羊泉村

羊泉村

西班牙民族戏剧家费力克斯·洛卜·德·维加·卡尔皮奥所著。 《羊泉村》(1609-1613)是维加最成功的作品之一，描叙1476年羊泉村人民反抗领主的史实。剧中写卡拉特拉瓦骑士团队长费尔南·戈麦斯在驻地羊泉村企图污辱当地村长的女儿劳伦夏，劳伦夏被青年农民弗隆多索救出。随后费尔南又破坏这对青年的婚礼，劫走新娘，要把弗隆多索绞死。劳伦夏逃回村中，呼吁乡亲起来抗暴。全村人民，攻占城堡，杀死了费尔南。事后，国王赦免全村人民，把羊泉村收归自己管辖。 剧本取材于15世纪西班牙一次农民。骑士团军官费尔南·戈梅斯是个暴虐好色的贵族领主，在领地上经常欺压百姓，糟践民女，激起公愤，村民们拿起武器，杀死了费尔南。国王派法官来到羊泉村办案，用刑逼供，问是谁杀死了领主，村民众口一词回答：“羊泉村。”国王细加考察，了解到费尔南不仅在村里作恶多端，而且背叛国家，想投靠葡萄牙，于是赦免全体村民，并将羊泉村归国王直接管辖。 这部作品的主题是反抗，歌颂君主政治，要求正义、忠诚和秩序。次要主题是忠贞的爱情和荣誉。作者笔下的平民具有高尚的道德情操，国王则是人民的保护者。剧中对话均为诗体，生动而机智，情节简洁，冲突有力，悬念扣人心弦。这部剧体现了西班牙黄金世纪戏剧文化的最高水平。

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Fuenteovejuna

Fuenteovejuna is a play by the Spanish playwright, Lope de Vega. First

published in Madrid in 1619 as part of Docena Parte de las Comedias de Lope de Vega Carpio (Volume 12 of the Collected plays of Lope de Vega Carpio),[1] the play is believed to have been written between 1612 and 1614.[2] The play is based upon an actual historical incident that took place in the village of Fuenteovejuna (now called Fuente Obejuna) in Castile in 1476.[1] While under the command of the Order of Calatrava, a commander, Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, mistreated the villagers, who banded together and killed him. When a magistrate sent by King Ferdinand II of Aragon arrived at the village to investigate, the villagers, even under the pain of torture, responded only by saying \"Fuenteovejuna did it.\"

Background

Rapid change took place in Spain in the almost 150 years from the original events at Fuenteovejuna in 1476 to the publishing of Lope's play in 1614. In that time, Spain had united under the Habsburgs and become a world super-power with the discovery of the New World. At the time of Lope's writing, Spain was still in the midst of a Golden Age, a renaissance in the arts and academics.

The cross of the Order of Calatrava.In 1469, seven years before the events at Fuenteovejuna, Princess Isabella I of Castile married Prince Ferdinand II of Aragon. With their marriage, the two major kingdoms of Spain, Castile and Aragon, were joined. This marriage would later ensure the successful completion of the Christian Reconquista of Spain from the Muslim Moors. When Isabella ascended the throne upon the death of her half-brother, Enrique IV, in 1474, Alfonso V of Portugal crossed into Spain in order to secure the throne for Juana, Princess of Castile, the

daughter of Enrique. At the Battle of Toro, two years later, Isabella and Ferdinand's forces defeated the forces of Juana and Alfonso.

The same year, Ciudad Real was attacked by knights of the Order of Calatrava under the leadership of its Grand Master, 34-year old Rodrigo Téllez Girón, who supported the claims to the throne by Alfonso and Juana. The city was of strategic importance due to its location near the border of Castile. It was during this invasion that Commander Guzmán was killed by the villagers of Fuenteovejuna after he treated them poorly. After no single guilty party was found, Ferdinand pardoned the villagers from Fuenteovejuna.[3]

Synopsis

The first act opens in the home of the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava, Rodrigo Téllez Girón. Here, a commander of the order, Fernán Gómez de Guzmán, urges his superior to seize the town of Ciudad Real in the name of Juana and Alfonso of Portugal. Girón decides to capture the city. The village and villagers of Fuenteovejuna are introduced and speak of love. The Commander enters and attempts to take two of the women, Laurencia and Pascuala, back to his castle, but they resist and escape. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella discuss the capture of Ciudad Real and vow to retake it. Later, two of the lovers, Laurencia and Frondoso meet in the forest. When the Commander approaches, Frondoso hides and watches as the Commander attempts to force himself on Laurencia. As the Commander has put down his crossbow, Frondoso steps out and takes it. As Laurencia escapes his grasp, Frondoso points the crossbow at the Commander, but

does not threaten him, leaving with only the crossbow as the Commander curses both of them.

Act II begins in the village with a discussion among the peasants that is interrupted by the entrance of the Commander. He demands Esteban, Laurencia's father, to allow him to have her but he refuses and the Commander takes this as an insult. A soldier enters and begs the Commander to return to Ciudad Real (Royal City) which has just been surrounded by the forces of Ferdinand and Isabella. After the exit of the Commander, Laurencia and Pascuala run on with one of the peasants, Mengo. They are met by another peasant girl, Jacinta, who is being pursued by the Commander's servants. When Mengo protects her, they are both seized by the Commander's lackeys who will whip Mengo while Jacinta is raped by the Commander and then given to his men. Shortly afterwards, Esteban agrees to allow Laurencia and Frondoso to marry. The wedding proceeds but is interrupted by the Commander who arrests Frondoso, for his threat with the crossbow, as well as Esteban and Laurencia who protest his arrest.

The third act opens with the men of the village meeting to decide how to handle the situation. Laurencia, having been beaten and subject to attempted Droit du seigneur (though she beats off her attackers and escapes) enters, but is not immediately recognized. She reprimands the men for not attempting to rescue her, inspiring the men to kill the Commander. While preparations are being made to hang Frondoso, the band of villagers enters and kills the Commander and one of his servants. Flores, the surviving servant, escapes and rushes to Ferdinand and Isabella to tell what has happened. The shocked rulers order a magistrate to the

village to investigate. The villagers, celebrating with the head of the Commander, are told of the magistrate's approach. In order to save themselves, the villagers say \"Fuenteovejuna did it\". The magistrate proceeds to torture men, women and young boys on the rack but gives up after not receiving a satisfactory answer. Ferdinand and Isabella pardon the Grand Master and when the villagers enter and tell their story, they are pardoned as well.[4]