院（系、部、中心） 专 业
班 级 学 生 姓 名 学 号 任 课 教 师
Page1 Generators and Motors(发电机和电动机)
1 English text
From reference 1
1. Direct-current generators impress on the line a direct or continuous emf, one that is always in the same direction. Commercial dc generators have commutators, which distinguish them from ac generators. The function of a commutator and the elementary ideas of generation of emf and commutation are discussed in Div. 1. Additional information about commutation as applied to dc motors, which in general is true for dc generators, is given below.
2. Excitation of generator fields. To generate an emf, conductors must cut a magnetic field which in commercial machines must be relatively strong. A permanent magnet can be used for producing such a field in a generator of small output, such as a telephone magneto or the magneto of an insulation tester, but in generators for light and power the field is produced by electromagnets, which may be excited by the machine itself or be separately excited from another source.Self-excited machines may be of the series, shunt, or compound type, depending upon the manner of connecting the field winding to the armature. In the series type of machine,the field winding (the winding which produces the magnetic field) is connected in series with the armature winding. In the shunt type, the field winding is connected in parallel,shunt, with the armature winding. Compound machines have two field windings on each pole. One of these windings is connected in series with the armature winding, and the other is connected in parallel or shunt with the armature winding.
3. Armature winding of dc machines may be of the lap or the wave type. The difference in the two types is in the manner of connecting the armature coils to the commutator.A coil is the portion of the armature winding between successive connections to the commutator.In the lap type of winding (see Fig. 7.1) the two ends of a coil are connected to adjacent commutator segments. In the wave type of winding
2
(see Fig. 7.2) the two ends of a coil are connected to commutator segments that are displaced from each other by approximately 360 electrical degrees.The type of armature winding employed affects the voltage and current capacity of the machine but has no effect upon the power capacity. This is due to the fact that the number of parallel paths between armature terminals is affected by the type of winding. For a wavewound machine there are always two paths in parallel in the armature winding between armature terminals. For a lap-wound machine there are as many parallel paths in the armature winding as there are pairs of poles on the machine. For the same number and size of armature conductors, a machine when wave-connected would generate a voltage that would equal the voltage generated when lap-connected times the number of pairs of poles.But the current capacity would be decreased in the same proportion that the voltage was increased. The current capacity of a machine when wave-connected is therefore equal to the capacity when lap-connected divided by the number of pairs of poles.
4. The value of the voltage generated by a dc machine depends upon the armature winding, the speed, and the field current. For a given machine, therefore, the voltage generated can be controlled by adjusting either the speed or the field current. Since generators are usually operated at a constant speed, the voltage must be controlled by adjusting the field current.
5. Separately excited dc generators are used for electroplating and for other electrolytic work for which the polarity of a machine must not be reversed. Self-excited machines may change their polarities. The essential diagrams are shown in Fig. 7.3. The fields can be excited from any dc constant-potential source, such as a storage battery, or from a rectifier connected to an ac supply.The field magnets can be wound for any voltage because they have no electric connection with the armature. With a constant field excitation, the voltage will drop slightly fromno load to full load because of armature drop and armature reaction.Separate excitation is advantageous when the voltage generated by the machine is not suitable for field excitation. This is true for especially low- or high-voltage machines.
6. Series-wound generators have their armature winding, field coils, and
3
external circuit connected in series with each other so that the same current flows through all parts of the circuit (see Fig. 7.4). If a series generator is operated at no load (external circuit open), there will be no current through the field coils, and the only magnetic flux present
in the machine will be that due to the residual magnetism which has been retained by the poles from previous operation. Therefore, the no-load voltage of a series generator will be only a few volts produced by cutting the residual flux. If the external circuit is closed and the current increased, the voltage will increase with the increase in current until the magnetic circuit becomes saturated. With any further increases of load the voltage will decrease. Series generators have been used sometimes in street-railway service. They have been connected in series with long trolley feeders supplying sections of the system distant from the supply point in order to boost the voltage. However, power rectifiers have replaced dc generators for most installations of this type.
Keywords: generator From reference 2
Since triphased asynchronous generators are mainly used in conversion systems of a eolian energy into electric energy, their functional stability represent is of great importance. As a first step, the factors that radically affect the functional stability of these generators have been established. Thus, it was decelat the powerful influence of the capacitor bank – that provides the necessary reactive power for the magnetization of the ferromagnetic core – over the functional stability of the triphased asynchronous generator with short circuit rotor. The functional stability is greatly influenced by the charge character (type) as well. The experimental work emphasized – through the functional features – the way these parameters influence the stability area of the asynchronous generators. As far as triphased asynchronous generators with coiled rotor are concerned, the controllable blind power was analyzed the analogy being made with the situation of the necessary controllable generating capacity for of the triphased asynchronous generator with short circuit rotor.
Keywords : triphased asynchronous generator.
4
2 中文翻译及分析
出资文献 1：
1。直流发电机的印象线直接或连续电动势,一总是朝同一个方向看。商业直流发电机有,换向器区别交流发电机。换向器的功能基本的思想的生成了电磁场和减刑师”1。另外的信息关于变换适用于直流电机、,一般是对直流发电机,下面给出。
2。励磁发电机的领域。每增加一导体电势必须将一个磁性的在商业领域机器必须是相对较强。永磁体可用于生产这样的场小发电机输出,例如电话磁或磁的绝缘测试,但发电机为光和力量是由电磁铁领域,这可能是激动,因为机器本身或另行规定兴奋从另一个来源。电脑可能自激振动的系列、分流、或复合类型,根据连接方式的励磁绕组的盔甲。在这个系列赛中类型的机器,励磁绕组(弯弯曲曲的主要生产磁场)是连接在系列与电枢绕组。在并联型、励磁绕组是并联的,分流、与电枢绕组。复合机有两个领域在每个绕组拿到杆位。其中的一个应用连接在系列,电枢绕组并联连接于或并联与电枢绕组。
3。电枢绕组直流的电脑可能这一圈或波型。不同的在这两种类型的连接方式电枢线圈去围绕换向器。一个线圈绕组的部分之间关系的连续换向器。在膝上型绕组(见图7.1)的两端连接到一个线圈邻近的换向器部分。在波型绕组(见图7.2)的这两个目标的一个线圈被连接到换向器段互相都转移了大约360电气度。电枢绕组的类型影响就业能力的电压和电流机器,但是没有影响该功率。这是由于这样的事实:她的电话号码平行的房舍中间电枢终端受类型的绕组。为wavewound机器始终存在着两种路径与电枢绕组之间电枢终端。为lap-wound机器一样多路径在平行的示意图蜿蜒的有双杠,这台机器。为同一的数量和尺寸电枢导体、机器当wave-connected会产生电压就等于电压时产生对lap-connected倍之多的波兰人。但流量会减少同比例地使电压增加。机器的流量时,因此等于wave-connected当lap-connected能力除以中标数之双增长极。
4。电压产生的价值由直流机依靠的示意图缠绕、速度、和现场电流。对于给定的机器,因此,电压通过调整可以控制产生或者在速度,或是田园电流。因为发电机通常操作在恒定的速度,电压必须加以控制,通过调整吗现场电流。
5。他激直流发电机用于电镀和其他电解工作机器的极性不可逆转。自激机
5
器可能会改变他们的极性。基本图列图。7.3。这领域可以兴奋从任何直流constant-potential来源,例如蓄电池,或从组成的连接到一个交流供电。可以伤口的磁场对任何电压,因为他们没有电气连接与盔甲。以不变的领域电压激励,略有下降无载至满载因为电枢下降以及电枢反应。独立的励磁优越当电压所产生的机器不是适用于现场的兴奋。这是真正的特别低——或高压机器。
6。他们发电机有一种电枢绕组、现场卷,而外部的电路接通彼此串联,同一电流流经所有部分电路的7.4(见图)。如果一个系列发电机操作在空载(外部电路打开),就不会有电流通过现场卷,而唯一的磁通礼在机器将剩余的磁性,因为有被保留着波兰人从先前的操作。因此,空电压成系列发电机只有几伏切产生的剩余助焊剂。如果是闭合的和外部电路当前的增加,电压的增加而增加的电流到的磁场电路成为饱和。任何进一步增加电压负载也将减少。系列发电机已经使用有时在street-railway服务。他们已经并联长电车料系统的提供部分远离供应点以增强药物的电压。然而,权力二极管已经取代了直流大多数安装发电机组这种类型。
关键词：电动机
出资文献 2：
因为三相异步发电机主要用于切换系统的风成电能-机械能稳定其功能。代表具有十分重要的意义。作为第一步,从根本上影响因素的功能稳定这些发电机有被确定了。因此,这是的强大影响,电容器投切产生的银行提供了必要的无功功率的
磁性磁化的核心——三相功能稳定的异步发电机转子短路。功能稳定性影响角色(类型)负责。实验工作的功能特点,通过强调这些参数,“稳定的地区影响异步发电机。据三相异步发电机转子与钢桨有关,分析了盲目的类比力量是实际情况的必要的可控的发电能力三相好了异步发电机转子短路。
关键词：三相异步电动机
3 长难句分析及专业词汇
(a) 长句的译法：翻译时首先要理清句中各部分之间的语法关系、时间先后和逻辑顺序。Eg:A permanent magnet can be used for producing such a field in a generator of small output, such as a telephone magneto or the magneto of an
6
insulation tester, but in generators for light and power the field is produced by electromagnets, which may be excited by the machine itself or be separately excited from another source.Self-excited machines may be of the series, shunt, or compound type, depending upon the manner of connecting the field winding to the armature.
某永磁可用于生产这样的场小发电机输出,例如电话磁或磁的绝缘测试,但发电机为光和力量是由电磁铁领域,这可能是激动或机器本身激从别的渠道电脑可能自激振动的系列、分流、或复合类型,根据连接方式的励磁绕组的方式。
4 中心思想
发电机把机械能转化为电能，电动机将电能转换为机械能。发电机和电动机有许多相似之处。她们的制定方法基本相同。此外，它们运行的点此原理也是相同的。
5 参考文献
[1] D.M. Eggleston, F.S. Stoddard – Wind turbine engineering design, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company New York 1986;
[2] V. Ilie, L. Almaşi, şa – Utilizarea energiei vântului, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti, 1984; [3] Kovacs Pal – Analiza regimurilor tranzitorii ale maşinilor electrice, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti 1980 ;
[4] R.J. Harrington, F.M.M. Bassiouny – New Approach to Determinate the Critical Capacitance for Self - Excited Induction Generators, IEEE Trans. On Energy Conversion, vol. 13, no.3, sept. 1998, pp.244 - 250;
[5] Colliez, C., Tounzi, A., Piriou, F. – Vector Control of a Autonomous Induction Generator connected to a PWMRectifier. EPE `97, Trondheim, Norvegia, vol. 2, pp. 711-716;
[6] Alan, I., Lipo, A. T. – Control of a Polyphase Induction-Generator/ Induction- Motor Power Conversion System Completely Isolated from the Utility. IEEE Trans. On Ind. App., vol.30, no.3, may/june 1994, pp. 636-647
[7] Florin Iov – Stadiul actual în conversia energiei eoliene (Referat nr.1 – în cadrul pregătirii tezei de doctorat) martie 1998;
[8] Florin Iov – Studiul ansamblului turbină eoliană – generator asincron autoexcitat
7
(Referat nr.2 – în cadrul pregătirii tezei de doctorat) iunie 1999;
Page2 Electrical Energy Transmission（电能输送）
1 English text
From reference 1
Growing populations and industrializing countries create huge needs for electrical energy. Unfortunately, electricity is not always used in the same place that it is produced, meaning long-distance transmission lines and distribution systems are necessary. But transmitting electricity over distance and via networks involves energy loss.
So, with growing demand comes the need to minimize this loss to achieve two main goals: reduce resource consumption while delivering more power to users. Reducing consumption can be done in at least two ways: deliver electrical energy more efficiently and change consumer habits.
Transmission and distribution of electrical energy require cables and power transformers, which create three types of energy loss:
the Joule effect, where energy is lost as heat in the conductor (a copper wire, for example);
magnetic losses, where energy dissipates into a magnetic field; the dielectric effect, where energy is absorbed in the insulating material. The Joule effect in transmission cables accounts for losses of about 2.5 % while the losses in transformers range between 1 % and 2 % (depending on the type and ratings of the transformer). So, saving just 1 % on the electrical energy produced by a power plant of 1 000 megawatts means transmitting 10 MW more to consumers, which is far from negligible: with the same energy we can supply 1 000 - 2 000 more homes.
Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simple things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it
8
into standby mode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities.
On the energy production side, building more efficient transmission and distribution systems is another way to go about it. High efficiency transformers, superconducting transformers and high temperature superconductors are new technologies which promise much in terms of electrical energy efficiency and at the same time, new techniques are being studied. These include direct current and ultra high voltage transmission in both alternating current and direct current modes.
Keywords: electrical energy transmission From reference 2
Disturbing loads like arc furnaces and thyristor rectifiers draw fluctuating and harmonic currents from the utility grid. These non sinusoidal currents cause a voltage drop across the finite internal grid impedance, and the voltage waveform in the vicinity becomes distorted. Hence, the normal operation of sensitive consumers is jeopardized.
Active filters are a means to improve the power quality in distribution networks. In order to reduce the injection of non sinusoidal load currents shunt active filters are connnected in parallel to disturbing loads (Fig. 1). The active filter investigated in this project consists of a PWM controlled three-level VSI with a DC link capacitor.The VSI is connected to the point of common coupling via a transformer. The configuration is identical with an advanced static var compensator.
The purpose of the active filter is to compensate transient and harmonic components of the load current so that only fundamental frequency components remain in the grid current. Additionally, the active filter may provide the reactive power consumed by the load. The control principle for the active filter is rather straightforward: The load current ismeasured, the fundamental active component is removed from the measurement, and the result is used as the reference for the VSI output current.
In the low voltage grid, active filters may use inverters based on IGBTs with switching frequencies of 10 kHz or more. The harmonics produced by those inverters
9
are easily suppressed with small passive filters. The VSI can be regarded nearly as an ideally controllable voltage source. Inmedium voltage applications with power ratings of several MVA, however, the switching frequency of today’s VSIs is limited to some hundred Hertz. Modern high power IGCTs can operate at around 1 kHz. Therefore, large passive filters are needed in order to remove the current ripple generated by the VSI. Furthermore, in fast control schemes the VSI no longer represents an ideal voltage source because the PWM modulator produces a considerable dead-time. In this project a fast dead-beat algorithm for PWM operated VSIs is developed [1].This algorithm improves the load current tracking performance and the stability of the active filter. Normally, for a harmonics free current measurement the VSI current would be sampled synchronously with the tips of the triangular carriers. Here, the current acquisition is shifted in order to minimize the delays in the control loop. The harmonics now included in themeasurement can be calculated and subtracted from the VSI current. Thus, an instantaneous current estimation free of harmonics is obtained.
Keywords: active filters From reference 3
This report provides background information on electric power transmission and related policy issues. Proposals for changing federal transmission policy before the 111th Congress include S. 539, the Clean Renewable Energy and Economic Development Act, introduced on March 5, 2009; and the March 9, 2009, majority staff transmission siting draft of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee. The policy issues identified and discussed in this report include:
Federal Transmission Planning: several current proposals call for the federal government to sponsor and supervise large scale, on-going transmission planning programs. Issues for Congress to consider are the objectives of the planning process (e.g., a focus on supporting the development of renewable power or on a broader set of transmission goals), determining how much authority new interconnection-wide planning entities should be granted, the degree to which transmission planning needs to consider non-transmission solutions to power market needs, what resources the executive agencies will need to oversee the planning process, and whether the benefits
10
for projects included in the transmission plans (e.g., a federal permitting option) will motivate developers to add unnecessary features and costs to qualify proposals for the plan.
Permitting of Transmission Lines: a contentious issue is whether the federal government should assume from the states the primary role in permitting new transmission lines. Related issues include whether Congress should view management and expansion of the grid as primarily a state or national issue, whether national authority over grid reliability (which Congress established in the Energy Policy Act of 2005) can be effectively exercised without federal authority over permitting, if it is important to accelerate the construction of new transmission lines (which is one of the assumed benefits of federal permitting), and whether the executive agencies are equipped to take on the task of permitting transmission lines.
Transmission Line Funding and Cost Allocation: the primary issues are whether the the federal government should help pay for new transmission lines, and if Congress should establish a national standard for allocating the costs of interstate transmission lines to ratepayers.
Transmission Modernization and the Smart Grid: issues include the need for Congressional oversight of existing federal smart grid research, development, demonstration, and grant programs; and oversight over whether the smart grid is actually proving to be a good investment for taxpayers and ratepayers.
Transmission System Reliability: it is not clear whether Congress and the executive branch have the information needed to evaluate the reliability of the transmission system. Congress may also want to review whether the power industry is striking the right balance between modernization and new construction as a means of enhancing transmission reliability, and whether the reliability standards being developed for the transmission system are appropriate for a rapidly changing power system.
Keywords: electric power transmission
2 中文翻译及分析
11
出资文献 1：
人口增长和工业化国家导致电力能源的庞大需求量. 不幸的是, 电力的使用和生产常常不是在相同的地方，意味着长距离传输线路配电系统是必需的. 然而长距离输电以及通过网络这就涉及到能量损耗的问题。.
所以，随着需求的增长，就要使得这个损耗最小化，以达到两个主要目标: 在减少资源消耗，同时为用户传送更多电能。至少有两种方式可以实现减少消耗量：更有效地传送电能以及改变用户的习惯。
电能的传输和分配需要电缆和电力变压器, 他们产生三种类型的能量损失：焦耳效应, 那些在导体发热过程中损失的能量(例如铜金属线)；电磁损耗, 这部分能量被转化为电磁场；电介质效应, 这部分能量在绝缘材料中被吸收。
传输电缆中的焦耳效应导致大约2.5 % 的损耗，电力变压器中这个损耗大约在 1 %到 2 %之间 (取决与变压器的类型和电压等级). 所以在1000兆瓦的发电厂产出的电能中节省仅仅1%就意味着向用户传输了10 MW 能量，这是远不可忽视的：和它相同的能量，我们可以提供给1 000 - 2 000个家庭。
改变消费习惯涉及到宣传计划，这常常由政府或积极团体进行。这仅是些简单的小事，例如关掉无人房间的灯，或在晚上关掉电视（不只是把它进入待机模式），或把洗衣服安排在非高峰时段，这仅仅是无数的可行性中的几个例子。
在能源生产方面，建立更有效的传输和分配系统是减少损耗的另一种方式。高效变压器、超导变压器、高温超导体是能够保证电能效率的新技术，同时我们要研究新的工艺。这包括交直流切换模式下的直流和特高压输电。
关键词：电能输送
出资文献 2：
例如电弧炉和可控硅整流器这样的配电网负载会对公用电网产生扰动和谐波电流。这些非正弦电流导致有穷网络的内部阻抗电压下降，在附近的电压波形产生畸变。因此，对电压敏感的用户的正常运作受到损害。
有源滤波器是一种手段，以提高配电网电能质量。为了减少注入的非正弦负荷电流，通过并联有源滤波器来重新分配负荷(图1)。有源滤波器包括了PWM三级控制逆变器的直流环节的电容器。逆变器通过变压器进行公共连接，这样的配置等同于一种先进的静态变量补偿器
12
有源滤波器的目的是为了补偿瞬态和谐波分量负载电流的基本频率成分,所以只留在栅极电流。此外,有源滤波器可以提供无功功率被负荷。控制原理,介绍了有源滤波器很简单:负载电流活性成分,将测量结果用作参考电压源逆变器输出电流。
在低电压电网,有源滤波器可以使用的基础上,IGBTs逆变器的开关频率10千赫或更多。那些产生的谐波的逆变器很容易抑制与小被动过滤器。逆变器的几乎可以把被作为一种理想的可控的电压源等。然而，在几兆伏安电力级别的中压的应用中,如今的VSIs仅限于几百赫兹。现代高功率IGCTs可以操作的大约1千赫兹。因此,需要大规模无源滤波器,以清除脉动电流产生。
逆变器的。此外,在快速控制方案不再逆变器的代表一个理想的电压源PWM调制生产因为dead-time相当大。在这个项目dead-beat算法快速发展VSIs PWM操作[1]该算法提高了跟踪性能和负载电流稳定的有源滤波器。通常,一个自由的谐波电流测量逆变电流。
将被采样时同步的三角形尖端的载体。在这里,当前的收购是为了最大限度地减少了控制回路的延迟。现在谐波的包括时能计算和衰减逆变电流。因此,可以估计出摆脱了谐波的瞬时电流。
关键词：滤波
出资文献 3：
该报告提供了背景资料的电力传输和相关的政策问题。改变政策建议111届前联邦传输539 .国会,包括清洁的可再生能源和经济开发条例,介绍了2009年3月5日,2009年3月9日,多数员工传输选址参议院的草案能源和自然资源委员会。确定的政策问题,讨论了这份报告包括:
联邦传输计划:几个前沿建议呼吁联邦政府制定并监督大的规模,持续的传输规划中。国会的问题的目标是需要考虑的规划过程(例如,作出了重点扶持的可再生能源的发展上,或者在一个更广泛的套传动目标),决定新多的权力广泛关联规划实体应该被授予,传输计划的程度,需要考虑无输送解决电力市场的需要,有哪些资源
执行机构需要检查计划的过程中,是否在项目包括福利传动方案(比如,一个
13
联邦允许选择)鼓励开发者增加不必要的特点、成本晋级提案的计划。
允许的输电线路:一个有争议的话题是美国联邦政府是否从美国应当承担的主要角色,来允许新的输送线。相关问题,包括国会是否要看管理和扩展栅格里,主要是一个国家或民族问题,是否在国家权威机构的电力输送网的可靠度(国会成立能源政策法案的2005)可以有效地执行联邦权威没有在允许的情况下,如果它是很重要的,加快建设新的输电线路(假定的好处之一),联邦政府的允许是否有执行机构的任务,以允许输电线路。
传输线的资金和成本分摊:主要问题是否有联邦政府将帮助支付新的传输线,如果国会不应确立一个全国范围的成本分配标准地方纳税人输电线路对号州际公路。
传输现代化和聪明的网格:课题包含需要国会忽略了现有的联邦聪明的网格研究、发展、示范,并给予和监管程序;实际上是聪明阀是否证明自己是一个不错的投资纳税人和地方纳税人。
传动系统可靠性:不清楚国会和行政部门有所需的信息的可靠性进行了评价的传输系统。国会也可能要检讨电力行业是否之间找到平衡点现代化建设、新建设作为一种手段,提高传输的可靠性,以及处理可靠性的标准被开发出来用于传动系统适合一个快速变化的电力系统。
关键词：电能输送
3 长难句分析及专业词汇
长句分析：例句：Changing consumer habits involves awareness-raising programmers, often undertaken by governments or activist groups. Simple things, such as turning off lights in unoccupied rooms, or switching off the television at night (not just putting it into standby mode), or setting tasks such as laundry for non-peak hours are but a few examples among the myriad of possibilities.翻译：努力改变消费习惯包括程序员,通常被政府与激进分子的进行。简单的事,如在空房间灯关掉电视,或者切断,晚上(不仅投入的待机模式),或设置的任务,例如衣服每班时光是几个例子在各种各样的可能性。
4 中心思想
14
影响电力系统正常运行的因素很多。人口的不断增长和工业化的国家需要造成巨大的电能。不幸的是,电并不总是用于同样发生的地方,这意味着长途输电线路和分配体系是必要的。但传输电并通过在距离网络包含的能量损失。
5 参考文献
[1] D. A. G. Pedder, A. D. Brown, and J. A. Skinner, “A contactless electrical energy transmission system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 46, pp. 23–30, Feb. 1999.
[2] A. Ghahary and B. H. Cho, “Design of transcutaneous energy transmission system using a series resonant converter,” in Proc. IEEE PESC’90, 1990, pp. 1–8. [3] E. Dahl, “Induction charging system,” U.S. Patent 3 938 018, Feb. 10, 1976. [4] N. Ishi et al., “Electric power transmitting device with inductive coupling,” U.S. Patent 5 070 293, Dec. 3, 1991.
[5] P. Carosa, “Separable inductive coupler,” U.S. Patent 5 216 402, June 1, 1993. [6] K. Klontz et al., “Contactless battery charging system,” U.S. Patent 5 341 083, Aug. 23, 1994.
[7] I. Shirai et al., “Induction charging apparatus,” U.S. Patent 5 550 452, Aug. 27, 1996.
[8] J. Bolger and L. Ng, “Inductive power coupling with constant voltage output,” U.S. Patent 4 800 328, Jan. 24, 1989.
[9] C. G. Kim, D. H. Seo, J. S. You, J. H. Park, and B. H. Cho, “Design of a contactless battery charger for cellular phone,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2000, pp. 769–773.
[10] Y. Kanai, M. Mino, T. Sakai, and T. Yachi, “A noncontact power-supply card powered by solar cells for mobile communications,” in Proc. IEEE APEC, 2000, pp. 1157–1162.
Page3 Requirements of an Electric Supply System(供电系统需求)
15
1 English text
From reference1
Connections to external 330 kV power grids are provided using an open 330 kV switchyard. The plant is connected to the Lithuanian power grid using two
transmission lines L-454 and L-453, 330 kV each, to the Belorussian power grid using three transmission lines L-450, L-452 and L-705, and to the Latvian power grid using one transmission line L-451.
Connections to external power grids at 110 kV are provided using the first section of the open 110 kV switchyard. The plant is connected to the Lithuanian power grid using one transmission line “Zarasai” 110 kV, and to the Latvian power grid using one transmission line L-632.
Connections between the open switchyards at 330 kV and 110 kV are established using two coupling autotransformers AT-1 and AT-2, types ATDCTN- 200000/330. Power of each autotransformer is equal to 200 MV×A. The autotransformers have a device for voltage regulation under load. The device type is RNOA-110/1000. 15 positions are provided to regulate voltage in a range (115 ± 6) kV.
The open 330 kV switchyard is designed using \"4/3\" principle (four circuit breakers per three connections) and consists of two sections. Circuit breakers are placed in two rows. The first section of the open switchyard 110 kV is designed using “Double system of buses with bypass” structure. The second section of open switchyard 110 kV is connected to the first section through two circuit breakers C101 and C102. The second section has the same design as the first one. The following transmission lines are connected to the second section: L-Vidzy, L-Opsa, L-Statyba, LDuk Ötas. These transmission lines are intended for district power supplies, so they are not essential for electric power supply for the plant in-house operation.
Air circuit breakers of VNV-330/3150A type are used in the open 330 kV switchyard. Air circuit breakers of VVBK-110B-50/3150U1 type are used in open switchyard 110 kV. To supply power loads on voltage level 330 kV and 110 kV, aerial transmission lines are used. Electrical connections of external grids 110 and 330
16
kV are presented in Fig. 8.1.
Keywords: transmission lines From reference 2 Abstract
This paper addresses sustainability criteria and the associated indicators allowing operationalization of the sustainability concept in the context of electricity supply. The criteria and indicators cover economic, environmental and social aspects. Some selected results from environmental analysis, risk assessment and economic studies are shown. These studies are supported by the extensive databases developed in this work. The applications of multi-criteria analysis demonstrate the use of a framework that allows decision-makers to simultaneously address the often conflicting
socio-economic and ecological criteria. “EnergyGame”, the communication-oriented software recently developed by the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), provides the opportunity to integrate the central knowledge-based results with subjective value judgments. In this way a sensitivity map of technology choices can be constructed in an interactive manner. Accommodation of a range of perspectives expressed in the energy debate, including the concept of sustainable development, may lead to different internal rankings of the options but some patterns appear to be relatively robust.
Introduction
The public, opinion leaders and decision-makers ask for clear answers on issues concerning the energy sector and electricity generation in particular. Is it feasible to phase out nuclear power in countries extensively relying on nuclear electricity supply and simultaneously reduce greenhouse gas emissions? What are the environmental and economic implications of enhanced uses of cogeneration systems, renewable sources and heat pumps? How do the various energy carriers compare with respect to accident risks? How would internalization of external costs affect the relative competitiveness of the various means of electricity production? What can we expect from the prospective technological advancements during the next two or three decades? Which systems or energy mixes come closest to the ideal of being cheap,
17
environmentally clean, reliable and at the same time exhibit low accident risks?
How can we evaluate and rank the current and future energy supply options with respect to their performance on specific sustainability criteria?
The Swiss GaBE Project on “Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Systems” provides answers to many issues in the Swiss and international energy arena. A systematic, multidisciplinary, bottom-up methodology for the assessment of energy systems, has been established and implemented. It covers environmental analysis, risk assessment and economic studies, which are supported by the extensive databases developed in this work. One of the analysis products are aggregated indicators associated with the various sustainability criteria, thus allowing a practical operationalization of the sustainability concept. Apart from technical and economic aspects an integrated approach needs to consider also social preferences, which may be done in the framework of multi-criteria analysis.
Keywords: criteria indicators From reference 3
Mobility of persons and goods is an essential component of the competitiveness of European industry and services as well as an essential citizen right. The goal of the EU's sustainable transport policy is to ensure that our transport systems meet society's economic, social and environmental needs.
The transport sector is responsible for about 30% of the total final energy consumption and for about 25% of the total CO2 emissions. In particular the contribution of road transport is very high (around 80% and 70% respectively). These simple data shed light on the necessity to move towards a more sustainable transportation system, but also suggest that a technological/systemic revolution in the field will positively impact the overall world’s sustainable development.
From a technological point of view, a lower dependency from not renewable energy sources (i.e. fuel oil) of the road transport is the main anticipated change. In particular electric engines possibly represent the natural vehicle evolution in this direction. Indeed they have much higher energy efficiency (around three times that of
18
internal combustion engines, ICE) and do not produce any kind of tailpipe emissions. How the electricity will be supplied to the vehicles is still unpredictable due to the too many existing uncertainties on the future development, but the electrification of the drive train will contribute to having alternative energy paths to reduce the nearly total dependency on crude oil. In particular, vehicle range and performances allowed by the different possibilities will play a key role on the debate.
At the moment a great attention is attracted by electric vehicles, both hybrid and not, that will allow users to recharge their vehicles directly at home. This kind of vehicle can represent a real future alternative to the ICE vehicles in particular for what concerns the daily commuting trips (whose range is quite low). It is therefore important to understand what might be the impact on the electric supply system capabilities of this recharging activity.
In this light the present study carries out an analysis of this impact for the Province of Milan (of particular relevant due the very high daily commuting trips) at a 2030 time horizon. Key issue of the analysis is the estimation of a potential market share evolution for the electric vehicles. The results obtained show that even with a very high future market penetration the impact of the vehicles on the annual energy consumption will be quite negligible. On the contrary they also show that without an appropriate regulation (e.g. the intelligent integration of electric vehicles into the existing power grid as decentralised and flexible energy storage), they could heavily impact on the daily electric power requirements.
Keywords: electric vehicles
2 中文翻译及分析
出资文献 1：
连接到外部330千伏电网使用一个公开的330千伏提供送变电。植物被连接到立陶宛电网输电线路使用两L-454和L-453,需要330名千伏各电网的使用三输电线路,L-450 L-452和L-705,拉脱维亚电网输电线路L-451使用。
连接到外部力量,提供110千伏网格使用第一部分开放的110千伏送变电。植物被连接到立陶宛电网输电线路使用110千伏和拉脱维亚电网输电线路L-632使
19
用。
打开开关之间的连结在330千伏及110千伏建立了耦合自耦变压器 AT-1使用两AT-2、类型ATDCTN,——200000/330。能对各自耦变压器等于200 MV。自耦变压器有一个装置的在荷载作用下,电压调整。是该设备类型RNOA-110/1000。15个新职位提供给调节电压范围(115±6)千伏。
开放330千伏送变电设计使用“4/3”的原则(4断路器每三连接),由两个部分。断路器被安置在两排。第一部分开放送变电110千伏使用“双系统设计的公车搭桥”的结构。第二部分开放送变电110千伏被连接到第一部分通过两个断路器C101和C102。第二部分有相同的设计的第一次。下面的输电线路连接到第二条L-Vidzy,L-Opsa L-Statyba,以LDuk,。这些输电线路的目的是为地区电力供应,所以他们不是必需的电力供应植物内部运作。
空气断路器的类型VNV-330/3150A用于开放330千伏送变电。空气断路器的使用VVBK-110B-50/3150U1类型在公开送变电110千伏。提供电力负载电压水平330千伏及110千伏、空中输电线路使用。电气连接外部网格110、330千伏了图8.1。
关键词：输电线 出资文献 2 文摘
本文对可持续发展的标准和相关的指标允许可持续发展概念的操作化语境中的供电。标准和指标覆盖经济效益、环境效益和社会方面。一些选定的结果,从环境分析、风险评估和经济研究显示。这些研究受到广泛的数据库支持了这项工作。多准则的应用分析证明使用一种框架,允许决策者往往都各不相让同时解决经济发展与生态标准。“EnergyGame”,通信-定向保罗最近开发的软件Scherrer研究所(PSI),提供机会整合中央知识结果与主观价值判断。该方法灵敏度的地图可以构建技术选择以交互的态度。住宿表达了不同的观点在能源的辩论,包括可持续发展的理念,可能会导致不同的内部挤一些模式的选择,但似乎相对鲁棒性。
介绍：
公众舆论领袖和决策者要求明确的答复能源部门有关问题和发电具体的目标。是可行的逐步淘汰核电广泛的国家依靠核电力供应同时减少温室气体的排放吗?什么是环境与经济意涵热电联产系统的使用增强的、可再生的资源和热泵好
20
吗?我们应该怎样利用不同的能源输送比较就事故风险吗?额外成本内部化会如何影响相对竞争力的各种方式的电力生产方式吗?我们能期待从高职在技术上的进步下二或三十年?混合制度或能源的最接近理想的被便宜, 干净整洁的,可靠的,同时具有低事故风险吗?我们怎样才能进行了综合评价和排位当前和未来能源供给的选择对他们的表现在特定的可持续发展标准吗?瑞士费拉里”的综合评价项目能量系统”,提供一些瑞士和较多问题国际能源的舞台。一个系统、多学科方法论,自下而上的评价能源系统,已经建立和实施。它涵盖环境分析、风险评估和经济研究,重点扶持广泛的数据库开发这项工作。分析产品的相关聚集指标与不同的可持续发展,从而使一种实用标准的操作化可持续发展的概念。除了技术、经济等方面的综合方案也需要考虑社会偏好,它可以做多的框架分析。
关键词：标准 准则 出资文献 3
流动的人员,货物是一个重要的组成部分,欧盟工业的竞争力、服务是一种基本的公民权利。目标欧盟的可持续交通政策是为了保证本港的交通运输体系满足社会的经济、社会、环境的需要。
运输领域,负责大约30%的总最后能源消费和大约25%全部的二氧化碳的排放。特别是道路运输的贡献非常高(大约80%分别和70%)。这些简单的数据说明了必要移到一个更可持续交通系统,而且反映出技术、系统革命积极影响和领域的整体世界的可持续发展。
技术的观点认为,较低的依赖从没有可再生能源(即燃料油)道路运输是主要预期变化。特别是很可能是表示电气引擎的自然车辆进化朝这个方向。实际上,它们的确具有更高的能源效率(约的三倍,内燃机、冰)和不产生任何类型的排气管排放。如何将被提交给电车辆仍然难料由于太多的未来发展存在的不确定性,但电气化驱动器列车将有助于有可替代能源的路径,以减少差不多完全对原油的依赖。特别是,车辆所允许的范围和表现不同的可能性将扮演一个重要角色这些争论。
现在就被的重视都电动车,油电混合车,允许用户不知道给他们的交通工具直接在家里。这类汽车可以代表一个美好的未来替代方案特别是为内燃机汽车旅行的日常通勤关心的是什么(其范围很低)。因此,重要的是,去了解可能的影响的
21
电力供应系统能力充电的活动。
在这样的观点下目前的研究进行了分析影响的特定的米兰(省的有关由于很高的日常通勤到2030年时间旅行)地平线。关键问题的估计的分析提出了潜在的市场份额的电动汽车的进化。计算结果表明,甚至到较高的市场渗透率的影响未来车辆在一年一度的能耗将会十分可以忽略不计。相反他们还指出,没有一个适度规制(例如。智能集成的电动车加入现有的电网作为分权型和灵活的能源储备),他们可能会严重影响日常电力需求。
关键词：电动汽车
3 长难句分析及专业词汇
从句分析：Eg: It is therefore important to understand what might be the impact on the electric supply system capabilities of this recharging activity. 翻译：因此,重要的是,去了解可能的影响的电力供应系统能力充电的活动。此处为主语从句，翻译时要注意划分句子成分，再依次进行翻译。
4 中心思想
现代供电系统是许多部分的组合，每个部分都影响其他部分的运转。随着电力负荷逐年稳步增长，为了保证电力供应以满足不同类型用户的要求必须付出很大的努力，需要加大投资并不断改进方法。电力供应的某些要求为大多数用户所认为，如合适的电压，保障供应，可靠性和合理的费用。虽然用户不注意这些特征，但其他如频率、波形、相位平衡等特征，却受到电力工程师的格外注意。
5 参考文献
[1] Frischknecht, R. et al.: Ökoinventare für Energiesysteme Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von
Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. 3rd Edition. ETHZ/PSI, Zürich, 1996.
[2] Dones, R. Gantner, U., Hirschberg S., Doka G., Knoepfel I.: Environmental Inventories for Future Electricity Supply Systems for Switzerland. PSI Report No. 96-07, Würenlingen and Villigen, February 1996.
22
[3] Andreani-Aksoyoglu, S., Keller, J.: Short-term Impacts of Air Pollutants in Switzerland: Model Evaluations and Preliminary Scenario Calculations for Selected Swiss Energy Systems. In Brebbia C.A., Ratto C.F., and Power H. (Eds.), Air Pollution VI, Computational Mechanics Publications (1998) 799-808.
[4] Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Rationalle Energieanwendung: EcoSense 2.0 User’s Manual. Stuttgart University, 1997.
[5] Hirschberg, S., Spiekerman, G., Dones, R.: Severe Accidents in the Energy Sector. PSI Report No. 98-16, Würenlingen and Villigen, November 1998. [6] Kypreos, S.: Assessment of CO2 Reduction Policies for Switzerland, in Knowledge Infrastructures and Decision Support Systems for Integrated Modelling in Energy Management and Policies. Int. Journal of Global Energy Issues, 12 Nos.1-6 (1999) 233-243.
[7] Hirschberg, S., Jakob, M.: Cost Structure of the Swiss Electricity Generation under Consideration of External Costs. SAEE Seminar “Strompreise zwischen Markt und Kosten: Führt der freie Strommarkt zum Kostenwarheit?” Bern, 11 June 1999. [8] Dones, R., Hirschberg, S., Vamanu, D.: Decision Support Tool for Sensitivity Mapping of Electricity Supply Systems Choices for Switzerland: Specification of the Concept and Software for the Interactive “EnergyGame”. Installed at PSI Forum, PSI Internal Document, Würenlingen and Villigen, 1999.
[9] Gantner, U., Jacob, M., Hirschberg, S.: Grundlagen sowie ökologische und ökonomische Vergleiche von zukünftigen Energieversorgungsoptionen: Methoden und Analysen. PSI Report, to be published 1999.
[10] Hirschberg S. (Ed.), Energie-Spiegel: Facts für die Energiepolitik von Morgen. Nr. 1, PSI/ETHZ, Würenlingen and Villigen, 1999.
[11] Krewitt, W., Hurley, F., Trukenmüller, A., Friedrich, R.: Health Risks of Energy Systems. Int. Journal of Risk Analysis, 18, No.4, 1998.
[12] Hirschberg, S., Dones, R.: Health and Environmental Risk Assessment of Energy Systems in Support of Decision-Making. In Mosleh A. and Bari R.A. (Eds.), Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management - PSAM 4, Vol. 3, Springer, London (1998) 1629- 1634.
23
[13] Sterling, A.: Multi-criteria Mapping. Mitigating the Problems of Environmental Valuation? In J. Foster (Ed.) Valuing Nature? Ethics, Economics and the Environment, Routledge, London and New York (1997) 186-210.
报告总结
本次报告主要从网上收集了发电机与电动机、电能输送和供电系统的需求这三个方面的相关内容，并对其进行了中文翻译及分析，了解了一些相关知识。在翻译过程也遇到许多难以理解的专业单词，通过各种途径得以解决。
24
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容