英语基础语法知识

主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语、同位语

1、主语是句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词、代词、动名词充当。

English is a foreign language. I like learning English. Learning English is interesting.

2、谓语说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。

I learn English every day.

3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。

如：My name is Ping ping . I am happy. The book is mine.

连系动词分类：

（1）状态系动词：用来表示主语性质或状态，只有be一词。

He is a teacher. He is ill.

(2) 感官系动词：look,feel, smell, sound, taste

Your mother looks young. This kind of cloth feels soft. The flower smells good.

This song sounds great.. The soup tasted delicious.

（3）表像系动词:seem, look 看起来好像

He looks tired. He seems (to be) very sad.

（4）持续系动词：表示主语继续或保持一种状况，主要有 keep, stay

keep和stay义为“保持”, remain 义为“仍然是，依然是”

keep/stay healthy

（5）变化系动词：变得become, turn, get, fall, go，grow等.

become /get angry, famous, fat, ill, old, strong(人)

become/ get cold ,dark, cloudy（天气）

go 主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化(可用于人或事物)

go bad, hungry, wrong

Her face turned red/ green.

fall ill/ silent

grow impatient

6）终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达\"证实\"之意.

The theory proved (to be ) wrong.

His plan turned out (to be ) successful （turn out表终止性结果）

4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。

有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me .

5、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：

They usually keep their classroom clean./ We call him Jack. 6、定语修饰名词或代词，如：Shanghai is a big city . I have something interesting to tell you.

7、状语：副词作状语用来修饰动词或整个句子。此外，还有地点状语，时间状语等等。

She cried sadly. Sadly, she failed in the exam.

8.同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：

Where is your classmate Tom ? 分析下列句子成分

1. She smiles happily

2. I am hungry.

3. . Trees turn green in spring.

4. Unluckily, he broke a window.

5. They pushed the door open.

6. Mr. Li considered him honest.

7. She showed us her pictures.

8. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.

9. We will make our school more beautiful.

10. Grandma gave me a letter last night.

英语句子的基本结构

英语句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

英语简单句的五种基本结构

1. 主语+谓语（vi.）

She cried sadly.

2. 主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语

I saw a film yesterday. I didn’t meet him at the meeting. He reached London.

3. 主语+谓语（vt.）+间接宾语+直接宾语

Mother bought me a watch. →Mother bought a watch for me.

She showed us her new dress. →She showed her new dress to us.

4. 主语+谓语（vt.）+宾语+宾补

I heard him singing in her room. We must keep our rivers clean. We call him Tom.

5. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

She was too tired. Tom fell ill.

翻译下列句子：

主谓结构

1那天早上我们谈了很多。

2会议将持续两个小时。

3小鸟在天空自由地飞翔.

4在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。

主谓宾结构

1昨晚我写了一封信。

2今天下午我想同你谈谈。

3这本书他读过多次了。

4他们成功地完成了计划。

5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。

6那位先生能说三种语言。

7 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。

主系表结构

1他失业了。

2我的兄弟都是大学生。

3冬季白天短，夜晚长。

4布朗夫人看起来很健康。

5十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。

6这本书是有关美国历史。

双宾语结构 （主语 ＋谓动 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）

1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。

2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋谓动 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）

1我们叫她Alice.

2明天我要找人来修理单车。

3他每个月理一次发。

并列句

并列句是由连词接所连接起来的两个或多个简单句。连接词可以表达并列、转折、对比。因果等关系。如：and表示并列或顺承；but表示转折关系；because/so表示因果关系；while表示比较或对比。

Work hard, and you will succeed.

Hurry up, or you will be late for the film.

He is old,but he still works as hard as young people.

Mr. Li is generous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him.

I earn only 50 dollars a week while she earns 80 dollars.

复合句

含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。常见的从句有：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等。

英语语法复习---动词时态和语态

一、动词的分类和形式：

1、动词按其能否作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种,非谓语动词有3种形式：to do, doing, done;

2、动词的5种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词、现在分词和第三人称单数（“三单”）

3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。

英语时态

一、 一般现在时：

1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays,

3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。

6.例句：. It seldom（很少） snows here.

He is always ready to help others.

Action speaks louder than words.

二、 一般过去时：

1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month…), in 19, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.

3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词

4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。

6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.

I didn't know you were so busy.

三、 现在进行时：?

1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing

4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.

5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。

6.例句： How are you feeling today?

He is doing well in his lessons.

四、 过去进行时：

1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3.基本结构：was/were+doing

4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.

5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。

6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.

When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.

五、 现在完成时：

1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

2.时间状语：recently, lately, since…，,in the past few years, etc.

3.基本结构：have/has + done

4.否定形式：have/has + not +d one.

5.一般疑问句：have或has。

6.例句：I've written an article in the past few days.

六、 过去完成时：

1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。

2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month…),etc.

3.基本结构：had + done.

4.否定形式：had + not + done.

5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。

6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.

By the end of last month. We had read four books

七、 一般将来时：

1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.

3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.

4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。

5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。

6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.

It is going to rain.

八、 过去将来时：

1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。

2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.

3.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would+ do.

4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would+ not + do.

5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would提到句首。

6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.

I asked who was going there.

时态练习题：

1 He swimming in the river every day in summer. (go)

you are right. ( seem )

, the children basketball on the playground. ( play )

to the radio when I came in, ( listen ) is very cold .I think it .( rain )

6. —I need some paper . —I some for you . ( bring )

can’t find my pen . Who it ?( take )

said that he back in five minutes . ( come ) didn’t meet him. He when I got there. ( leave ) my bike, so I have to walk to school. ( lose )

down and began to read his newspaper. ( sit )

is not here. He to the post office. (go)

is very hungry. He anything for three days. ( not eat )

with you if I have time .( go )

will not go to the cinema if it tomorrow . (rain )

will tell her the news when she to see me next week. (come)

17. “ When you the car ?” “ In 1998 . ”( buy )

good friends since we met at school . （be）

you at five yesterday afternoon ? (do)

20. .Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior.

21. We the room eight times since last month.(clean)

22. We the homework before he arrived. (finish)

英语语态

主动语态和被动语态

's said(据说) that the long bridge______________（build）in two months．

to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now．

language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？

lost boy_____________（not find）so far．

year a large number of trees______________（cut）down．

6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.

7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital.

8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop.

9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ?

They_______________(make) of metal and wood.

10. Can the magazine ________ (take) out of the library?

11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day.

12. The stars can't _____________ (see) in the daytime.

13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already.

14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well.

15. Look! Someone __________(dance).

16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious.