．Square Ｄ.
正确答案：D
解析：Vocabulary reference is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. The connection is the reference to “reinforced” in the first sentence and “These reinforcements” in the second sentence. Choices A, B, and C are not correct because there are no vocabulary references to connect them with the insert sentence.
73． Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type of architecture to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices (A) Allowed architects to create a
taller arch (B) Used in fortresses so that the soldiers could see out (C) Represented the Romanesque style of architecture (D) Similar to arches constructed in the ancient world (E) Popular in many structures of. the Gothic period (F) Required special building materials for construction (G) Prevalent in churches during the Middle Ages (H) Associated with structures that include barrel vaults (I) Permitted openings in or around them for light Round Arch ______ ______ ______ Pointed Arch ______ ______ ______
正确答案：Round Arch: C, D, G, H Pointed Arch: A, E, I
“The Digital Divide” The Challenge of Technology and Equity Information technology is influencing the way many of us live and work today. We use the Intemet to look and apply for jobs, shop, conduct research, make airline reservations, and explore areas of interest. We use e-mail and the Internet to communicate instantaneously with friends and business associates around the world. Computers are commonplace in homes and the workplace. → Although the number of tnternet users is growing exponentially each year, most of the world’s population does not have access to computers or the Internet. Only 6 percent of the population in developing countries are connected to telephones. Although more than 94 percent of U.S. households have a telephone, only 42 percent have personal computers at home and 26 percent have Intemet access. The lack of what most of us would consider a basic communications necessity—the telephone—does not occur just in developing nations. On some Native American reservations only 60 percent of the residents have a telephone. The move to wireless connections may eliminate the
need for telephone lines, but it does not remove the barrier to equipment costs. → Who has Internet access? Fifty percent of the children in urban households with an income over $75,000 have Internet access, compared with 2 percent of the children in low-income, rural households. Nearly half of college-educated people have Internet access, compared to 6 percent of those with only some high school education. Forty percent of households with two parents have access; 15 percent of female, single-parent households do. Thirty percent of white households, 11 percent of black households, and 13 percent of Hispanic households have access. Teens and children are the two fastest-growing segments of Internet users. The digital divide between the populations who have access to the Internet and information technology tools is based on income, race, education, household type, and geographic location. Only 16 percent of the rural poor, rural and central city minorities, young householders, and singleparent female households are connected. → Another problem that exacerbates these disparities is that African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans hold few of the jobs in information technology. Women hold about 20 percent of these jobs and are receiving fewer than 30 percent of the computer science degrees. The result is that women and members of the most oppressed ethnic groups are not eligible for the jobs with the highest salaries at graduation. Baccalaureate candidates with degrees in computer science were offered the highest salaries of all
new college graduates in 1998 at $44,949. Do similar disparities exist in schools?A More than 90 percent of all schools in the country are wired with at least one Internet connection.B The number of classrooms with Internet connections differs by the income level of students. Using the percentage of students who are eligible for free lunches at a school to determine income level, we see that nearly twice as many of the schools with more affluent students have wired classrooms as those with high concentrations of low-income students. C → Access to computers and the Internet will be important in reducing disparities between groups.D It will require greater equality across diverse groups whose members develop knowledge and skills in computer and information technologies. If computers and the Internet are to be used to promote equality, they will have to become accessible to populations that cannot currently afford the equipment which needs to be updated every three years or so. However, access alone is not enough. Students will have to be interacting with the technology in authentic settings. As technology becomes a tool for learning in almost all courses taken by students, it will be seen as a means to an end rather than an end in itself. If it is used in culturally relevant ways, all students can benefit from its power.
74． Why does the author mention the telephone in paragraph 2?
A．To demonstrate that even technology like the telephone is not available to all B．To argue that basic telephone service is a first step to using the Internet C．To contrast the absence of telephone usage with that of Internet usage
D．To describe the development of communications from telephone to Internet
正确答案：A
解析：The author mentions the telephone to demonstrate that even technology like the telephone is not available to all. “Only 6 percent of the population in developing countries are connected to telephones.”
75． Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
A．Most of the people in the world use the Internet now because the number of computers has been increasing every year.
B．The number of people who use computers and the Internet is increasing every year, but most people in the world still do not have connections.
C．The number of computers that can make the Internet available to most of the people in the world is not increasing fast enough.
D．The Internet is available to most of the people in the world, even though they don’t have their own computer terminals.
正确答案：B
解析：The number of people who use computers and the Intemet is increasing paraphrases “the number of Internet users is growing” and most people in the world
still do not have connections paraphrases “most of the world’s population does not have access to computers or the Internet.”
76． The word residents in the passage is closest in meaning to A．homes B．towns C．people D．locations
正确答案：C
解析：In this passage, people refers to “residents.” Context comes from the previous reference to a place, “some Native American reservations,” in the same sentence. Choices A, B, and D are not correct because they are not capable of being residents [living in a place].
77． The word eliminate in the passage is closest in meaning to A．accept B．dispute C．define D．remove
正确答案：D 解析：In this passage, remove is a synonym for “eliminate.” Context comes from the word “remove” later in the same sentence.
78． Based on information in paragraph 3, which of the following best explains the term “digital divide?”
A．The number of Internet users in developing nations B．The disparity in the opportunity to use the Internet
C．Differences in socioeconomic levels among Internet users D．Segments of the population with Internet access
正确答案：B
解析：”The digital divide between the populations who have access to the Internet and information technology tools is based on income, race, education, household type, and geographic location.” Choice A is not correct because the divide is not limited to developing nations. Choice C is not correct because socioeconomic level is only one of the factors. Choice D is not correct because the divide is between those with access and without access, not between different groups with access.
79． Why does the author give details about the percentages of Internet users in paragraph 3?
A．To prove that there are differences in opportunities among social groups B．To argue for more Internet connections at all levels of society
C．To suggest that improvements in Internet access are beginning to take place D．To explain why many people have Internet connections now
正确答案：A
解析：The author gives details about the percentages of Internet users to prove that there are differences in opportunities among social groups. Choice B is not correct because the author is presenting facts and statistics, not a persuasive argument. Choice C is not correct because no improvements are mentioned. Choice D is not correct because no explanation is provided with the facts.
80． According to paragraph 3, which of the following households would be least likely to have access to the Internet?
A．A household with one parent B．A black household C．A Hispanic household
D．A household with both parents
正确答案：B
解析：.. 11 percent of black households.” Choice A is not correct because 15 percent of households with one parent have access. Choice C is not correct because 13 percent of Hispanic households have access. Choice D is not correct because 40 percent of households with two parents have access.
81． The word those in the passage refers to A．classrooms B．students C．schools
D．concentrations
正确答案：C
解析：... twice as many of the schools with more affluent students have wired classrooms as those [schools] with high concentrations of low-income students.” The pronoun “those” does not refer to Choices A, B, or D.
82． According to paragraph 4, why are fewer women and minorities employed in the field of computer technology?
A．They are not admitted to the degree programs. B．They do not possess the educational qualifications. C．They do not have an interest in technology.
D．They prefer training for jobs with higher salaries.
正确答案：B
解析：”Women... are receiving fewer than 30 percent of the computer science degrees. The result [of receiving fewer degrees] is that women and members of the
most oppressed ethnic groups are not eligible for the jobs.” Choice A is not correct because information about admission is not included in the passage. Choice C is not correct because we do not know whether they are interested. Choice D is not correct because the jobs with the highest salaries are in computer science.
83． The word concentrations in the passage is closest in meaning to A．protections B．numbers C．confidence D．support
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, numbers is a synonym for “concentrations.” Context comes from the references in previous sentences to “percentage” and “number.”
84． What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about Internet access? A．Better computers need to be designed.
B．Schools should provide newer computers for students. C．The cost of replacing equipment is a problem. D．Technology will be more helpful in three years.
正确答案：C 解析：Because “populations... cannot currently afford the equipment which needs to be updated every three years,” it must be concluded that the cost of replacing equipment is a problem. Choice A is not correct because the quality of the computers is not mentioned. Choices B and D are not correct because no judgments are made.
85． Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Thus, the students who are most unlikely to have access at home also do not have access in their schools, increasing the divide between groups even further. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
A．Square Ａ. B．Square Ｂ. C．Square Ｃ. D．Square Ｄ.
正确答案：C 解析：Conclusion from evidence is the transitional device that connects the insert sentence with the previous sentence. “... twice as many of the schools with more affluent students have wired classrooms... Thus, the students who are most unlikely to have access at home also do not have access in their schools.” Choices A, B, and D are not correct because they do not provide the evidence for the conclusion in the insert sentence that follows them.
86． An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. The availability of technology is unequal throughout the world. ______ ______ ______ Answer Choices(A) Currently, only about 10 percent of all the schools in the United States are not wired for Internet access. (B) Less affluent schools have fewer Internet connections, and minorities as well as women hold fewer computer science degrees. (C) Children and teenagers are the two fastest growing segments of the population gaining access to the Internet. (D) Internet access is limited by education, income, geographic location, race, and the age and marital status of the head of household. (E) Computer science graduates can earn almost $50,000. (F) Access to the Internet is one way to encourage equality among diverse groups
正确答案：DBF
解析：summarize the passage. Choice A is a detail that is not developed in the passage. Choice C is a minor point that supports major point D. Choice E is a minor point that supports major point B.
“The Evolution of Birds” Birds Began as Feathered Reptiles Birds evolved during the great reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds. But modern birds look quite different from modern reptiles because of their feathers and other distinctive flight equipment. Characteristics of Birds → Almost every part of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way that enhances flight. The bones have an internal structure that is honeycombed, making them strong but light. The skeleton of a frigate bird, for instance, has a wingspan of more than 2 meters but weighs only about 113 grams. Another adaptation reducing the weight of birds is the absence of some organs. Females, for instance, have only one ovary. Also, modern birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. Food is not chewed in the mouth but ground in the gizzard, a digestive organ near the stomach. (Crocodiles also have gizzards, as did some dinosaurs.) The bird’s beak, made of ker atin, has proven to be very adaptable during avian evolution, taking on a great variety of shapes suitable for different diets. Flying requires a great expenditure of energy from an active metabolism. Birds are endothermic; they use their own metabolic heat to maintain a warm, constant body temperature. Feathers and, in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their metabolically generated heat. An efficient respiratory system and a circulatory system with a four-chambered heart keep tissues well supplied with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of metabolism. The lungs have tiny tubes leading to and from elastic air sacs that help dissipate heat and reduce the density of the body. For safe flight, senses, especially vision, must be acute. Birds have excellent eyes, perhaps
the best of all the vertebrates. The visual areas of the brains are well developed, as are the motor areas; flight also requires excellent coordination. With brains proportionately larger than those of reptiles and amphibians, birds generally display very complex behavior. Avian behavior is particularly intricate during breeding season, when birds engage in elaborate rituals of courtship. Because eggs are shelled when laid, fertilization must be internal. Copulation involves contact between the mates’ vents, the openings to their cloacas. After eggs are laid, the avian embryo must be kept warm through brooding by the mother, father, or both, depending on the species. → A bird’s most obvious adaptation for flight is its wings. Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Providing power for flight, birds flap their wings by contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the sternum (breastbone). Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally; other birds, including hummingbirds, must flap continuously to stay aloft. In either case, it is the shape and arrangement of the feathers that form the wings into an airfoil. The fastest birds are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly 170 km/hr. → In being both extremely light and strong, feathers are among the most remarkable of vertebrate adaptations. Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles. Feathers may have functioned first as insulation during the evolution of endothermy, only later being co-opted as flight equipment. The evolution of flight required radical alteration in body form, but flight provides many benefits.A It enhances hunting and scavenging: many birds exploit flying insects, an abundant, highly nutritious food resource.B Flight also provides ready escape from earthbound predators and enables some birds to migrate great distances to utilize different food resources and seasonal breeding areas.C The bird that travels farthest in its annual migration is the arctic tern, which flies round-trip between the North Pole and South Pole each year. D → Analyses of fossilized skeletons support the hypothesis that the closest reptilian relatives of birds were the theropods, a group of relatively small, bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs. Most researchers agree that the ancestor of birds was a feathered theropod. However, some soientists place the origin of birds much earlier, from an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaurs. The intense current interest in the origin of birds will undoubtedly bring us closer to understanding how these masters of the sky evolved from nonflying reptiles. Glossary brooding: to hatch eggs by sitting on the nest cloacas: the opening to the reproductive and intestinal tract
87． According to paragraph 2, how did birds adapt to achieve efficient flight? A．They developed a skeleton with fewer bones. B．Their organs became smaller over time.
C．Most of their weight was distributed in their heads. D．Teeth were replaced by a beak made of keratin.
正确答案：D
解析：... birds are toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head... The bird’s beak, made of keratin, has proven to be very adaptable.” Choice A is not correct because the skeleton is honeycombed, which makes it strong and light, but it does not have fewer bones. Choice B is not correct because the organs are fewer, not smaller. Choice C is not correct because the head is lighter, not heavier.
88． The word modified in the passage is closest in meaning to A．made different B．made better C．made smaller D．made modern
正确答案：A
解析：In this passage, the phrase made different describes “modified.” Context comes from the examples in the sentences that follow and from the reference to “adaptation.”
89． The word their in the passage refers to A．feathers B．species C．layers D．birds
正确答案：D 解析：”Feathers, and in some species, layers of fat provide insulation that enables birds to retain their [birds] metabolically generated heat.” The pronoun “their” does not refer to Choices A, B, or C.
90． The word elaborate in the passage is opposite in meaning to A．simple B．quiet C．sad D．short
正确答案：A
解析：In this passage, simple is an antonym for “elaborate.” Context comes from the references to “complex” in the previous sentence and “intricate” in the same sentence.
91． According to paragraph 6, which of the following is true about the wings of birds?
A．All birds flap their wings constantly by using breast muscles. B．Eagles and hawks have wings that propel them at 170 km/hr. C．The airfoils of birds function like the wings on airplanes.
D．Wings are attached to airfoils in the bird’s skeletal structure.
正确答案：C
解析：”Bird wings are airfoils that illustrate the same principles of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane.” Choice A is not correct because some birds flap their wings only occasionally. Choice B is not correct because swifts, not eagles and hawks, can fly 170 km/hr. Choice D is not correct because the wings are the airfoils, and they are attached to the sternum (breastbone).
92． In paragraph 7, the author explains the term keratin by A．identifying it in hair and fingernails B．comparing it to bird feathers C．providing a definition in the text D．describing the way that it looks
正确答案：A
解析：”Feathers are made of keratin, the same protein that forms our hair and fingernails and the scales of reptiles.” Choice B is not correct because feathers are made of keratin, not compared with keratin. Choice C is not correct because the author does not refer to the text. Choice D is not correct because the only description is the comparison with hair, fingernails, and scales.
93． The word radical in the passage is closest in meaning to A．very clear B．very wide C．very fast D．very new
正确答案：B
解析：In this passage, very wide describes “radical.” Context comes from the examples of alterations in the previous two paragraphs.
94． According to the passage, which characteristic do birds share with reptiles? A．They defend themselves with claws. B．They reproduce by laying eggs.
C．They have a similar skeletal structure. D．They utilize a two-chambered heart.
正确答案：B
解析：”Amniotic eggs and scales on the legs are just two of the reptilian features we see in birds.” Choice A is true, but it is not mentioned in the passage. Choice C is not correct because the adaptations for the skeleton are described in paragraph 2. Choice D is not correct because birds have a four-chambered heart.
95． Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.
A．Very early birds appeared after the dinosaurs. B．Birds and dinosaurs may share a mutual ancestor. C．Birds and dinosaurs were probably very common. D．The origin of birds and dinosaurs is very early.
正确答案：B
解析：.. a mutual ancestor paraphrases “an ancestor common to both birds and dinosaurs.”
96． According to paragraph 9, what can be inferred about research on the evolution of birds?
A．The research is not very recent. B．The subject is popular.
C．Many researchers are working on it. D．There are some definitive conclusions.
正确答案：B
解析：”The intense current interest” implies that the subject is popular. Choice A is not correct because the interest is current. Choice C is not correct because the number of researchers is not mentioned. Choice D is not correct because a “closer understanding” implies that the research is not definitive.
97． All of the following are mentioned as adaptations to the bird’s anatomy to accommodate flight EXCEPT
A．a covering of feathers B．relatively large brains C．very sharp eyes D．small legs and feet
正确答案：D
解析：Choice A is mentioned in paragraph 1, sentence 3. Choice B is mentioned in paragraph 5, sentence 1. Choice C is mentioned in paragraph 4, sentences 1 and 2.
98． Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Furthermore, migration allows birds to avoid climates that are too hot or too cold during certain seasons. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.
A．Square Ａ. B．Square Ｂ. C．Square Ｃ.
D．Square Ｄ.
正确答案：C
解析：Addition is a transitional device that connects the insert sentence with previous sentences. Several benefits of flight are explained before the insert sentence. The sentence after the insert expands on the benefit of migrating to avoid extreme climates.
99． An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Birds evolved during the reptilian radiation of the Mesozoic era. ______ ______ ______ Answer Choices(A) Birds and reptiles are most probably related. (B) Feathers are among the most unusual evolutionary changes. (C) Many structural adaptations were required for birds to fly. (D) Therapods are relatively small, meat-eat- ing dinosaurs. (E) There are a number of advantages for creatures that fly. (F) Migration patterns are typical of many species of birds.
正确答案：ACE
解析：summarize the passage. Choice B is an example of major point C. Choice D is a minor point that refers to major point A. Choice F is an example of major point E.
SPEAKING
Speaking QuestionDirections: You will now be asked a question about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you will have 15 seconds to prepare your response and 45 seconds to speak.
听力原文：Narrator 2: Number 1. Listen for a question about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to record your answer. Narrator 1: Explain how birthdays are celebrated in your country. Use specific examples and details in your explanation. Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep. Beep [Preparation time: 15 seconds] Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep. Beep [Recording time: 45 seconds] Beep
100． Listen for a question about a familiar topic. Question Explain how birthdays are celebrated in your country. Use specific examples and details in your explanation. Preparation Time: 15 seconds Recording Time: 45 seconds
正确答案：Responses will veay
听力原文：Narrator 2: Number 2. Listen for a question that asks your opinion
about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you have 15 seconds to prepare and 45 seconds to record your answer. Narrator 1: Some students would rather write a paper than take a test. Other students would rather take a test instead of writing a paper. Which option do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Narrator 2: Please prepare your answer after the beep. Beep [Preparation time: 15 seconds] Narrator 2: Please begin speaking after the beep. Beep [Recording time: 45 seconds] Beep
101． Listen for a question that asks your opinion about a familiar topic. Question Some students would rather write a paper than take a test. Other students would rather take a test instead of writing a paper. Which option do you prefer and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Preparation Time: 15 seconds Recording Time: 45 seconds
正确答案：Responses will veay
Speaking QuestionDirections: You will be asked to give your opinion about a familiar topic. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
听力原文：Now listen to two students as they discuss parking on campus. W: So, Julian, are you all ready to start another year? M: Almost. I’ve still got to get a parking permit, but I was a little shocked to see how much they cost this year. Last year it was only thirty-five dollars a quarter to park on campus, but now it’s fifty! That’s a big increase. The annual permits went up too. W: That’s probably because the college built that big new parking lot. M: Yeah, and they’re making the students pay for it. The faculty and staff can park on campus for free- and they get to park next to the main building in the old lot-but we have to park in the new lot. And we’re hit with a big fee increase. It’s not fair! W: I’m glad I take the bus. M: I don’t even understand why they had to build that new parking lot. It’s bigger than they really need, and it’s so far away from everything. It takes a long time to walk from the parking lot to where most of the classrooms are. And they want us to pay more for the privilege!
102．PARING ON CAMPUS A permit is required for all students who park a vehicle on the main campus during the day or evening, Monday through Friday. Parking permits can be purchased from the Cashier’s Office and picked up at the Security Office on the first floor of Building 21. Students must park in the new parking lot near the east entrance. Quarterly parking permits cost $50 for full-time students and $40 for part-time students. Annual permits are $120 and are sold Fall Quarter only. Owners of vehicles without a valid parking permit may purchase a daily parking permit for $3 at the pay station located at the east entrance. Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response. The man expresses his opinion about parking on campus. State his opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.
正确答案： Students must buy a parking permit to park a vehicle on campus,
and they must park in the new parking lot. The man does not like the parking policy. One reason he gives is that the cost of a parking permit is too high; the cost has increased since last year. Another reason is that the faculty and staff can park on campus for free, but students must pay, which is not fair. Another reason is that students have to park in the new parking lot, which is far away from the classrooms.
听力原文：Now listen to part of a talk in a psychology class. One of the earliest behaviorists is Ivan Pavlov, an experimental psychologist noted for his studies of the reflex reaction in humans and animals. A reflex is an involuntary action of the body, such as a sneeze, a blink, or a hiccup. Pavlov did a series of experiments using dogs. He found that when a bell is rung each time a dog is fed, the dog starts to associate the sound of the bell with food. Consequently, whenever the bell rings, the dog expects food. The dog salivates and drools, and there is an increase in the flow of his stomach juices. The dog’s bodily response to the bell is a conditioned reflex, a behavior that occurs because the dog has been trained by the sound of the bell. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs and discovery of the conditioned reflex contributed to the development of behaviorism. The dog’s bodily response-its behavior-does not come from something inside the dog. Rather, the behavior is the result of conditioning, the careful control of the dog’s environment. Pavlov argued that the dog’s behavior- drooling-was strictly a reaction to the environmental stimulus of the bell.
103． BEHAVIORISM Behaviorism is a school of psychology that explains behavior entirely in terms of observable responses to environmental conditions. Behaviorists think that the human traits of personality and character are not determined inside a person. Rather, these traits are the result of behavior patterns developed through environmental conditioning, a central idea in behaviorism. Behaviorists believe that if we understand specific behaviors and the environmental stimuli that cause them, we can learn how behavior occurs. Behaviorists believe that it is possible to determine the laws of behavior and to exercise control over behavior. Now cover the passage and listen to the recording. When you hear the question, begin preparing your response. Describe Pavlov’s experiments with dogs, and explain how these experiments contributed to the psychology of behaviorism.
正确答案： Pavlov’s experiments with dogs showed that when a bell was rung each time a dog was fed, the dog would associate the sound of the bell with food. The dog responded by drooling, a behavior called a conditioned reflex that occurred because the dog was trained by the sound of the bell. Pavlov’s experiments contributed to the concept of environmental conditioning, a central idea in behaviorism. Behaviorists believe that behavior is the result of conditioning, or careful control of the environment. Parlor’s experiments support the idea that behavior is not based on something inside a dog or a person; rather, behavior is the result of conditioning. Pavlov’s experiments support the belief that it is possible to determine the laws of behavior and to control behavior.
Speaking QuestionDirections: In this question, you will listen to a conversation.
You will then be asked to talk about the information in the conversation and to give your opinion about the ideas presented. After you hear the question, you will have 20 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.
听力原文： [Narrator 2] Number 5. Listen to a short conversation. Then listen for a question about it. After you hear the question, you have 20 seconds to prepare and 60 seconds to record your answer.[Narrator 1] Now listen to a conversation between a student and her friend.[Friend] What are you going to do for the project?[Student] I don’t know. I was hoping you could help me think of something.[Friend] Well, you’re such a good artist, you could talk about watercolor while you’re doing one in front of the class. That would be totally awesome. If I were you, that’s what I’d do.[Student] Maybe, but what if I make a mistake in front of everyone?[Friend] Come on. You’re really talented. Besides, you wouldn’t have to do much preparationbeforehand.[Student] True. And it fits in with what we’ve been talking about in class.[Friend] Yeah. Or, how about this? You could bring in a photograph, a pencil drawing, and a watercolor of the same subject. Something simple so it wouldn’t take so much time to do, like a flower. Then you could show the advantages and disadvantages of working with different materials.[Student] I could do that one ahead of time.[Friend] You could, but remember it would take a lot more time.[Student] Gee, thanks. I’ll have to think about it, but these are both really good options.[Narrator 1] Describe the woman’s problem and the two suggestions that her friend makes about how to handle it. What do you think the woman should do, and why?[Narrator 2] Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation time: 20 seconds][Narrator 2] Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording time: 60 seconds]Beep
104． “Art Project” Now listen to a short conversation between a student and her friend. Question Describe the woman’s problem and the two suggestions that her friend makes about how to handle it. What do you think the woman should do, and why? Preparation Time:20 seconds Preparation Time:60 seconds
正确答案：Responses will vary
听力原文： [Narrator 2] Number 6. Listen to part of a lecture. Then listen for a question about it. After you hear the question, you have 20 seconds to prepare, and 60 seconds to record your answer.[Narrator 1] Now listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. The professor is discussing caverns.[Professor] Okay, as you’ll recall, caves form in limestone when acidic groundwater follows some kind of weakness in the rocks. Now the rock formations in a cavern... that’s the technical name that we use for a cave... the rock formations there are of two kinds... stalactites and stalagmites. Both of these formations are water that contains dissolved minerals that... that accumulate and build deposits. But stalactites hang down from the ceiling of the cavern, and stalagmites protrude up from the floor of the cavern. Well, these words sound a lot alike, and this can be confusing, so I always tell my students to remember
that there is a t in stalactites, and the t has a tail that hangs down just like the stalactites that hang down from the ceiling of the cave, but there is an m in stalagmites and the points on an m stick up like the stalagmites that protrude up from the ground in a cave. And if that doesn’t work for you, another way to remember the difference is that stalactite has a c in it, and so does the word ceiling, whereas stalagmite has a g in it, and so does the word ground. So stalactites drip down from the ceiling and stalagmites build up from the ground. So with these little tricks for remembering the difference, I expect you all to get this right on the next quiz.[Narrator 1] Using the main points and examples from the lecture, describe the two kinds of rock formations in a cavern, and explain how the professor helps his students remember the difference between the two.[Narrator 2] Please prepare your answer after the beep.Beep[Preparation time: 20 seconds][Narrator 2] Please begin speaking after the beep.Beep[Recording time: 60 seconds]Beep
105． “Caverns” Now listen to part of a lecture in a geology class. The professor is discussing caverns. Question Using the main points and examples from the lecture, describe the two kinds of rock formations in a cavern, and explain how the professor helps his students remember the difference between the two. Preparation Time:20 seconds Preparation Time:60 seconds
正确答案：Responses will vary
WRITING
Writing Based on Knowledge and Experience
106． For this task, you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state and support your opinion on a topic. Your essay will be scored on the quality of your writing, including how well you organize and develop your ideas and how well you use language to express your ideas. Typically, an effective essay will have a minimun of 300 words. Read the question below and make any notes that will help you plan your response. Then begin writing your essay. Some people think that earning a high salary is the most important thing about a job. Other people think that doing enjoyable work is more important, even if the job does not pay well. Which is more important to you: work that pays well or work that is enjoyable? Give specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
正确答案：Responses will vary.
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