自考词汇学05-10年真题

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ____ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. （ ） A. small

B. meaningful C. vocal D. large

2. ____ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. （ ） A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot

3. “I'm sure that they will come today.”

There are____content words in the above sentence. （ ） A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabulary develops? （ ） A. Acronym. B. Blending. C. Elevation. D. Borrowing.

5. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT____. ( ) A. kungfu B.TV dinner C. fast food D. Watergate

6. In modern times, ____is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. （ ）

A. semantic change B. borrowing C, expansion D. creation

7. The plural morphme “-s” is realizd by/Iz/after the following sounds EXCEPT____.( ) A. /s/ B. /g/ c. /z/ D. /ろ/

8. The word “idealistic” comprises ____morphemes. （ ） A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ____.( ) A. happier B. worker C. harder D. taller

10. “Washing machine” is a word formed by____.（ ） A. prefixation B. compounding C. conversion D. blending

11. “TV” is a(n) ____.（ ） A. initialism B. acronym

C. derivative D. compound

12. The prefix “mis-” in the word “mistrust” is a ____prefix. （A. negative B. reversative C. pejorative D. locative

） 13. Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings of “word meaning”? （ ）

A. Reference. B. Concept. C. Sense.

D. Pronunciation.

14. Such synonymous pair as “die-pass away” has the same ____but different stylistic values. （ ） A. reference B. concept

C. motivation D. style

15. The word “airmail” is ____motivated. （ ） A. onomatopoeically B. etymologically C. semantically

D. morphologically来源:考试大-自考站

16. Words are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and pronunciation is concerned. But ____, all words are related in one way or another.( ) A. linguistically B. semantically C. grammatically D. pragmatically

17, ____, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning. （ ） A. Onomatopoeically B. Diachronically C. Synchronically D. Etymologically

18. One important criterion to tell the fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants is to see their____. （ ） A. ideology B. etymology C. mythology D. methodology

19. Vocabulary is the most ____element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. （ ） A. unbalanced

B. unstable C. unhinged D. undoubted

20. In Shakespeare's well-known Hamlet, rival means “____”and jump means “just”. （ ） A. janitor B. partner C. collector D. observer

21. In the sentence “Just after two years he is quite a grown boy now.” The word grown can be classified into ____sense of transfer. （ ） A. physical B. objective C. sensational D. subjective

22. In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is called ____context. （ ） A. non-linguistic B. lexical

C. grammatical D. cultural

23. The sentence “He is a hard businessman.” is ambiguous due to____. （ ）

A. grammatical structure B. lexical context C. homonymy D. polysemy

24. The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire____. （ ）

A. physical situation B. grammatical structure C. mental activity D. cultural background

25. Which of the following is NOT one respect of the rhetorical features of idioms? （ ）

A. Phonetic manipulation. B. Lexical manipulation.

C. Syntactical manipulation. D. Figures of speech.

26. In nothing flat as an idiom is ____in nature. （ ） A. verbal B. nominal

C. adjectival D. adverbial

27. The idiom “failure is the mother of success” is a ____ as far as figures of speech are concerned. （ ） A. simile B. metaphor C. metonymy

D. personification

28. Which of the following is NOT one of the three good general dictionaries mentioned in the textbook? ( ) A. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. B. Webster's Third New International Dictionary. C. A Chinese-English Dictionary.

D. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary.

29. Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ______dictionary. ( ) A. unabridged B. desk C. pocket

D. encyclopedic

30. British dictionaries generally use____to mark the pronunciation. A. British Phonetic Alphabet B. American Phonetic Alphabet

C. International Phonetic Alphabet D. Webster's Phonetic Alphabet

II. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of prefixes; 2) the functions of affixes; 3) types of antonyms; and 4) types of meanings. (10%)

A B （ ） 31. appreciative meanings A. maltreat （ ） 32. parent/child B. Jap/nigger

（ ） 33. pejorative prefixes C. tremble (not quiver) with fear （ ） 34. man/woman D. famous/determined （ ） 35. hyperactive/superfreeze E. extraordinary/telecommunication

（ ） 36. collocative meaning E prefixes of degree （ ） 37. decompose/unwrap G. inflectional affixes

（ ） 38. pejorative meaning H. reversative prefixes （ ） 39. radios/desks I. contradictory terms （ ） 40. locative prefixes J. relative terms

llI. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. Grammarians insist that a word be a ____form that can function in a sentence.

42. In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions because English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present ____language.

43. The morphemes can be grouped into free morphemes and ____morphemes. 44. New words which are created by adding affixes to stems are called____. 45. Though having little lexical meaning, ____words have strong grammatical meaning.

46. The vocabulary of a language is in constant change; old items drop out, new items come in, and as the new replace the old, so the internal ____of the whole set alter.

47. The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or____.

48. The sentence “I like Mary better than Jean.” will lead to____. 49. The fixity of idioms depends on the____.

50. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ____and encyclopedic dictionaries.

IV. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. borrowed words 52. conversion 53. motivation . narrowing

55. replacement of idioms

V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 56. What are derivational affixes?

57. What is grammatical meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.

58. What type of transfer is experienced for the word in bold type? The fairy tale “The Sleeping Beauty” is very interesting. 59. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the stylistic features of idioms.

Stylistically speaking, most idioms are neither formal nor informal. VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

60. Analyze and comment, with a diagram, on the italicized words increase, extend and expand in the following three sentences based on the concept of discrimination of synonyms.

[a] The company has decided to increase its sales by ten per cent next year.

[b] The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year.

[c] The metal will expand if heated. 61.State the roles of context in determination of word meaning. Illustrate your points with examples.

全国2009年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by ______.（ ） A. use frequency B. notion C. origin D. sound

2. Which of the following words does NOT belong to jargon? （ ） A. Orchestra. B. Bottom line.

C. Ballpark figures. D. Bargaining chips.

3. In the sentence “It is fun to play with children.”, there are ______ content words. （ ） A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4. Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT ______.（ ） A. open heart surgery B. fast food C. moon walk D. space shuttle

5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, the Americans use “sick” for ______ in British English. （ ） A. six B. ailment

C. throwing up D. ill

6. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ______ endings. （ ） A. leveled

B. short C. long

D. paralleled

7. The plural morpheme “-s” is pronounced as/s/in the following words EXCEPT ______. （ ） A. packs B. bags C. cheats D. ships

8. There are ______ free morphemic words in the following words: bird, man, red, turn.（ ） A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

9. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______. （ ） A. subsea B. prewar C. postwar D. desks

10. The suffix “-tion” is a ______ suffix. （ ） A. adjective B. verb C. adverb D. noun

11. From the sentences “Hand in your papers.” and “She papered the room green.”, we can see such a means of word formation as ______. （ ） A. affixation B. compounding C. conversion D. acronymy

12. The word “beg” comes from the word “beggar”. Such a way of creating a new word is called ______. （ ） A. suffixation B. clipping C. blending

D. back-formation

13. “Pen” and “sword” in the sentence “The pen is mightier than the sword.” are ______ motivated words. （ ） A. semantically B. etymologically C. morphologically D. onomatopoeically

14. “Tables, men, potatoes” have the same ______ meaning, for they have the same plural meaning. （ ） A. lexical B. grammatical C. conceptual D. associative

15. Stylistic features of words include the following EXCEPT ______. （ ） A. formal B. literary

C. argumentative D. slang

16. The word ______ is an illustrative example of concatenation. （ ） A. neck B. board

C. candidate D. harvest

17. Based on the degree of ______, homonyms fall into three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones. （ ） A. intensity B. property C. similarity D. variety

18. Complete synonyms are identical both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including ______ and associative meanings. （ ） A. conceptual B. perceptual C. eventual D. actual

19. Narrowing of meaning, also called ______, is the opposite of widening meaning. （ ） A. specialization B. realization

C. evolution D. creation

20. As far as transfer is concerned, the phrase “loud colours” falls into the category of transfer ______.（ ） A. from concrete to abstract meanings B. from abstract to concrete meanings C. through association D. of sensations

21. In the sentence “She said with an embarrassed laugh.”, the word “embarrassed” can be classified into ______ sense of transfer. （ ） A. subjective B. objective C. sensational D. physical

22. Based on ______ context, we can determine the meaning of “do the flowers”. （ ） A. cultural B. grammatical C. lexical D. situational

23. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ______ or non-linguistic context. （ ） A. extra-linguistic B. lexical

C. grammatical D. syntactical

24. In the sentence “Many United Nations employees are polyglots. Mr. Mary, for example, speaks five languages.”, the word “polyglot” is explained by ______ clue. （ ） A. definition B. example C. synonymy D. hyponymy

25. Which of the following is NOT one of the stylistic features of idioms? （ ）

A. Frozen style. B. Slang.

C. Literary style. D. Colloquialisms.

26. “Chop and change” is an idiom ______ in nature. （ ） A. verbal B. nominal

C. adjectival D. adverbial

27. The change of idiom “the last straw” from the original form is ______.（ ）

A. replacement B. dismembering C. addition D. shortening

28. Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into ______ and encyclopedic dictionaries. （ ） A. linguistic B. encyclopedia C. specialized D. unabridged

29. Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English is a(n) ______ dictionary. （ ） A. specialized B. desk C. pocket

D. encyclopedic

30. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDCE) was noted for the following aspects EXCEPT ______. （ ）

A. its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usages B. its simple and clear definitions C. its use of extra column

D. its meticulous and complete grammatical information

Ⅱ. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) types of morphemes; 3) sense relations and 4) types of idioms. (10% ) A B

( ) 31. rich/well-to-do/poor A. contradictory term of antonym ( ) 32. call it a day B. superordinate/subordinate

( ) 33. sow v. to scatter seeds/sow n. female adult pig C. homograph ( ) 34. recollection/idealistic D. idiom nominal in nature ( ) 35. employer/employee E. notional words

( ) 36. without/behind F. relative term of antonym ( ) 37. fish/herring G. bound morphemes

( ) 38. cut and dried H. free morphemes

( ) 39. watch/teach I. idiom verbal in nature

( ) 40. brain trust J. idiom adjectival in nature

Ⅲ. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.

42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and ______.

43. ______ morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 44. Prefixes only modify the ______ of the stem.

45. Lexical ______ of a word has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

46. In dictionaries, a ______ has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.

47. Indeed, it often happens that a word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the ______ has changed.

48. The sentence “I lost Betty's picture.” is ambiguous due to ______. 49. Based on the criterion of ______ functions, idioms may be classified into five groups.

50. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both ______ dictionaries and encyclopedia. Ⅳ. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. word

52. clipping

53. onomatopoeic

. synchronic approach 55. desk dictionaries

Ⅴ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )

56. Why, in modern English, were word endings mostly lost with just a few exceptions?

57. What are the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

58. How do you account for the semantic change in the living languages? 59. What are contextual clues? Find out the meanings of the words in bold type and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meanings.

A. Do you know the architect? He designed St. Paul's Cathedral.

B. The book was only published posthumously, for the author had been dead for three years already. C. It is undesirable to write with too many parentheses, a pair of brackets round word or phrases.

Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

60. Analyze and comment on the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the extra-linguistic factors, each with example word(s) given below. pen, atom churl

copperhead

61. Analyze and comment on the fundamental difference between the

processes of radiation and concatenation with the words neck and treacle.

全国2009年4月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）

1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（ ） A．meaning B．sound

C．combination of sounds D．group

2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（ ） A．more slowly than B．as quickly as

C．more rapidly than D．not so quickly as

3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（ ） A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound

4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（ ） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle

5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.（ ） A．form B．meaning C．look

D．pronunciation

6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（ ） A．four

B．fell C．for D．autumn

7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/

8．There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.（ ） A．one B．two C．three D．four

9．The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．works B．prewar C．postwar D．bloody

10．30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.（ ） A．compounding B．affixation C．conversion D．shortening

11．The word “motel” is created by ______.（ ） A．compounding B．clipping C．blending D．suffixation

12．“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.（ ） A．acronymy B．clipping

C．back-formation D．prefixation

13．The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．grammatical meaning

B．conceptual meaning C．associative meaning D．literal meaning

14．By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.（ ） A．onomatopoeic B．morphological C．semantic

D．etymological

15．______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.（ ） A．Reference B．Concept C．Sense

D．Motivation

16．Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.（ ） A．word formation B．word meaning C．meaning change D．sense relations

17．When a word is first coined, it is always ______.（ ） A．semantic B．onomatopoeic C．monosemic D．polysemic

18．The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．ire/anger B．rich/wealthy

C．forlorn/distressed D．bliss/happiness

19．Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.（ ） A．senses B．forms

C．dialects D．terms

20．The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”（ ） A．extension B．elevation C．narrowing D．degradation

21．In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable

gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.（ ） A．subjective B．objective C．sensational D．physical

22．Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?（ ） A．Elimination of ambiguity.

B．Indication of referents.

C．Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.

D．Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning. 23．The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.（ ）

A．grammatical context B．polysemy C．antonymy D．hyponymy

24．In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.（ ） A．relevant details B．synonymy C．antonymy D．hyponymy

25．The idiom “toss and turn” is a(n) ______ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. （ ）

A．alliteration B．metaphor

C．metonymy D．rhyme

26．Which of the following is NOT one of the types of idioms?（ ） A．Sentence idioms.

B．Idioms adverbial in nature. C．Clausal idioms.

D．Idioms nominal in nature.

27．The following are all variations of idioms, EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．replacement B．addition C．shortening D．repetition

28．Generally speaking, a dictionary will cover the following content EXCEPT ______.（ ） A．spelling

B．syntactical usage C．pronunciation D．definition

29．As a general Chinese-English dictionary, ______ is the most complete and up-to-date, most elaborately treated one（ ） A．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995)

B．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation

C．A New English-Chinese Dictionary

D．Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation 30．Collins COBUILD English Usage (1992), is a(n) ______ dictionary.（ ）

A．unabridged B．desk

C．specialized D．encyclopedic

Ⅱ．Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%) A （ ）31．She burst into passionate sobbing. （ ）32．He drops off to sleep, the lamb.

（ ）33．and （ ）34．the man’s coat （ ）35．here and there （ ）37．rough and ready （ ）38．ex-prisoner （ ）39．fair and square （ ）40．Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. B A．juxtaposition B．notional word

C．transfer of sensations D．abstract to concrete E．derivational affix F．alliteration G．functional word H．inflectional affix I．associated transfer J．rhyme

Ⅲ．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.（10%）

41．When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.

42．Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.

43．We might say that free morphemes are free ________.

44．The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________.

45．Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word．

46．Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.

47．Vocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. 48．Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.

49．Idioms consist of set ________ and short sentences. 50．Monolingual dictionaries are written in ________ language. Ⅳ．Define the following terms.（10%） 51．morpheme 52．homonym 53．connotation ．elevation 55．idiom

Ⅴ．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）

56．As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?

57．What are the semantic features of compounds? Give an example to illustrate your point.

58．Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the characteristics of antonyms. State your reason with one example.

Contrary terms are non-gradable and allow intermediate members in between.

59．How do you account for the context function as indication of referents? Ⅵ．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.（20%）

60．Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.

—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”

—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.

61．Analyze the three causes of meaning change within the scope of the linguistic factors, based on the given words below. （1）gold, bulb;

（2）deer, beast, animals; （3）fortuitous, fruition.

全国2008年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Which of the following words does NOT belong to terminology? ( ) A. Penicillin. B. Algebra.

C. Symphony. D. Knife.

2. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words. ( ) A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5

3. Of the characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is ________. ( ) A. all national character B. productivity C. polysemy

D. collocability

4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the following EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. tahini D. Watergate

5. The prehistoric ________ parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language, which English originated from. ( ) A. Prussian

B. Indo-European C. Czech D. Russian

6. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into the ________ set and the Western set. ( )

A. Eastern B. African C. American D. Northern

7. The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /z/ after the following sounds EXCEPT ________. ( ) A./z/ B./g/ C./d/ D./b/

8. The word “recollection” comprises ________ morphemes. ( ) A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4

9. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. works B. worker C. working D. worked

10. “Dis-” in the word “disloyal” is a ________ prefix. ( ) A. negative B. reversative C. pejorative D. locative

11. The word “AIDS” is a(n) ________. ( ) A. initialism B. acronym C. derivative D. compound

12. The word “smog” is created by blending, with the structure of ________. ( ) A. head + tail B. head + head C. head + word D. word + tail

13. So far as stylistic meaning is concerned, “residence” is ________.( ) A. neutral B. informal C. colloquial D. formal

14. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________.( )

A. appreciative B. pejorative C. connotative D. collocative

15. “Pavement” in British English and “sidewalk” in American English have the same ________.( ) A. motivation B. collocation C. sense

D. connotation

16. A common feature peculiar to all natural languages is ________. ( )

A. homonymy B. hyponymy C. monosemy D. polysemy

17. In both CCELD and LDCE, the most frequently used meaning of the word “gay” is ________.( )

A. joyous and lively, merry, happy B. homosexual

C. given to social life and pleasure D. bright, brilliant

18. All the following words can be used as an antonym to the word “clear” EXCEPT ________.( ) A. dirty B. fussy C. guilty D. ambiguous

19. The change of word meaning is brought about by the following internal factors EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. influx of borrowing B. analogy

C. psychological factors D. shortening

20. A good example of ________ is the word “manuscript”, which now means “writing by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processor”, but its original meaning was “handwriting” only.( ) A. degradation B. elevation C. narrowing D. extension

21. In the sentence “Never run towards a dangerous animal.”, the word “dangerous” is used in the ________ sense of transfer. ( )

A. subjective B. objective C. sensational D. physical

22. The sentence “They saw her duck.” is ambiguous due to ________. ( )

A. grammatical context B. lexical context C. antonymy D. hyponymy

23. The following are types of context EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. linguistic context B. non-linguistic context C. syntactical context

D. extra-linguistic context

24. In the sentence “The village had most of the usual amenities: a pub, a library, a post office, a village hall, a medical centre, and a school.” The meaning of amenity can be inferred from the clue of ________. ( )

A. relevant details B. word structure C. antonymy D. hyponymy

25. The idiom “hustle and bustle” is a ________ as far as rhetorical features of idioms are concerned. ( ) A. simile

B. repetition C. reiteration D. personification

26. Sentence idioms embrace the following sentence types EXCEPT ________. ( )

A. declarative sentence B. interrogative sentence C. imperative sentence D. simple sentence

27. “Beyond the pale” is an idiom ________ in nature. ( ) A. verbal B. nominal

C. adjectival D. adverbial

28. The following are the types of dictionary EXCEPT ________. ( ) A. monolingual dictionaries and bilingual dictionaries B. linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries C. specialized dictionaries

D. Chinese and English dictionaries

29. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980) is a(n) ________ dictionary. ( ) A. specialized B. desk C. pocket

D. encyclopedic

30. Usage notes of the dictionary explain the following aspects EXCEPT ________. ( )

A. literal meanings of the words

B. difficult points of grammar and style

C. important British and American differences

D. slight differences between words of similar meanings

II. Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of vocabulary by notion; 2) sources of synonyms; 3) types of motivation; and 4) types of transfer. (10%)

A B

( ) 31. morphological motivation A. laconic meaning “brief” or “short”

( ) 32. associated transfer B. the foot of the mountain ( ) 33. borrowing C. squeak/hiss

( ) 34. etymological motivation D. You should address your remarks to the chair.

( ) 35. notional words E. charm/glamour

( ) 36. abstract to concrete F. black market/greenhorn ( ) 37. semantic motivation G. occupation/walk of life

( ) 38. figurative use H. fire/flame/conflagration ( ) 39. regional English I. This teaching assistant is an efficient help.

( ) 40. onomatopoeic motivation J. cloud/yellow

III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

41. As defined in terms of spoken language, a word is viewed as a sound or ________ of sounds which are made voluntarily with human vocal

equipment.

42. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, ________ and borrowing.

43. The ________ is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.

44. Suffixation generally changes the grammatical function or word ________ of stems of words.

45. ________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.

46. Relative synonyms or ________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

47. There are generally ________ major factors that cause changes in meaning.

48. Physical situation or environment relating to the use of words is called ________ or non-linguistic context.

49. Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent ________.

50. Three good general dictionaries are LDCE, CCELD and ________. IV. Define the following terms. (10%) 51. bound root 52. prefixation 53. pejoration 34. homophone

55. grammatical context

V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%) 56. What are the types of morphemes?

57. What is conceptual meaning of a word? Give an example to illustrate your point.

58. Decide whether the following statement is true or false, based on your understanding of the changes in word meaning. State your reason with one example.Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 59. What is semantic unity of idioms? Explain it with one example. VI. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20%)

60. Comment on the following 2 groups of words or sentences to illustrate the semantic features and grammatical features of compounds. Group 1: “red meat/hot dog”

Group 2: “He bad-mouthed me. / major generals”

[a]I met a writer who is the relation of a politician.

[b]I met a newspaper reporter who is the brother of Senator Buckley. 61. Analyze and comment on the following two pairs of sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates:

[a]Trees surround the water near our summer place. [b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.

全国2007年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

Ⅰ. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1．The definition of a word comprises the following points except ________.（ ） A．a sound unity

B．a minimal unit of meaning C．a unit of meaning

D．a form that can function alone in a sentence

2．Words may be classified into content words and function words by ________. （ ） A．origin B．notion

C．stability D．use frequency

3．It’s said that modern English vocabulary develops through three channels. Which of the following is NOT one of them? （ ） A．Borrowing.

B．Semantic change. C．Creation. D．Blending.

4．What did modern English begin with? （ ） A．The establishment of printing.

B．The Norman invasion.

C．Britain’s trade relations with the low countries. D．The Second World War.

5．Which of the following is NOT considered to be a stem? （ ） A．-tion. B．Nation.

C．International. D．National.

6．Which of the following is a case of conversion? （ ） A．Encourage. B．Week.

C．Toothache. D．Doubt.

7．Which of the following words is semantically motivated? （ ） A．Airmail. B．Hiss.

C．Mouth in the phrase “the mouth of a river”. D．Laconic in the phrase “a laconic answer”.

8．One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more ________ than ________ in it. （ ） A．hyponyms „ homonyms B．homonyms „ hyponyms C．synonyms „ antonyms D．antonyms „ synonyms

9．Which of the following words was used during the American Civil War to refer to those northerners who were secretly aiding the South? （ ）

A．Rattlesnake. B．Villain. C．Informer. D．Copperhead.

10．In a narrow sense, context refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and is known as ________. （ ） A．non-linguistic context B．linguistic context

C．extra-linguistic context D．type of context

11．Ambiguity in a passage often occurs due to ________ and homonymy in an inadequate context. （ ） A．allomorph B．variation C．suffixation D．polysemy

12．Which of the following rhetorical features can be seen in the idiom “might and main”?（ ） A．Rhyme.

B．Alliteration. C．Juxtaposition. D．Synecdoche.

13．The idiom “by twos and threes” shows the characteristics of idioms that ________. （ ）

A．the words that make up the idiom have lost their individual identity in the idiom

B．idioms are semantically inexplicable

C．the word order in an idiom can’t be inverted or changed D．idioms are grammatically unanalysable

14．CCELD is noted for its unique features except ________. （ ） A．definition B．extra column C．usage examples

D．complicated grammar codes

15．Webster’s Third New International Dictionary is the best-known ________. （ ） A．desk dictionary B．pocket dictionary

C．unabridged dictionary D．encyclopedic dictionary

Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and ________. 17. In the word “pseudo-science”, “pseudo-” is a ________ prefix.

18. Associative meaning is open-ended and indeterminate, while ________ meaning is constant and relatively stable.

19. Antonyms are classified on the basis of ________.

20. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called ________.

Ⅲ. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of meaning changes; 2) features of idiom; 3) meaning of prefixes and 4) word formation. (10%)

A B （ ）21. BASIC A prefixation （ ）

22. doctor (skilled in any learned profession → B extra-linguistic factor specialist in medicine)

（ ）23. fine art C idioms adjectival in nature （ ）24. up in the air D elevation

（ ）25. governor (pilot → head of a state) E compounding （ ）26. retro- F deletion

（ ）27. a chocolate frog (an informer) G acronym （ ）28. inter- H back

（ ）29. hyperactive I between

（ ）30. for good and all = for good J narrowing

Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of sense relations; 2) features of idioms; 3) types of meanings and

4) historical stages of English. (10%) 31. external （ ）

32. home (East or west, home is best. ) （ ） 33. by-gone （ ）

34. hesitate → be in two minds （ ）

35. candidate → a person seeking an office （ ） 36. notorious （ ）

37. “A friend in need is a friend in deed. ” （ ）

38.win → gain the upper hand （ ） 39. might and main （ ）

40. “Two heads are better than one. ” （ ） Ⅴ. Define the following terms. (10%) 41. neologisms 42. back-formation

43. associated transfer 44. lexical context 45. usage notes

Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What are affixes?

47. What is collocative meaning? Please illustrate your point with an

example.

48. Guess the meaning of the word underlined in the following sentence and tell what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.

Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.

Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)

49. Analyze and comment on the differences of synonyms in three ways.

50. Point out the compounds in the following sentence and explain how they are combined.

The out-going president talked to the stockholders who had staged a sit-in in forty-storey building.

全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the le

tter in the bracket. (30%)

1．Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms?（ ）

A．Phonetic manipulation. B．Lexical manipulation. C．Figures of speech. D．Phrasal verbs.

2．The sentence “I like Mary better than you.” is ambiguous due to ______.（ ）

A．extra-linguistic context B．lexical context

C．grammatical context D．homonymy

3．Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic word stock? （ ） A．Creativity. B．Stability. C．Duality.

D．All national character.

4．Which of the following is NOT considered as an inflectional affix?（ ） A．-es B．-or C．-est D．-er

5．The following are user-friendly features of Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, except ______. （ ） A．extra column

B．clear grammar codes C．usage notes D．language notes

6．Which of the following is a case of suffixation? （ ） A．Hemisphere. B．Attempt. C．NATO.

D．Respondent.

7．Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?（ ）

A．The rapid development of modern science and technology.

B．Geographical and political changes.

C．The influence of other cultures and languages. D．Social and economic changes.

8．Webster’s New World Dictionary is a(n) ______ dictionary. （ ） A．unabridged B．desk

C．pocket

D．encyclopedic

9．Angel, martyr and paradise have their meanings ______ because of the influence of Christianity.（ ） A．elevated B．degraded C．narrowed D．extended

10．As far as denotation is concerned, relative synonyms may differ ______. （ ）

A．in the diachronic approach

B．in the stylistic and emotive colouring of words C．in usage in simple terms

D．in the range and intensity of meaning

11．Which of the following is NOT true about Old English? （ ） A．Uses of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.

B．Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000.

C．Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150. D．Old English was a highly inflected language.

12．Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOT an example of neologisms? （ ） A．SARS.

B．Can-opener. C．Futurology. D．Freak out.

13．Which of the following words is morphologically motivated? （ ）

A．Black market. B．Greenhorn. C．Hopeless. D．Neigh.

14．In the sentence “Italian artists were more active in the quattrocento than in the sixteenth century which followed.” The meaning of quattrocento can be inferred from the clue of ______. （ ） A．definition B．explanation C．example

D．relevant detail

15．Tooth and nail is an idiom ______ in nature. （ ） A．norminal B．adjectival C．adverbial D．verbal

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16．The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is the ______________.

17．Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and ______________.

18．In the word “post-war”, “post-” is a prefix of ______________.

19．Functional words such as preparations, conjunctions, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong ______________meaning. 20．Relative synonyms also called ______________ are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to

1) meaning of prefixes;

2) type of word formations;

3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms. (10%) A B

（ ）21．Ultr- A. backformation （ ）22．burgle B. initialism

（ ）23．pop C. transfer of sensation （ ）24．clear-sounding D. before

（ ）25．VOA E. brim (water’s edge —the top edge of a cup) （ ）26．fore- F. mistress

（ ）27．degradation G. succeed

（ ）28．kick the bucket H. clipping （ ）29．extension I. die （ ）30．make it J. extreme

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) historical stage of English vocabulary; 2) origins of homonyms; 3) types of meanings;

4) sources of synonyms;

5) causes of ambiguity and 6) types of motivations. (10%) 31．ball, ball （ ）

32．a hard businessman （ ） 33．friend or foe （ ） 34．miniskirt （ ）

35．an attractive ball （ ）

36．lie –distort the fact （ ） 37．occupation-walk of life （ ） 38．coffee （ ）

39．mother (love, care) （ ） 40．enrich （ ） V. Define the following terms. (10%) 41．loan words

42．specialized dictionary 43．conversion 44．lexical context 45．amelioration

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46．What are bound morphemes? Illustrate your point.

47．Why is context very important for the understanding of word-meaning?

48．What is the difference between associative meaning and conceptual meaning?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%)

49．Some people hold that Shakespeare is more difficult to read than contemporary writings. Do you agree or disagree to this comment? State your reason(s) with at least three examples. 50．Use examples to illustrate the similarity and difference between absolute synonyms and relative synonyms.

全国2006年7月高等教育自学考试

英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

全国2006年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)

1. Extension can be illustrated by the following example: _________.（ ） A. butcher → one who kills goats B. journal → periodical

C. companion → one who shares bread D. allergic → too sensitive to medicine

2. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas, namely, _________.（ ） A. extension, increase and expansion

B. denotation, connotation and application C. comprehension, understanding and knowing D. polysemy, homograph and homophone

3. Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as _________.（ ）

A. inflectional affixes B. derivational affixes C. bound roots D. free morphemes

4. Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and _________.（ ） A. synonymy B. antonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy

5. The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the _________ relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in “rain cats and dogs”.（ ） A. illogical B. logical C. mutual D. natural

6. Idioms verbal in nature are _________.（ ） A. verb phrases B. phrasal verbs C. verb idioms D. all the above

7. The idiom “new brooms sweep clean” was created probably by _________.（ ） A. seamen B. housewives C. farmers D. hunters

8. The following are all denominal suffixes EXCEPT _________.（ ） A. –ful B. –wise C. –less D. –ike

9. Both English and _________ belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.（ ） A. Celtic B. Dansih C. French D. Scottish

10. Chiefly found in derived words, bound morphemes include _________.（ ） A. bound roots B. inflectional affixes C. derivational affixes D. all the above

11. Motivation accounts for the connection between the word-form and _________.（ ） A. its referent

B. its referring expressions C. its meaning D. its concept

12. Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________.（ ） A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin

13. Which of the following is NOT correct? _________（ ） A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning.

C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds.

D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence.

14. If one wants to find out the minute difference between shades of meaning, the best source

is _________.（ ） A. a thesaurus B. a synonym finder C. an encyclopedia

D. an encyclopedic dictionary

15. Which of the following can be said about a British Dictionary?（ ） A. It is always better than an American dictionary.

B. One can always expect to find American usages in it. C. One can never expect to find American usages in it. D. It tends to include more grammatical information.

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)

16.The Norman Conquest in 1066 started a continual flow of ___________ words into English. 17. The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or ___________.

18. Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferring word-meaning and give ___________ of referents.

19. Compounds are different from free phrases in ___________ unit.

20. Content words have both meanings, and ___________ meaning in particular.

III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of figures of speech; 2) types of motivation; 3) types of changes in word meaning. (10%) A B

( )21. senior citizen A. metonymy

( )22. the pot calls the cattle black B. narrowing ( )23. earn one’s bread C. euphemism ( )24. from cradle to grave D. synecdoche ( )25. sit on the fence E. hiss

( )26. constable (a policeman) F. personification

( )27. criticize(find fault with) G. morphologically motivated ( )28. liquor(alcoholic drink) H. degradation ( )29. snakes I. metaphor ( )30. hopeless J. elevation

IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of affixes; 2) types of word formation; 3) types of meaning. (10%) 31. harder ( ) 32. Fridge ( ) 33. autocide ( )

34. tremble with fear ( ) 35. notorious, skinny ( ) 36. two-layer ( ) 37. UNESCO ( )

38. cloudy ( ) 39. subway ( )

40. police, money ( )

V. Define the following terms.(10%) 41. extra-linguistic context 42. prefixation

43. semantic change 44. conceptual meaning 45. specialization

VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%) 46. What is semantic unity of idioms?

47. What are the three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? Illustrate your points.

48. What are the major differences between basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary?

VII. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)

49. Analyse the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes. (dishearten, idealistic, unfriendly ) 50. Collocation can affect the meaning of words. (Comment on the statement with your own example.)

全国2005年4月高等教育自学考试英语词汇学试题

课程代码：00832

Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. There are two approaches to the study of polysemy. They are（ ） A. primary and secondary B. central and peripheral C. diachronic and synchronic D. formal and functional

2. Which of the following is NOT a stylistic feature of idioms?（ ） A. Colloquial B. Slang C. Negative D. Literary

3. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:（ ） A. absolute and relative B. absolute and complete C. relative and near D. complete and identical

4. In the early period of Middle English, English,（ ）existed side by side. A. Celtic and Danish B. Danish and French C. Latin and Celtic D. French and Latin

5. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single （ ）morpheme. A. formal B. concrete C. free D. bound

6. Which of the following groups of words is NOT onomatopoeically motivated?（ ） A. croak, drum B. squeak, bleat C. buzz, neigh D. bang, trumpet 7. LDCE is distinctive for its（ ） A. clear grammar codes B. usage notes C. language notes D. all of the above

8. From the historical point of view, English is more closely related to（ ） A. German B. French C. Scottish D. Irish

9. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?（ ） A. TOEFL B.ODYSSEY C. BASIC D. CCTV

10. In the course book, the author lists（ ）types of context clues for inferring word meaning. A. eight B. six C. seven D. five

11. Sources of homonyms include（ ） A. changes in sound and spelling B. borrowing C. shortening D. all of the above

12. The written form of English is a(an)（ ）representation of the spoken form. A. selective B. adequate C. imperfect D. natural

13. Structurally a（ ）is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. A. morpheme B. stem C. word D. compound

14. Unlike affixes,（ ）are often free morphemes. A. suffixes B. prefixes

C. inflectional morphemes D. roots

( ) 21. skill A. back-formation ( ) 22. babysit B. blending

( ) 23. telequiz C. French origin

( ) 24. composition/compounding D. Scandinavian origin ( ) 25. government E. clipping

( ) 26. same/ different F. relative synonyms ( ) 27. gent G. Germanic

( ) 28. English H. absolute synonyms

( ) 29. change/ alter I. Contradictory terms ( ) 30. big/ small J. contrary terms

Ⅳ. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of bound morphemes underlined, 2) types of meanings, 3) processes of meaning development, and 4) formation of compounds. (10%)

31. neck→primary meaning: that part of man joining the head to the body; a secondary meaning: the narrowest part of anything. ( ) 32. contradict ( )

33. mother: love, care ( ) 34. upcoming ( )

35. window shopping ( ) 36. radios ( )

37. property developer ( )

38. candidate→earlier meaning: white-robed;

later meaning: a person proposed for a place, award etc. ( )

39. handsome ( ) 40. northward ( )

Ⅴ. Define the following terms. (10%) 41. encyclopedia 42. borrowed words 43. blending 44. extension 45. phrasal verb

Ⅵ. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)

46. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? Explain with two examples. 47. What is extra-linguistic context?

48. What is polysemy? Illustrate your points.

Ⅶ. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (18%) 49. Study the following sentence and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain what contextual clues help you to work out the meaning.

Carnivores are very dangerous. Not long ago, a tiger escaped from the zoo and killed a dog in the street and ate it.

50. Connotative meaning is not stable. Comment on this statement with one example.