写作题型

第四章 大学英语四级考试写作题型

根据教育部颁布的大学英语教学大纲的要求，大学英语四级考试的命题形式有以下几种：首尾句作文、提纲作文、图表作文、命题作文、书信体作文等。 第一节段首句作文 段首句作文的类型

段首句作文也称主题句作文或起始句作文。段首句作文除给出题目外，还将文章分成若干段落（多数分为三段），并且给出每一段的第一句或第一句的开头部分，要求续写并完成段落。段首句作文是四（六）级写作中常见的作文题型之一，是一种控制或指导性作文。

段首句作文的类型

三段式的作文通常有三种类型：

（1）在每段的段首给出主题句。如下面的作文题：

Pleasures in Reading

1. I enjoy reading very much. ____________________________.

2. In the first place, reading can

disperse loneliness. _____________.

3. Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life. ______________.

（2）前两段的段首给出主题句，最后一段的段尾给出结论。如下面的作文题： Chinese Women

1. Women in China have been liberated in many aspects. __________.

2. However, there still exist some problems. ______________.

3. _______________. In the future, we can expect a more promising prospect for the Chinese women.

（3）前两段的段首句是主题句，最后一段的段首给出短语或者过渡词。如下面的作文题：

Project Hope

1. Project Hope is an urgent measure that our government has taken to help poor children in China who cannot afford to go to

school._______________________________

____.

2. This project is of great importance to our country. ______________.

3. In my opinion, _____________.

第三节关键词作文

关键词作文是根据作文题目以及所给出的关键词写短文。关键词的数目由几个到十几个不等。写这种题型的作文，要特别注意关键词的作用。关键词是短文内容发展的“路标”，在作文思路和写作内容上起着决定乾坤的作用。因此，写出的文章要把所给的这些关键词都用上，可以一句中用上几个词，也可以几句中用上一个词，只要能做到恰到好处即可。而且，要学会根据所给关键词的语义群分段。如果所给的关键词可以分为三组，那么，短文就可以写成三段。如果给出的关键词是两组，短文就可以写为两段。再者，要把给出的关键词用在刀刃上，即各段的主题句以及结尾的主题句都应该有关键词。

［例1］Directions: For this part, you

are allowed 30 minutes to write a passage on “The Advantages of Travel” based on the words and phrases given: advantages widen our knowledge, make friends, knowledge or geography,beautiful scenery, different lifestyle, customs and cultures, various foods, practice a foreign language,worth spending the time.

第六节书信体作文

书信是一种应用非常广泛的应用文形式之一。英文书信的种类很多，但可以把它们归为两大类，一类是私人书信（personal letters），另一类是事务书信（business letters），例如：申请信、求职信、推荐信、证明信、感谢信等。英文书信的书写有一定的格式。一封完整的书信应包括寄信人的地址和日期；收信人的姓名和地址；称呼、正文、结尾和签名。 一、书信的格式

英文书信的格式与汉语不尽相同，具体表现在信封的写法和英文信的结构两方面。 1． 信封的写法

在信封正面左上方写下发信人姓名、地址，在信封中间偏右一点，写下收信人的姓名、地址。姓名单独占一行，地址和名称按从小到大的顺序。一般信封的写法有两种形式，第一种为并列式（block form），即每行开头要平齐，例如：

Li Ming

Chinese Department

Beijing University

Beijing, P. R.China

Mrs. Mary Smith 26 Long Street London, N. W. 16

Great Britain

第二种为缩进式（indented form），即每行开头都要向右推进两到三个字母，例如：

Li Ming

Chinese Department

Beijing University

Beijing, P.R. China Mrs. Mary Smith 26 Long Street London, N. W. 16 Great Britain 2． 信的构成

英文信一般由六部分组成。下面的实例可以说明英文信的构成，实例之后还有对英文信结构的详细说明。

发信人地址→

Chinese Department Beijing University Beijing, China 1000

30th Jan 2004

Prof, Mary Smith

26 Long Street

London, H. W. 16←收信人地址

Great Britain

Dear Madam, ←对收信人的称呼

信的正文

结束语→Sincerely 签名→Li Ming

（1）写信人地址和发信日期

写信人地址和发信日期通常写在信纸右上方，先写地址，后写日期。日期的写法英美不尽相同，以下几种写法皆可： Jan. 30, 2002 Jan. 30th, 2002 30th Jan. 200230 Jan, 2002 （2）收信人姓名和地址

收信人姓名、地址写在左上方，低于写信人地址和发信日期一至两行，一般要在收信人姓名前加上尊称或头衔，如Mr., Mrs., Prof., Director等，如： Prof. Wang

Chinese Department Beijing University

（3）对收信人的称呼

对收信人的称呼自成一行，写在收信人姓中、地址下面空一行外，信纸左边顶格写，称呼一般以Dear开始。 （4）信的正文

信的正文是信的主体部分，一般在呼语下面空两行开始写，每段的第一行都要空一个字母，正文部分既要内容完整，条理清楚，又要注意必要的礼节。 （5）结束语和谦称

在信的结尾处发信人对收信人往往使用一种谦称。这部分写在正文下面一至两行处，一般在信纸中间或偏右的地方写起，首字母要大写，末尾用“，”。常用谦词有：

Yours truly, Truly yours, Faithfully yours, Yours faithfully, Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, Yours lovingly, Yours, Yours ever等。 （6）发信人签名

信末的签名一般低于结束用语一至两行，从信纸中间偏右的地方写起。一般要签全名，除非是自己十分熟悉或亲密的人。有时，还

要写上发信人的职务或头衔。

另外，有时信中还有附件，这时要在信的左下角注明Encl(enclosure)或Enc.，如： Enc. Drive License附驾驶执照

如果在写完信后，又有需要补充的内容，可在左下方写P. S. (postscript) 。 二、英文书信实例

1.求职申请信要写明你要申请的工作或职务，你的学历、能力或你的特长。求职申请信的写作要做到简单、明了，要用简洁的语言清楚地反映你的才能、成绩、经历。申请信主要用于申请入学、学术交流等。这类信件应写明本人的意愿、申请的理由。求职申请信的常用句型有：

①I’d like to apply for the job (post, position) advertised...

②In answer to your advertisement, I wish to apply for...

③I have had the experience of...

④I am very interested in (keen on) ... ⑤I shall be much obliged if you will give me an opportunity for interview...

⑥I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university to pursue my Ph. D. Degree.

［例1］Graduate School of Stanford University

Stanford University

P. O. Box 616

U. S. A

May 12, 2002

Foreign Affairs Office Beijing University Beijing, P. R. China

Dear Sirs,

I am a postgraduate student at the Graduate School of Stanford University. I focus my studies on Chinese culture. Upon graduation, I would like to come to your university as an English

instructor or tutor.

I have been studying the Chinese Language and culture for the past two years in Stanford. I would like to continue my studies in China as an English instructor. In addition to my extensive educational background, I have computer and baseball coaching experience, which may also be of benefit to your university.

Enclosed is a resume concerning my educational background.

I look forward to your reply. Sincerely yours， John Smith ［例2］

English Department

Beijing University

Beijing, China

Feb. 16, 2002

The Graduate School Hawaii University P. O. Box 135

Dear Sir，

My name is Gao Ying. I was enrolled in English Department of Beijing University in 1994. During my four years of study, I was a top student, and received good grades in all my courses. After my graduation, I continued to study in American literature and obtained my M. A. degree in 2001.

With a view to further studies, I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university to pursue my Ph. D. in the field of world literature.

Thank you very much for your

consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you. Sincerely yours, Gao Ying

2.邀请信一般分为正式和非正式两种。熟悉的朋友之间可采用非正式的形式，即正文用第一人称写，称呼也可以随便一些。写邀请信时要做到语言朴实，态度热情，要说明邀请的原因、活动地点和时间。用词要清晰明了；信函内容应简短，不要使用太多描绘性语言。如果要求被邀请者答复，则要在信上注明“RSVP” （“请答复” ）或“Please reply”。被邀请人在收到信后应立即答复。 如果接受，应先表示感谢和被邀请的喜悦心情，而且需要重复写明出席的时间和地点。如果谢绝，除了表示谢意之外，还需要表达失望或遗憾之感，然后具体说明不能履约的原因。邀请信及其回复的常用句型： ①We would like to invite you to... ②How about coming...

③I’d be very pleased ( happy, delighted ) to accept ( come to ) ...

④Thank you for your...

⑤Thank you for your invitation. ...but unfortunately...

⑥I am sorry but I simply can’t come... ［例1］邀请信 March 12, 2004

Dear Wang Hong,

We are planning a party to celebrate Professor Zhangs fiftieth anniversary of this teaching career and of course we want you to come. It is next Saturday, March 23rd, at eight oclock in the university dinner hall.

I do hope you can make it. I am looking forward to seeing you. Affectionately yours, Gao Ming ［例2］应邀

Dear Gao Ming,

I will be delighted to take part in the

party on Saturday, the 23rd of March at eight o’ clock. How nice of you to ask me!

I am also looking forward to seeing you and Professor Zhang. Very sincerely yours, Wang Hong

［例3］谢绝信

Dear Gao Ming,

It was sweet of you to ask me to attend the party. But now I must regretfully write that I will be out of the city next Saturday, and I therefore cant accept your kind invitation for the party on that day.

I feel sorry to miss a meeting with you and Professor Zhang.

Best wishes to you and Professor Zhang. Sincerely yours, Wang Hong

3.祝贺信是表示庆祝的书信。在西方风俗习

惯中，遇到重大的节假日，比如新年、圣诞节、生日等以及亲朋好友之间遇到了什么喜事都应写信致以问候或赠送礼品。贺信的写作要注意主题明确，中心突出，情感真挚但切记不要言过其实，评价要恰当，要表现出真诚的喜悦和祝贺。另外，代表单位的贺信应较为正式，措词要严谨、谦恭。祝贺信常用语：

①Congratulate you on...

②It was great to hear that you... ③With my whole congratulations and best wishes for...

④Luck and success in the coming year! ⑤Please accept our best and sincere wishes for the New Year!

⑥Hearty congratulations and all good wishes on this wonderful day in your life! ［例1］

March 12, 2004

Dear Wang Ying,

We are glad to learn that you are graduating from Beijing University and planning to find a job in a computer company in Beijing.

Congratulations on the job well done while at university and good luck to you during your new career.

I wish you success in all your undertakings and hope youll enjoy your new career.

Anytime you come back home, I wish you would come to my home. Then, we may recall our old happy days. I sincerely hope you will find happiness and success in your new job. Sincerely yours, Li Ping ［例2］

March 16, 2004

Dear Li Ping,

Please accept my warm congratulations

on your election as president of the Students Union. I can’t think of anyone who would have been a better choice. I feel that it is a fine tribute from your schoolmates, and a reward you richly deserve for your many years of splendid service to the students in your school. This honor is also due to your ability in dealing with problems, I sincerely hope you will enjoy your work. Yours truly, Zhu Ying

4.感谢信是为了感谢对方的关心、帮助和支持而书写的信件。在写感谢信时，正文部分主要写感谢的内容和感激的心情，可以叙述被感谢的人或事件，重点放在这一帮助所产生的效果上。所用的语言要准确、客观，情感要真挚。感谢信常用的句型： ①Thank you very much for...

②I am extremely grateful for...

③I realize that the task took you a great deal of precious time.

④Thank you very much for your hospitality (kindness).

⑤Thank you very much for doing so much to make my trip to Beijing interesting. ［例1］Room 608, Friendship Hotel March 18, 2002

Dear Sir,

I am an Englishman, now on a tour in Beijing. This is the first time I am in China. I naturally feel that everything is interesting and strange. Yesterday, when I visited the Great Wall, I was greatly fascinated in this marvelous miracle. Upon my arrival back at the hotel, I found my handbag was missing. There were my passport and a camera in it. I was very worried, feeling that it was completely impossible for me to find it again. At eight oclock in the evening, a young man accompanied by a hotel attendant came to my room with a

bag in his hand. I at once recognized that it was my bag. I thanked him heartily for his kindness and offered him a reward of 200 U. S. dollars. But he refused to take even a cent. At my insistence, he told me his name when leaving. He is Zhu Ying of your company. Deeply moved by his selfless spirit, I am writing a letter to commend his noble deed. Please convey my gratitude for him.

Yours respectfully, Jack London ［例2］

Dear Prof. Wang,

Thanks to your letter of recommendation to the CEO of Net Ease. I have been given a place in the editorial department at an encouraging salary. I began work last week and I think that I shall enjoy it very much. Mr. Wu, the CEO had a friendly

talk with me this morning. He also mentioned your recommendation. I assured him that I would do my best to live up to your recommendation. Prof. Wang, I want to thank you sincerely for your great kindness. Without your help I couldnt have secured this position. Thank you very much. I will do my best not to let you down. Faithfully yours,

Li Ming Directions: Suppose you were Li Ming. You want to apply for a job as a personal secretary to the General

Manager of a trading company. Write a letter to the Human Resources Department of the company . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.

1. 简要介绍自己并说明应征该职位 2. 告知公司为什么对此感兴趣 3. 简述你为何是合适人选 An Application Letter

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am Li Ming, a would-be graduate from Ninjing University. My major is

English. Through the job advertisement, I have learned that you are hunting a qualified individual for a personal secretary to the General Manager of your esteemed company. I am fully

convinced that I am the right person for the job.

I realize that my future boss is extremely busy. However, it is exactly the challenge of my prospective

position that attracts me. I am sure that my honesty,

carefulness,patience,expertise ,

commitment and extensive knowledge will produce an excellent job performance.

Next month, I am going to graduate from the English Department of Nanjing University, and I have over two years of

secretarial experience. I have enclosed the details of my academic record, skills, and language abilities. Thank you for your time in considering my application.

Yours Sincerely, Li Ming

第七节图画作文

图画作文通常是一幅漫画,要求考生仔细观察、分析图画的内容，根据其所隐含的信息写一篇短文。一般来说，图画反映某种社会现实或现象，或讽刺，或针砭时弊，或呼吁以引起公众的注意。

由于考试的内容和信息是以图画方式出现，所以这就对考生的归纳整理信息和分析总结信息的能力提出了较高的要求。因此，在平时的训练中，考生一定要多加注意。下面我们对图画作文的写作技巧加以简单说明： 一、图画作文的写作技巧

（1）仔细审题。这是任何写作的关键步骤。

要求考生认真阅读短文的命题，分析图画的内容以及猜测出题者的意图。

（2）确定写作的重点和范围。根据分析的结果编排段落，确定每一段落的写作重点。按照题目要求把与主题相关的信息进行筛选、归纳和分类。

（3）拟定提纲，拟定提纲实际上就是按照命题和提示的具体要求确定文章的结构。常见的结构是：陈述事实——分析原因——得出结论或提出建议或做出评论。 二、实例分析 Directions:

(1) Study the following pictures carefully and writes an essay of about 200 words. (2) Your essay should meet the following requirements:

①Describe the picture.

②Deduce the purpose of the drawer of the picture.

③Give your comments or suggestions. Note: This picture is copied from 21st

CENTURY, Dec. 6, 2001 with some change. There are three figures in this picture: the parents and the child. Clearly enough, the child is being taken to the task severely by the angry mother, while the father beside is clapping his hands and seemingly urged her to pour all the complaints upon the poor child. Take a look at the child, who is crying her heart out. And youll immediately guess the reason why she is being treated like this. Maybe she has done something wrong, or not finished her homework, or failed a quiz. Sympathizing with the child, I doubt about this kind of way of parent’s nurturing children. Judging from the captions（说明文字）in the picture, we can see what happens between parents and children is actually a reflection of widening generation gap.

The generation gap is not a new topic,

which has been echoing on every continent for ages. Nowadays, many parents complain that their children are increasingly disobedient and rebellious, whereas children think their parents never understand them, forcing them to do what they dont want, and thus hold the least respect for their elders. So what on earth is it that makes the misunderstanding happen? To my mind, there are three reasons which I think are worth mentioning. First of all, parents are the very persons responsible for this widening generation gap. Parents tend to regulate their kids by copying standards and criteria, which they themselves were required of when they were the same age. They are always ignorant of the fact that things are changing with time passing by. Second, parents always expect too much from

their kids. They want to realize their unfulfilled wishes through their children by giving them a lot of additional work to do. Thus many children and teenagers would attend countless interest classes such as piano class, calligraphy class, drawing class, etc, besides the normal schooling. Many of them do so not out of curiosity but because of pressure. The third reason may go to the children. They should give their parents more understanding that parents do everything not for their own sake, but for the sake of the children themselves. If they dont want to do something, they should tell their parents the reason and try to persuade their parents into agreeing with them instead of keeping silent and acting passively. This will surely cut down on the misunderstanding and promote the mutual

understanding, consequently bridging the gap.

All in all, the relationship between parents and children is integrated and interacts. If one is bothered, the other will feel it.

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about an opening speech. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1. 表明你的身份和事件

2. 对到场领导老师的支持予以感谢并阐述体育运动所带给大家的好处

3. 宣布运动会开幕并预祝此次运动会取得成功.

An Opening Speech Ladies and Gentlemen,

Good morning! I am Oscar, the spokesman of the Students’ Union. On behalf of the Students’ Union, the main organizer of today’s sports meeting, I welcome you all to the beautiful stadium. After two months’ preparation, our annual sports meeting is held on schedule.

Thanks to the support and help from our school leaders and teachers. Though they have many school responsibilities, they have taken time off to take part in our sports activities. Let’s give them a big hand. Through sports, we can not only develop our physical prowess, but also promote social and emotional skills, and even intellectual skills, which will matter in our future lives substantially. So hope everybody here cherish this opportunity and enjoy it.

At last, best wishes for the success of the sports meeting and best wishes for the good results of our athletes. It is my pleasure to announce the open of the sports meeting. Thank you and good luck!

点评：本预测题是一篇开幕词，与2005年1月竞选学生会演说词相仿，运动会也是在校大学生校园生活必不可少的一部分，是在校生比较熟悉的话题，有话可说，便于发挥。