一、重难点单词及词组用法归纳
1．be used to doing/ be used to do/ used to do
（1）be used to sth./ doing sth.指“习惯于/适于做某事”。
e.g.I’m not used to eating so much at lunchtime.
我不习惯午饭吃那么多。
I found the job tiring at first but I soon got used to it.
起初我觉得这工作很累人，但很快就习惯了。
注意：此词组中的be也可作get/ become词来替换。
e.g.Don’t worry——you’ll soon get used to his sense of humour.
别担心——你不久就会适他的幽默感的。
（2）be used to do指“被用来去做……”。
e.g.Wood can be used to make tables and chairs.
木头可以用来做桌椅。
Dolphins are being used to help cure sick people.
海豚正在被人们用来去治愈病人。
（3）used to do“过去常常做”，指过去持续或经常发生的事。
e.g.I used to live in London.
我曾经在伦敦住过。
We used to go sailing on the lake in summer.
从前的夏天，我们经常泛舟湖上。
I didn’t use to like him much when we were at school.
以前我们同学时，我并不太喜欢他。
2．all the way/ all the time
all the way
（1）也作the whole way表示“一路上；自始自终”(during the whole journey/ period of time)。
e.g.She didn’t speak a word to me all the way back home.
回家的路上，她没对我说过一句话。
Little Tom cried all the way to school.
小汤姆一路哭着到了。
（2）完全地；无保留地（completely, as much as it takes to achieve what you want）
e.g.I’m fighting him all the way.
我在全力和他对抗。
You can feel that the audience is with her all the way.
你可以感觉到听众完全支持他。
all the time也可作the whole time
（1）(某段时间内)一直；始终(during the whole of a particular period of time)
e.g.The letter was in my pocket all the time.(=While I was looking for it.)
这信一直在我的口袋里。
（2）经常；总是；老是(very often; repeatedly)
e.g.She leaves the lights on all the time.
她总是让灯亮着。
3．blame
（1）vt. 把……归咎于；责怪；指责
①blame sb./ sth. for sth.因为某事责怪某人
e.g.She doesn’t blame anyone for her father’s death.
她没把她父亲的死归罪于任何人。
A dropped cigarette is being blamed for the fire.
一根乱扔的烟头被指认为引起这场火灾的罪魁祸首。
②blame sth. on sb./ sth.把……归咎于……
e.g.Police are blaming the accident on dangerous driving.
警方把事故原因归咎于危险驾驶。
③be to blame for sth.=should be blamed for sth.对（坏事）负有责任
e.g.If anyone’s to blame, it’s me.
如果有人该承担责任，那就是我。
Which driver was to blame for the accident?
哪位司机是此次事故的肇事者？
注意：此词组中的be to blame是一主动式表示被动含义，不可用为：be to be blamed。
（2）n.（坏事或错事的）责任；（对某人的）责备；指责，主要用于搭配：
lay/ put the blame for sth. on sb.把某事归咎于某人
e.g.The government will have to take the blame for the riots.
政府将不得不对骚乱承担责任。
Why do I always get the blame for everything that goes wrong?
为什么出了事总是让我背黑锅？
（3）blameless adj. 无过错的；无守指责的
二、语法：名词性从句
考点聚焦
1．名词性从句的句法作用。
2．名词性从句连接词的确。
知识链接
（一）名词性从句的分类结构
1．主语从句句型结构
具体讲，主语从句有如下几个类型：
（1）It＋主句谓语＋连接词＋主语从句
e.g.That we love peace is known to all.
→It is known to all that we love peace.
Whose composition is better is hard to say.
→It is hard to say whose composition is better.
可以引导这类主语从句的连接词that, whether和连接代词who, whom, which，连接副词when, where, why, how，除that无词义以外，其余都有词义。
How a telephone works is a question which not everyone can answer.
（2）what＋主语＋及物动词谓语＋主句谓语
e.g.What he said is not true.
What we are doing is for building socialism.
e.g.Whoever wants to go may go at once.
Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
e.g.It happened that he was ill when we found him.
It seems that she doesn’t 1ike her job.
2．表语从句句型结构
引导表语从句的连接代词有who, whom, which, that，连接副词有when, where, why, how。
典题
He was ill. That is _______ he didn’t come today.
A．how B．because
C．why D．that
解析：
由句式结构看，空格处的词引导一个表语从句，由于题目开始陈述了原因，所以用why从句表示结果。
答案：C
3．宾语从句句型结构
（1）主语＋及物动词＋that＋从句
e.g.I imagine that you’re not very interested in politics.
（2）主语＋及物动词＋whether /if＋从句
e.g.The teacher asked if anyone was absent.
I wonder whether he will come(or not).
（3）主语＋及物动词＋连接代词/连接副词＋从句
e.g.He asked which exercise is the most difficult.
（4）主谓结构＋介词＋从句
e.g.The boss paid the workers according to how much they had done for him.
（5）主语＋及物动词＋to介词短语＋that从句
e.g.He explained to us that he had failed to catch the first bus.
（6）主语＋及物动词＋it＋形容词/名词＋从句
e.g.We felt it strange that she should leave without saying good-bye.
We thought it a shame they fought each other in class.
典题
Parents are taught to understand _______ important education is to their children’s future.(2004·)
A．that B．how C．such D．so
解析：
C、D两项不能引导从句，不可选。题意为“教家长理解对他们孩子的未来有多么重要。”使用how修饰形容词important。
答案：B
4．同位语从句句型结构
（1）主句主语＋that从句＋主句谓语
（2）主句主语＋谓语＋宾语＋that从句
e.g.We all know the fact that the earth moves around the sun.
The news that the Chinese women’s volleyball team has won the world’s championship soon spread over the whole country.
能跟同位语从句的通常是抽象名词，常见的有fact, idea, hope, doubt, news, conclusion. suggestion, problem, order, answer, decision, discovery, explanation, information, knowledge, opinion, truth, promise, report, thought，同位语从句用于说明这些名词的具体内容。如：Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
指点迷津
同位语从句和语从句的辨析
同位语从句说明其所修饰名词的具体内容，语从句对先行词进行限制、修饰。
that作为关系代词引导语从句，在从可作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时常可省略；that引导同位语从句时，起连词作用，没有实际意义，也不作句子的任何成分，一般不能省略。试比较：
The suggestion that we should learn English well is very important for us. (同位语从句)
The suggestion that Mr. Lee gave is very important for us. (语从句)
典题
①A story goes _______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court. (2004·)
A．when B．where C．what D．that
解析：
用that引导同位语从句，解释说明story的内容。其他选项不能引导同位语从句。A story goes是主句。
答案：D
②My mother made a promise________ I passed the examination, she would buy me an MP3.
A．that B．that if C．if that D．that whether
解析：
由于“I pass…she would…”与promise之间构成解释与被解释的关系。所以空格处首先引导一个同位语从句'又在同位语从引导条件状语从句。
答案：B
5．使用名词性从句须注意的几个问题
（1）what和that在名词性从的区别
what在名词性从可充当主语、宾语和表语，意义上相当于the thing(s)that，引导主语从句时，其谓语动词的单复数依句意而；that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义，引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数，引导宾语从句时，常被省略。
指点迷津
在下列情况中，引导宾语从句的that一般不可省略：
①that从句被短语、词组与谓语分隔开来时。
e.g.They told us once again that this would never happen.
②that从句置于句首表示强调时。
e.g.That he never did such a thing I simply can’t believe.
③及物动词agree, argue, learn, observe, suggest, announce后的that从句。
e.g.Please announce to our class that there will be no school tomorrow.
④that从句紧接在间接宾语之后时。
e.g.The teacher advised US that we should pay enough attention to reading and writing.
⑤有多个that从句时，只有第一个that可省略。
e.g.He said(that)he had finished reading this novel and that he would borrow another one.
⑥that从句与另一名词性从句作并列宾语时。
e.g.Everyone could see what was happening and that Tom was really shocked.
典题
①A modern city has been set up in ______ was a wasteland ten years ago. (2004·)
A．what B．which C．that D．where
解析：
介词in后接宾语从句，因此空格处填入引导宾语从句的连接词，而且该词在宾语从作主语，所以使用what。
答案：A
②I think father would like to know _______ I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.(2004·)
A．which B．why C．what D．how
解析：
由句子结构可知，此处需用连词引导宾语从句。根据的be up to(做……)判断，连词作to的宾语，只有A、C有可能，而which表示选择性，前文有选择范围，所以只能选what。
答案：C
（2）whether和if在名词性从的区别
下列情况只用whether不用if：
①引导主语从句且置于句首时；②引导表语从句时；③引导同位语从句时；④引导宾语从句且前置时；⑤作动词discuss和介词的宾语时；⑥其后紧跟or not时；⑦后接动词不式时；⑧用if引导会引起歧义时。如：
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
My problem now is whether I should have someone else take the place of me.
What the doctor really doubts is whether my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
It’s a question of whether you are fit for the position.
We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
Please tell me if you like it.(可理解为：①if引导宾语从句。意为：请告诉我你是否喜欢它；②if引导状语从句，意为：如果你喜欢它就告诉我。)
典题
①_______our school sports meet will be held is not decided yet.
A．If B．Whether C．Whenever D．That
解析：
由句意知空格处表示“是否”之意，故可排除C、D。又因为if不可引导主语从句，故只可用whether。
答案：B
（3）doubt与sure后名词性从的that, whether/if当doubt用于肯句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether或if；当doubt用于否句或疑问句时，后面名词性从句的连接词常用that。
当be sure引导的主句用于肯句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用that；当be sure引导的主句用于否句时，后面的名词性从句的连接词常用whether/if。
典题
①I don’t doubt _______ he can do a very good job.
A．that B．whether C．if D．which
解析：doubt用在否，用that引导从句。
答案：A
②What we are not sure about is _______he will accept the invitation.
A．if B．whether C．that D．which
解析：原sure用于否句，空格处引导一个表语从句。
答案：B
（4）“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”的用
whatever, whoever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导状语从句。引导名词性从句时，其主句缺主、宾、表、语，相当于anything that/anyone who；当引导状语从句时，其主句不缺任何成分，并且主句和从句通常用逗号隔开，相当于no matter what/ no matter who。“no matter＋疑问词”结构只能引导状语从句，能和“疑问词＋ever”结构互换。但不能引导名词性从句，no matter不能单独使用。
典题
①You can eat food free in my restaurant _______ you like.
A．whenever B．wherever C．whatever D．however
解析：
这是一个时间状语从句。whenever在时间状语从作时间状语。这句话的意思是：“(不管什么时候)只要你喜欢，你就可以在我的饭店免费吃饭。”已经存在地点状语、方式状语，故wherever, however, whatever就已不再需要。
答案：A
②______ gets home first is to cook the dinner.
A．Those who B．Who C．whom D．Whoever
解析：
由句式结构看，空格处该在作主语，故可排除C；由谓语动词is表示单数可以排除A；who引导从句，只能作从句主语，不能作主句主语，可以排除B；whoever引导主语从句，既可作主句主语，又可作从句主语。
答案：D
（5）what, who与whatever, whoever的区别
what, who是指具体的人或物，有特的范围；用whatever, whoever是表示任何一个人或事物，无范围可言，语气比前者强烈得多。
典题
I’ll make friends with _______ shares both my joys and sorrows.
A．that B．anyone C．who D．whoever
解析：
根据句式结构，该空格处该用一个既能引导从句，又能在从充当主语，且又有一词义的选项。
答案：D
（6）宾语从句的几种特别情况
①advise, ask, inform, question, teach, tell动词后习惯跟间接宾语＋宾语从句(间接宾语有时可省略)。repeat, announce, explain, describe, say, point out后的间接宾语前须有to。如：
Can you explain to me why you didn’t come to school yesterday?
②有些词如：hate, see to, take(认为)后习惯上跟一个形式宾语it再接宾语从句。如：
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
典题
I like ______ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright．(NMET 2004)
A．this B．that C．it D．one
解析：
该it指代in the autumn when the weather is Clear and bright此时的it为形式宾语。
答案：C
③在带有复合宾语的句子中，有时为了保持句子的平衡，用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在句尾，常带有复合宾语的动词有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think。如：
George made it clear that he disagreed.
典题
Why don’t you bring ______ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?
A．what B．it C．this D．that
解析：该that引导的是一个宾语从句，故而空格处用it作形式宾语。
答案：B
④allow, dislike, refuse, like, love, force，admire动词不可接that从句作宾语(可用不式或-ing形式表示)；envy, order, advise, congratulate之后不能用从句作直接宾语。如：
I envy him that he’s successful.(×)
I envy his being successful.(√)
I envy him his success.(√)
⑤that从句一般不能作介词宾语，但in, but, except例外。如：
He would have failed but that you helped him.
Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.
典题
These two areas are similar they both have a high rainfall during this season. (2004高三模拟)
A．to that B．besides that
C．in that D．except that
解析：
be similar to“与……相似”，be similar in“在……一方面相似”，that引导的从句作介词in的宾语。
答案：C
⑥主句谓语动词是think, consider, suppose, believe, except, guess, imagine表示“认为，相信，猜测”的动词时，习惯上把否词放在主句谓语上，但否的是从句。如：
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow.
指点迷津
当主句是第一人称，谓语动词是一般现在时，其反意疑问句的附加问句常与从句的主谓语保持一致。如：
I don’t believe she’s been to Australia, has she?
典题
—The boys are not doing a good job at all, are they?
—_______.(NMET·2003)
A．I guess not so B．I don’t guess
C．I don’t guess so D．I guess not
解析：
由选项可知，此处做出否回答。guess, hope, be afraid的否回答为其后加not的形式。
答案：D
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