unit 2 (notes)

Brainstorming (for self-study)

1. Expressions for describing general impressions of a person:

Positive expressions: polite, smart, cute, nice, a good leader, well-educated, entle, charming, wise man

Negative expressions:clumsy, forgetful, rude, careless, stupid, a follower, (somebody) having more age than experience, wise guy (of someone who pretends to be smart, but actually behaves foolishly; cf. wise man)

Neutral expressions: funny (When used in an neutral way, the word means that someone's behaviour is laughable; but the expression can be slightly negative when it means that someone's behaviour is strange, abnormal, as in the saying: funny ha-ha or funny peculiar? This saying is used when someone says somebody is funny.) sensitive, forgetful 2. Expressions for describing someone's emotional changes:

Changes for the better: calm, cool, cheer up, feel better, be sympathetic with

Changes for the worse: get panicky, feel nervous, have butterflies in the stomach, get irritated / angry, become anxious, wear / have a questioning expression, be horrified, feel guilty, be embarrassed

3. Expressions of behaviour:

Silly behaviour: play the fool (e.g. to make people laugh), make a fool of oneself (unintentional), be up to no good / mischief (intentionally, usually in secret), mess / fool around (wasting one's time, behaving foolishly), behave badly, get into trouble

Good behaviour: be good / be as good as gold (of children, behaving very well), set a good example, turn over a new leaf, behave oneself

Neutral behaviour: behave, conduct oneself (behave in a particular way, such expressions are usually used with other qualifying expressions, e.g. conduct oneself responsibly; behave very well) 4. Expressions for social positions or titles:

headmaster, doctor, nurse, director, supervisor, head of department (HOD), chairman / chairwoman, professor, coach, president

5. Expressions for commenting on personalities:

can't stand, (can't) put up with, It takes all sorts (to make a world). To err is human, to forgive is divine. (someone's silly behaviour) almost brings down the house, arouse hilarious laughter, be disgusted at / with

1

修辞拓展 隐喻(metaphor)

A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. A metaphor is in a sense a condensed simile, differing from the latter only in form and artistry. Let's compare:

[ Metaphor(隐喻)和明喻一样，也是两个不同事物之间的比较，但它有别于明喻，这种比较是隐含的，非陈述的。隐喻是一种浓缩的明喻，只是形式和表现手法不一样。] Let's compare:

Jim was as cunning as a fox. ( simile ) Jim was a fox. ( metaphor ) The world is like a stage. ( simile ) The world is a stage. ( metaphor )

Let's look at more examples:

1. They wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up.

[analysis]For description, a dead fish which would be belly up implies the end of the thing. In translation, t he implied rhetorical meaning is given instead of the literary meaning of the original. (作者为了描述的目的，用死鱼肚皮向上，形象地隐喻战争的结束。译文写下了隐喻的寓意、没有直译原文的字面意义。)

2.Malone accused Bryan of calling for a duel to the death between science and religion....Then the court broke into a storm of applause that passed that for Bryan. The crowd seemed to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with the hot breath of his oratory as he should have.------John Scopes

[analysis]The write uses the words \"duel\" and \"storm\" and \"scorched\" to mean metaphorically \"the dead struggle between science and religion\resentment of them against reasonable ideas.

(作者以隐喻方式使用了原文中的\"决斗\"，\"暴风雨\"和\"烧焦\"字样，比喻科学与宗教间的殊死博斗、群众对布赖恩的唯心的支持以及他们不可理喻的愤恨真理的情绪。)

明喻例句

3. His eyes came out of his head like a prawn's, and once more his moustache foamed up against his breakwater of a nose.-----by Mr. Woodhouse

4. Of all the arts, tragedy is the proudest, the most triumphant; for it builds its shining citadel in the very center of the enemy's country, on the very summit of his highest mountain; from its impregnable watch-towers, his camps and arsenals, his columns and forts are all revealed.------Bertrand Russell

5. Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of speech. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a systematic plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a torrent.-----by G. N. M. Tyrell

6.The hall way was zebra-striped with darkness and moonlight.---Kurt Vonnegut Jr.

2

关于动物的隐喻

animal,beast,brute指的是某人行为举止令人厌恶，常常是由于此人行为疯狂激烈所引起

animal也可以用来谈论与感觉本能力量有关，而与性格，智力无关的人的肉体属性 The labourer was a manufacturing animal（干活的动物）, perceived as a source of profit. a particular kind of animal该项活动的行家

beast 用来以亲切友好的方式来称呼某人，通常指男孩或男人 where is Richard, the little beast?

I know he was a grumpy little beast, but I loved him.beastly 粗鲁地，恶劣地 The weather is beastly.

brute brute force/strength 单纯的体力或暴力

prey one person is prey to another 一个人很容易受到另一人伤害或利用 one person falls prey to another

lonely secretaties fell prey to the charms of his agents. to be prey to a unpleasant feeling因为……而闷闷不乐 He was prey to growing despairDomestic animals

petpet project 指人们感兴趣， 给予比任何别的项目更多时间和精力的项目 He pause before returning to his pet theory pet hate 指对某事非常憎恨

I can't think of any pet hates expect game show. 称呼喜爱的人 it's alright pet, let me do it. dog 质量很差的物品， the film must be a real dog

dog eat dog 形容社会竞争激烈

be dogged by something unpleasant 干扰，受影响 dogged顽固的

bitch 泼妇 感到不舒服，不快; It was a bitch of a winter that year

说坏话 one bitches about another person

hound hound another 恐吓某人以取得利益

hound someone out of position 给某人制造麻烦以让他离职 cat fat cat 懒惰，贪婪的人

catty 恶毒，令人讨厌，背后说坏话的人 kitten 性感，乐于调情的女人 kittenish pig what a pig you are!你真是个混蛋

to pig oneself/pig out 大吃大喝， 尤其吃不健康食品 pig-headed固执，即使有错也不改

sheep 形容人云亦云，盲目跟从的人

sheepish 因为自己做错事或不诚实而显得有点尴尬或惭愧 He returned, looking sheepish

lamb 形容所喜欢的人以及温和，好心，不麻烦的人

3

Notes for reference

Why My Great-uncle Gave Up the Ministry

ministryduties or (period of) service of a minister of religion 牧师的职责; 牧师的服务: enter/go into/take up the ministry, ie train to become a minister of religion 做[从事/担任]牧师工作

concern :to be about sth关于

The story concerns the prince's efforts to rescue Pamina. ◆

One major difference between these computers concerns the way in which they store information a report that concerns drug abuse 关於滥用毒品的报告.

jolly / ˈdʒɔlɪ; ˋdʒɑlɪ/ adj (-ier, -iest) happy and cheerful 愉快的; 快乐的: a jolly person, manner, laugh 愉快的人﹑ 态度﹑ 笑声.

baptist / ˈbæptɪst; ˋbæptɪst/ n, adj (member) of a Protestant Church that believes in baptism by immersion at an age when a person is old enough to understand what the ceremony means 浸礼会的; 浸礼会教徒.

kindly 1 / ˈkaɪndlɪ; ˋkaɪndlɪ/ adj [usu attrib 通常作定语] (-ier, -iest)

kind or friendly in character, manner or appearance 亲切的; 和蔼的; 友好的; 仁慈的; 慈爱的: a kindly man, voice, smile 慈祥的人﹑ 声音﹑ 微笑

pastoral / ˈpɑːstərəl; US ˈpæs-; ˋpæstərəl/ adj of or relating to a clergyman or his work (esp the spiritual guidance he gives to his congregation) 牧师的, 牧师工作的（尤指对会众心灵上的指引）: pastoral care, duties, responsibilities, etc 牧师对会众的关顾﹑ 职责﹑ 责任等.

inadvertent / ˏɪnədˈvɜːtənt; ˏɪnədˋvətnt/ adj

done without thinking or not deliberately漫不经心的, 非故意的, 无意的: an inadvertent slip, omission, etc 不经意的失误﹑ 遗漏等.

inadvertently adv by accident; unintentionally 偶然地; 非故意地; 无意地: She inadvertently telephoned the wrong person. 她无意中打错了电话。

chihuahua / tʃɪˈwɑːwə; US tʃɪˈwɑːwɑː; tʃɪˋwɑwɑ/ n type of very small smooth-haired dog, originally from Mexico 奇瓦瓦狗（毛光滑的小狗, 产自墨西哥）. devastate / ˈdevəsteɪt; ˋdɛvəsˏtet/ v

(a) completely destroy (sth); ruin 彻底毁坏（某事物）; 毁灭; 摧毁: a house devastated by a bomb 被炸毁的房子 * War devastated the country. 战争摧毁了这个国家.

(b) (infml 口) shock (sb); overwhelm 令（某人）震惊; 使（某人）难以承受: She was devastated by his death. 她因他去世而悲痛欲绝. *

I was devastated by the news of the crash. 我获悉失事的消息感到十分震惊。

4

search / sɜːtʃ; sətʃ/ v

[I, Ipr, Ip, Tn, Tn.pr] ~ (sb/sth) (for sb/sth); examine or go over (a thing or place) carefully in order to find sb/sth搜寻某人[某物]; 搜索:

*search (the woods) for escaped prisoners 搜查（树林）寻找逃犯 *

search (through) the drawers for the missing papers 翻遍抽屉寻找遗失的文件 * The police searched her for drugs. 搜查她, 看她身上是否有毒品. * (fig 比喻)

underneath / ˏʌndəˈniːθ; ˏʌndɚˋniθ/ prep beneath (sth); below 在（某物）的底下或下面: The coin rolled underneath the piano. 硬币滚到钢琴下面去了. *

She found a lot of dust underneath the carpet. 她发觉地毯下面有许多尘土. *

What does a Scotsman wear underneath his kilt? 苏格兰男子在短裙下面穿着什麽? *

Slip ~ sth (to sb) put sth somewhere, often quietly or secretly

将某物放在某处（常指悄悄地或偷偷地）:

slip an envelope into one's pocket 把信封悄悄塞进口袋 *

I slipped a few jokes into the speech. 我在讲话中巧妙地加了几句笑话. * Slip the waiter a tip. 悄悄给服务员一点小费. *

I tried to slip the note to him while the teacher wasn't looking. 我想趁老师不注意时把条子偷偷递给他.

bring oneself to 鼓起勇气;下决心

overnight / ˈəuvənaɪt; ˋovɚˋnaɪt/ adj1 during or for the night 晚上的; 夜里的: an overnight journey 夜间旅行 *

an overnight bag 装过夜用品的旅行袋 * an overnight stop in Rome 在罗马停留一夜.

resolve v (fml 文)

及物动词 vt. 决心,决定[+to-v][+(that)]

She resolved (that) she would never speak to him again. 她决心不再和他说话。 We resolved to visit Europe at least once a year. 我们决定至少每年访问欧洲一次。

5

不及物动词 vi. 决心,决定[(+on)]

He resolved on going abroad to study. 他决定到海外留学。

unburden ~ oneself/sth (of sth) (to sb) (fml fig 文, 比喻)

relieve (oneself, one's mind, etc) of worry, etc, eg by talkingabout one's troubles to a friend 解除（自己﹑ 内心等）的烦恼等（如向友人诉说苦衷）:

unburden one's heart, conscience,etc 解除心灵上﹑ 良心上...的负担 * unburden oneself of a secret 说出秘密以放下压在心头的包袱.

pitcher 1 / ˈpɪtʃə(r); ˋpɪtʃɚ/ n

(a) (esp Brit) large (usu earthenware) container for liquids, with one or two handles and a lip for pouring （单柄或双柄, 带嘴的, 通常为陶制的）大罐, 大壶. (b) (US) jug 罐.

work on / [work on sb/sth] phr v

to spend time working in order to produce or repair something从事于，致力于 He has spent the last two years working on a book about childcare. Every weekend you see him working on his car.

sermon talk on a moral or religious subject, usu given by a clergyman from the pulpit during a religious service 讲道（通常指教士在讲坛上做出的）.

retire ~ (to sth) (fml or joc 文或谑) go to bed 就寝:

I decided to retire early with a book. 我决定带本书早点就寝.

knock sb/sth over upset sb/sth by striking him/it撞倒某人[某物]:

overturn: cause to overturn from an upright or normal position; \"

You've knocked over my drink! 你把我的饮料打翻了! The cat knocked over the flower vase

grope ~ (about) (for/after sth) feel or search about (for sth) as one does in the dark 摸索; 探索: grope about in the dark 在黑暗中摸索 *

grope for the door-handle, light-switch, etc 摸索着找门把手﹑ 电灯开关等 *

a tricky question which left him groping for an answer 迫使他搜寻答案的棘手问题 * grope (one's way) across, along, past, etc (sth)

6

make one's way in the stated direction by feeling or searching 摸索着向某方向走: grope one`s way along a darkened corridor 在黑暗的走廊里摸索着走.

retrace / riːˈtreɪs; rɪˋtres/ v [Tn]

go back over or repeat (a journey, route, etc) exactly 折返或重行（原路程﹑ 路线等）: retrace one's steps, ie return the way one came 顺原路折回

I dropped my keys and had to retrace my steps for nearly a mile before I found them. 我把钥匙丢失了，结果只得顺原路折回，走了差不多一英里才找到。

blob / blɔb; blɑb/ n drop of (esp thick) liquid; small round mass or spot of colour 液体（尤指浓液）的一滴; 颜料的小圆块或小圆点:

a blob of paint, wax, cream 一滴油漆﹑ 蜡油﹑ 奶油.

crisp paper or cloth that is crisp is fresh, clean, and new= fresh a crisp, new five dollar bill crisp cotton sheets.

smudge v

[Tn] make a dirty or blurred mark or marks on (sth) 弄污, 污脏（某物）: paper smudged with fingerprints 被指印弄脏的纸 * You've smudged my picture! 你把我的画给弄脏了!

grab / græb; ɡræb/ v (-bb-)

(a) [I, Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sth (from sb/sth) grasp sth suddenly or roughly; snatch sth selfishly or rudely 抢; 抓; 抢夺; 攫取: Don't grab! 不要抢! *

He grabbed my collar and pulled me towards him. 他抓住我的领子把我拉到他面前. * He just grabbed the bag from my hand and ran off. 他抢走我手中的提包就跑了.

brass[U] bright yellow metal made by mixing copper and zinc 黄铜: [attrib 作定语] brass doorknobs, buttons 黄铜的门把手﹑ 钮扣 * a brass foundry 黄铜铸造厂

fixture / ˈfɪkstʃə(r); ˋfɪkstʃɚ/ n

(usu pl 通常作复数) thing, such as a bath, water tank or toilet, that is fixed in a building and is not removed when the owner moves house （建筑物内的）固定装置（如澡盆﹑ 水箱﹑ 马桶等）: plumbing fixtures 管道装置

hiss / hɪs; hɪs/ v

[I, Ipr] ~ (at sb/sth) make a sound like that of a long `s' 发出‘嘶’声:

The steam escaped with a loud hissing noise. 蒸汽发出很大的嘶嘶声冒了出 来. * A fire hisses if water is thrown on it. 把水浇到火上, 火就发出嘶嘶声.

rip to remove sth quickly or violently, often by pulling it: 撕裂或拉破 He ripped off his tie. ◆

7

The carpet had been ripped from the stairs. I've ripped my trousers. 我把裤子撕破了. * rip a piece of cloth (in two) 把一块布撕成两半

topple / ˈtɔpl; ˋtɑpl/ v

(a) [I, Ipr, Ip] ~ (over) be unsteady and fall 不稳而倒下:

The pile of books toppled over onto the floor. 那一摞书倒在地板上了.

clutch (a) [Tn] seize (sb/sth) eagerly 急忙抓住（某人[某事物]）:

He clutched the rope we threw to him. 他急忙抓住我们扔给他的绳子.

(b) [Tn, Tn.pr] hold (sb/sth) tightly in the hand(s) 紧紧地抱住﹑ 握住（某人[某物]）: clutch a baby in one's arms 双臂抱住婴儿 *

Mary was clutching her doll to her chest. 玛丽把洋娃娃抱在怀里.

demolish / dɪˈmɔlɪʃ; dɪˋmɑlɪʃ/ v [Tn]

(a) pull or knock down (a building, etc) 拆毁, 拆除（建筑物等）: They've demolished the slum district. 贫民区已拆除.

preparatory / prɪˈpærətrɪ; US -tɔːrɪ; prɪˋpærəˏtɔrɪ/ adj preparing for sth;准备的; 预备的; pre`paratory school (also infml 口语作 `prepschool)

(Brit) private school for pupils aged between7 and 13 whose parents pay fees for their education 私立小学.

(US) (usu private) school that prepares students for college （通常为私立的）大学预科学校.

My Turkish Grandmother

via / ˈvaɪə; ˋvaɪə/ prep by way of (sth); through 经由（某事物）; 通过: go from London to Washington via New York 从伦敦经纽约到华盛顿 *

I can send him a note via the internal mail system. 我可以通过内部通讯系统给他发通知.

vague / veɪg; veɡ/ adj (-r, -st)

not clearly expressed or perceived （表达或感知）含糊的, 不明确的, 不清楚的: a vague answer, demand, rumour 含糊其辞的回答﹑ 要求﹑ 传闻 * vague memories, hopes, fears 模糊的记忆﹑ 渺茫的希望﹑ 莫名的恐惧

filter~ in, out, through, etc (fig 比喻)

pass or flow slowly in a specified direction; become known gradually 慢慢传开; 渗透: New ideas are slowly filtering into people's minds. 新思想逐渐深入人心. * The news of the defeat started to filter through. 战败的消息开始传出来.

hippie (also hippy) / ˈhɪpɪ; ˋhɪpɪ/ n (esp in the late 1960s)

8

person who rejects organized society and established social habits and who joins others in

adopting an unconventional way of life, style of dress, etc （尤指20世纪60年代晚期的）嬉皮士（与社会现实格格不入的人, 常成群结伙实行与众不同的生活方式﹑ 着奇装异服等

Hitchhiking (also called lifting, thumbing or hitching, Thumb up a ride) is a form of transport, in which the traveller tries to get a lift (ride) from another traveller, usually a car or truck driver. 搭车旅行

rucksack

/ ˈrʌksæk; ˋrʌkˏsæk/ (also knapsack, US also `backpack) n bag strapped to the back from the shoulders, used by hikers, climbers, etc 背包（远足者﹑ 登山者等用的

exquisite / ˈekskwɪzɪt, also ɪkˈskwɪzɪt; ˋɛkskwɪzɪt, ɪkˋskwɪ-zɪt/ adj

extremely beautiful or delicate; finely or skilfully made or done 优美的; 优雅的; 精致的; 制作精良的:

(an) exquisite painting 极漂亮的画 * exquisite workmanship 精致的工艺 * an exquisite piece of lace 精美的花边.

doc·tor·ate /ˈdɔktərɪt US ˈdɑːk-/ n a university degree of the highest level She received her doctorate in history in 1998.

rendezvous / ˈrɔndɪvuː; ˋrɑndəˏvu/ n (pl unchanged复数不变 / -z; -z/)

~ (with sb) (place chosen for a) meeting at an agreed time 约会; 约会地点: arrange/make a rendezvous with Bill at the pub at two o'clock 与比尔约定两点钟在酒馆会面.

recede verb [V]

if a memory, feeling, or possibility recedes, it gradually goes away The pain in his head gradually receded.

if water recedes, it moves back from an area that it was covering The flood waters finally began to recede in November.

As the tide receded (from the shore) we were able to look for shells. 潮水（自岸边）退去, 我们就能寻找贝壳了.

consent / kənˈsent; kənˋsɛnt/ v ~ (to sth) give agreement or permission 同意; 允许: She won't consent to him staying out late/to his staying out late. 她不允许他在外面太晚.

9

They finally consented (ie agreed) to go with us. 他们终於同意了和我们一块走. ceremonious /ˌserɪˈməuniəs US -ˈmou-/ adj

done in a formal serious way, as if you were in a ceremony正式的

universal / ˏjuːnɪˈvɜːsl; ˏjunəˋvəsl/ adj [esp attrib 尤作定语] of, belonging to, affecting or done by all people or things in the world or in a particular group 全体的; 影响全体的; 全体做的; 共同的:

Television provides universalentertainment. 电视提供的是大众的娱乐. * War causes universal misery. 战争给所有的人带来苦难.

There is universal agreement on this issue. 在这个问题上, 大家观点一致.

10