国际贸易专业英语复习

题型：

1. 选择题 20*1’

2. 简答题 4*5’

3. 翻译题（汉译英、英译汉）英译汉：3*10’、 汉译英：5*3’

4. 分析论述题 15’

一、 选择题

（一）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

depend upon be defined as put an end to

be justified by engage in be determined by be dominated by specialize in because of in terms of

1 . international trade （ ）between two or more partners from different countries.

2 . Traditionally, international trade（ ） in economics （ ）comparative advantage theory.

3 . No nation can meet all of its people’s needs, and every nation（ ） some

trade with other nations.

4 . The nations are not willing to allow their international economic relations only （ ）market forces.

5 . The theory of comparative costs suggested that countries will（ ） producing goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage.

6 . International economics is growing in importance as a field of study（ ） the rapid integration of international economic markets.

7 . Mercantilism is the economic theory that a nation’s prosperity （ ）its supply of gold and silver, that the total volume of trade is unchangeable.

8 . Adam Smith’s Invisible Hand and liberal theory of economics gradually （ ）the dominance of mercantilism.

9 . International trade continues to （ ）the advanced industrialized countries.

10.（ ） physical volume, world trade has grown faster than world production of commodities.

答案：1. is defined as 2 . is justified by 3. engage in 4 . to be determined. by 5. specialize in 6. because of 7. depends upon 8. put an end to 9. be dominated by 10. in terms of

（二）argument against shift comply with

clear-cut be characterized by gain from

self-sufficient constitute as well as available

1 .there is often no ( )distinction between a government‘ s foreign and domestic policies.

2 . Since economic activity( ) mutual interdependence, there are few, if any, economic polices of government that have only domestic effects.

3 . The justification of free trade is that it enables a nation to( ) international specialization.

4 . Every nation inhabits a global political and social environment( ) a global economic environment.

5 . Every nation-state has an economy, and the mutual relations among the national economies ( )the international economic system.

6 . The contribution of international trade is so immense that few countries could become( ) even with the greatest effort .

7 . The domestic consumers benefit from international trade because it lowers the prices of goods and makes( ) goods that cannot be produced at home.

8 . There are several( ) free trade: national security, protection of domestic industries, economic stability, and so on.

9 . The composition of both U. S. imports and exports have( ) toward to manufactured high-tech products and away from industrial supplies and materials.

10. business enterprises take steps to influence foreign economic policy in the direction that best( ) their interests.

答案：1. clear-cut 2 . is characterized by 3. gain from

4 . as well as 5. constitute 6. self-sufficient 7. available 8. arguments against 9. shifted 10. comply with

（三）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

Equivalent put into practice be conscious of otherwise

deal with prevent from involve work on

relate to nothing more than

1 . A market entry strategy is （ ）finding the best methods of delivering your goods to your market and of distributing them there .

2 . The transactions associated with exporting are generally more complicated than those（ ） the domestic market .

3 . Once a relationship has been established with an overseas customer, representative, or distributor, it is important that the exporter （ ）building and maintaining that relationship .

4 . Licensing（ ） granting a license to a foreign firm to produce and market a product for which the foreign firm pays royalties to the parent firm .

5 . Sometimes licenses develop quality control problems and can possibly the parent firm（ ） entering the foreign market at a later date .

6 . In joint ventures, cultural differences must（ ） and sometimes foreign partners can be a source of conflict .

7 . A licensing agreement must contain clauses concerning jurisdiction, （ ）there will be direct competition between the licensor and the licensee .

8 . Most multinational firms （ ）extremely（ ） the licensee’ s ability to respect the company‘s reputation for quality and reliability .

9 . Several forms of flexible business arrangements including counter trade, export processing, equity joint ventures and contractual ventures have been（ ） in China .

10 . In a counter trade deal , the foreign customer who provides the equipment or license undertakes to buy from the Chinese enterprise goods of a value （ ）that of what he himself supplies .

答案：1. nothing more than 2 . relating to 3. work on

4 . involves 5. prevent. . . from 6. be dealt with

7. otherwise 8. are extremely conscious of 9. put into practice 10. equivalent to

（四）Break up into as opposed to Come to consist of

On hand sell off Back up creep in

Draw down from scratch Come to come out

1.they are the basis of unconditional prophecies ,______conditional scientific prediction .

2.after the depression , he started______ in running a firm again .

3.sentence _____clause .

4.as a rule he writs English very well ,but occasionally unidiomatic expression

________.

5.we will ______the old stocks at half price and anything remaining will be thrown away .

6.all his little schemes for making money seem to ______grief .

7.he drought along a file of document to ______his claim .

8.worldwide English broadcasters were ______to describe the event as it happened .

9.that area’s furniture weather pattern might ______long ,dry periods .

10.this may _____gold reserves .

答案：

（五）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

except means intend to

prevent so that lead to

interfere with impose on due to

subject to

1 .A tariff is a tax____ imported and/ or exported goods, sometimes called a customs duty .

2 . If a country major industry collapses____ foreign competition, the loss of jobs and tax revenue can severely impair parts of that country economy .

3 . The most notable drawback of protective tariffs is that they increase the price of the goods____ the tariff , disadvantaging consumers of that goods .

4 . Some economic ideologies hold that tariffs are a harmful ____the laws of the free market .

5 . Free trade involves the removals of all such barriers, ____ perhaps those considered necessary for health or national security .

6 . Non-tariff trade barriers are criticized as a ____to evade free trade rules .

7 . The use of non-tariff trade barriers has risen sharply after the WTO rules ____ a very significant reduction of average tariffs .

8 . A key stated goal of agricultural subsidies is food self -sufficiency to ____ the shock of rapid price rises in essential groceries .

9 . Many observers argue that the purpose of agricultural subsidies is in the

end to protect farmers ____they will continue to vote for the politicians that

vote for these subsidies .

10 . he main argument against fair trade is that the term in practice is primarily____ protect inefficient industries .

答案：

（六）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

access to n terms of at stake

made strides in adhere to in breach of

lead to at the heart of come to

left out

1 . or the WTO’s procedure to succeed, countries must____ its decisions, even when they disagree with them.

2 . Defining fair practice is _____many trade disputes, as countries naturally have differing perspectives on what is and is not fair.

3 . Less spectacularly, it _____the more difficult areas of reducing trade barriers

in agricultural products and textiles.

4 . A country found to be_____ trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.

5 . Much has been_____ wider trading relations.

6 . Under this legislation a country could lose _____the entire US market , not merely that of the offending product.

7 . Its growth as a trading power suggests it can no longer be _____.

8 . Labour standards, including practices such as child labour, have_____ be included in human rights principles generally.

9 . Co-operation in pursuing international cartels has progressed and could_____

some form of multilateral antitrust organization in the future.

10. distance are expressed _____ kilometer as well as miles

答案：1. adhere to 2 . at the heart of 3. made strides in

4 . in breach of 5. at stake, in terms of 6. access to 7. left out 8. come to 9. lead to

（七）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

Wipe out be keen on kick around

Hit a break wall sticking point break out

Far from take on account for

Among other things

1.my cap ‘s ____somewhere

2.fighting ____in the prison cells

3.their plan ____at the committee meeting .

4.we are sorry to say we can’t ___new orders .

5.government procurement ___a substantial part of the global economy

6.he is pleased to see his son’s work though it is ___perfect

7.___ , I like jogging as an exercise

8.the Singapore issues were still the ___at the Cancun meeting /

9.the young student are ___Disco though their parent may not be

10.foreign competitors ___their own industries .

（八）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

take over as a result take place

refer to carry out take delivery

call for apply to pick up make delivery

1 . if the seller is to pay the cost and bear the risk of unloading and clearing customs,

and _____on the dock thereafter, the term is DEQ or delivered ex-quay, duty paid.

2 ._____ , the rights and obligations of each party to a contract should be more

clearly understood if the contract is expressed in INCO terms.

3 . We don’t offer any services except to put the goods on our loading dock at our

place of business so that the buyer can _____them _____at an agreed time.

4 . We will provide export documentation that will help the buyer move the goods out

of our country, but we will not______ the process.

5 . If any damage _____after the goods leave our dock, it is the buyer’s loss.

6 . Once delivery is made to the carrier , the buyer is in essentially the same position as the buyer who _____ex works.

7 . If the contract _____a pre-shipment inspection, the buyer pays for it .

8 . On land it is often most convenient for the seller to deliver the goods to the seller’s border and let the buyer_____ from there.

9 . In interpreting how Incoterms _____a particular contract, we should the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods ( 1980) , especially Article 9.

答案：1. make delivery 2 . as a result 3. pick them up 4 . carry out 5. takes place 6. took delivery 7. calls for 8. take over 9. apply to, refer to

（九）be better off are not limited to rather than lend an image of

on a unit basis have great latitude to have incorporated into

fell out of favor from the standpoint that in conformance with

1 . the reputation of a country for its products is also a factor. Some will pay a premium price for clothing from Italy, automobiles from Germany, electronics from

Japan, aircraft from the U. S. , and whiskey from Scotland — merely because the country of origin ______certain qualities to the product .

2 . Both countries ______if they trade, because the savings can be applied to buy

other goods or services and raise the standard of living in both countries.

3 . Advantages______ production cost advantages.

4 . The expense involved in shutting down production because of a missed shipment

may far outweigh the extra cost of purchasing from a foreign, but reliable, supplier

______a cheaper domestic producer of the component.

5 . It is often cheaper, ______ to produce larger quantities and, if the domestic

market is saturated, sales abroad may serve to provide an opportunity for such savings.

6 . The investor will ______import and export to itself and others from both countries.

7 . Joint ventures frequently provide a means to avoid restrictions on foreign owner ship that many countries _____their legal systems.

8 . Joint ventures with U. S. companies were quite popular in Latin America in the

1970 s, but ______by the end of the decade under a cascade of the problems already enumerated.

9 . This sort of licensing is very attractive ______our investment and risks are very low.

10. it must be registered______ the law of each place where we want to be protected.

答案：1. lends an image of 2 . are better off 3. are not limited to 4 . rather than 5. on a unit basis

6. have great latitude to 7. have incorporated into

8. fell out of favor 9. from the standpoint that

10. in conformance with

（十）comply with break down into turn down associated with

take place in the event of have no intention of in question

guilty of in principle

1.He is found ( ) stealing.

2 . The L /C must ( ) the terms and conditions in the contract.

3 . It seems that the seller ( ) fulfilling their obligations.

4 . We politely( ) the invitation.

5. ( )rain, the game will be postponed.

6 . The buyer is eager to know how often the shipments will( ) in the next month.

7 . The problem( ) is payment terms.

8 . The buyer has the obligation to bear the cost( ) delivery.

9 . The payment is( )many installments.

10. Ｔhere are still some parts need discussion, although we reached agreement( )

答案：1. guilty of 2 . comply with 3. has no intention of 4 .turned down 5. In the event of 6. take place 7. in question 8. associated with 9. broken down into 10. in principl

（十一）in accordance with honour accumulate

owing to subsequent be in receipt of

in view of facilitate outstanding

under the circumstances

1 . ____, we have to request you for an extension by fax of the time of shipment

to July 31 .

2 ._____, the late arrival of the vessel, we find it impossible to appreciate it if you

would extend the shipment date and validity of the sight L / C to May 10 and 25 respectively .

3 . Buyers have withdrawn____ the reported imminent arrival of large shipments . We have drawn on you at sight a draft for 100% of the invoice value, which please upon presentation .

4 We have drawn on you at sight a draft for 100% of the invoice value, which please____ upon presentation .

5 . Provided such drafts are drawn and presented____ the terms of this credit, we hereby engage with the drawers, endorses and bona- fide holders that the sight drafts shall be honoured on presentation .

6 .Whether we place a large order with you will depend on____ market condition .

7 .We have quoted you the best possible price to____ sales .

8 .We ____ your letter of 25th November of which we note that you have established the L / C in our favor .

9 . ____ information is conductive to success in business .

10 .We regret having to remind you that 30% of the freight is still____ .

答案：1.Under the circumstances 2 . Owing to 3. in view of 4 . honour 5. in accordance with 6. subsequent 7. facilitate 8. are in the receipt of 9. Accumulating 10. outstanding

（十二）comply with by means of convert into

prior in compliance with in one’s favour

on condition that draw one’s attention to requisite

available by

1 . or exports, we usually ask our buyers to open irrevocable letters of credit______

Sellers’ documentary drafts at sight .

2 . While the Uniform Commercial Code recognizes that presentation of fraudulent

documents is not ______the Letter of Credit terms, nevertheless, the issuer or

bank is not required to undertake any inquiry.

3 . A documentary credit is an agreement under which a bank acting at the request and

on instructions of the importer makes an undertaking to effect payment to the exporter against presentation of the required documents within the specified period of

time, provided that the documents strictly______ the terms and conditions stipulated in the credit.

4 . The foreign currency that has been collected from the importer is ______the

currency of the exporting country. It is then remitted to the exporter’s bank for

payment to the exporter or reimburses itself for the money pain earlier to the exporter.

5 . A revocable credit gives the buyer maximum flexibility, as it can be amended or

cancelled without _____notice to the seller up to the moment of presentation of

documents to the bank at which the issuing bank has made the credit available for

payment.

6 . Revolving credits is rather a credit of fixed amount , which has to be increased

_____amendment instructions after each drawing or, alternatively, a credit of

a fixed total amount is payable by specific installments.

7 . The bank authorised to make payment under a standby letter of credit will affect

payment on presentation of ______documents called for in the credit to the beneficiary, although the opener may claim performance.

8 . The discount of 5% agreed on was granted only ______no balance was out-

standing from previous amounts.

9 . The L /C should be _______available by documentary draft at sixty days’s sight.

10. e wish to the fact that as a special sign of encouragement , we shall

consider accepting payment by D / P during this sales-pushing stage.

答案：1. available by 2 . in compliance with 3. comply with 4 . converted into 5. prior 6. by means of 7. requisite 8. on condition that 9. in one favour 10. draw one

s attention to

（十三）Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the box.

be addressed dispense with e negated by

in question change hands be exempt from

are instrumental appeal regardless of

in the company’s best interest

1 . its purpose is to provide an insight into the way in which transport intermediaries

operate and to identify the issues that must_____ to ensure that the transportation of goods overseas run smoothly.

2 . It demonstrated the importance of Incoterms in defining the exporter’ s and

Importer’s obligations in the distribution process and when title to the goods_____

.

3 . It is_____ to make effective use of the process and to ensure that costs are

kept to a minimum wherever possible.

4 . Even though it is sensible to work with freight forwarders that can use established

international networks to identify the most cost-effective means of transporting a

consignment to its destination, it is nevertheless possible for companies to

______forwarders and arrange shipping themselves.

5 . Although this is attractive to carriers looking to make best use of cargo space, it

may not ______the exporting company to have other loads placed on top of its goods.

6 . The cost savings generated by cutting out the intermediary may well_____

the cost of researching transport companies and arranging shipping.

7 . Bulk freight tends to be loaded directly onto the vessels by operators with specialist knowledge of the goods ______, and the vessels themselves will be tailored

for the task in hand.

8 . Vehicles that can be sealed to prevent goods from being removed or added without

the seal being broken, and that have no additional or hidden storage compartments,

can be approved by TIR and the inspections.

9 . Terms such as CIF ( where the exporter purchases marine insurance until the shipment reaches its destination ) or CFR ( where the importer arranges insurance )_____in identifying which party has responsibility for insuring the consignment and when.

10. he cargo space is generally sold on a Freight All Kinds ( FAK) basis, meaning

that the forwarder is charged a single rate_____ the type of goods to be

shipped.

答案：1. be addressed 2 . changes hands 3. in the companys best interests 4 . dispense with 5. appeal to 6. be negated by 7. in question 8. are exempt from 9. are instrumental 10. regardless of

二、 简答题

1．绝对优势理论的观点（What is the major views of the absolute advantage theory？）

（1）Smith noted that some countries, owing to the skills of theirs or the quality of their natural resources, could produce the same products as other with fewer labor-hours. He termed this efficiency absolute advantage.

（2）Major views of this theory:1）Nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor. 2）Smith used some suppositions to explain his principle of absolute advantage. 3）“ In a two-country, two-product world”, Smith said, international trade and specialization will be beneficial when one country has an absolute cost advantage (that is, it can produce goods using fewer resources) in the production of one product, whereas the other country has absolute cost advantage in the other product. For nations to benefit from the international division of labor, each nation must have a kind of goods that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner. 4）Smith felt it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseas more efficiently than to manufacture them itself. Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country. They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importing country.

2．大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论的主要观点（What is the definition of the theory of comparative advantage？）

Chief points of view of comparative advantage：（1）Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the

less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient ( where its absolute disadvantage is least). （2）The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient ( where its absolute advantage is greatest ). And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other. （3）Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo. The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.

3．绝对优势和比较优势的比较（Comparison between the absolute advantage theory and the theory of comparative advantage。）

Comparison between the two Theories：（1）After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s

theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. （2）According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country. （3）But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further. In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods. What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages. （4）Under such conditions

international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries. In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage. （5）Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common. Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences. Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.

4．赫克歇尔理论的主要观点（What is the meaning of the heckscher and ohlin theory.）

Major points of view in the H-O theory：（1）Different nations have different factor endowments and different factor endowments explain differences in factor costs. （2）Differences in relative factor endowments and factor price constitute the most important explanation of the basis for (international) trade. （3）A nation will export the commodity in the production of which a relative large amount of its relatively abundant and cheap resources is used. Conversely it will import commodities in the production of which a relatively large amount of its relatively scarce and expensive resources is used. （4）With trade the relative differences in resources prices between nations tend to be eliminated or to be equalized as a result of continuous specialization in the production of the commodity of a nation’s comparative advantage. （5）H-O theory also emphasized the interplay between the proportions in which different factors of

production are available in different countries and proportions in which they are used in producing different goods or commodities. That is why the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is sometimes also referred to as factor-proportions theory.

5．赫克歇尔的理论和大卫李嘉图的理论的比较（Comparison between the H-O theory and Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage）

Comparison between the H-O theory and Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage ：

1）Main similarity：（1）Like Ricardo’s theory, H-O theory also argues that free trade is beneficial to trading nations.

2）Chief dissimilarity：（1）The biggest difference between Ricardo’s trade theory and H-O theory is that, when explaining the basis for trade Ricardo places primary reliance on factor productivity while the H-O theory sheds more light on other important trade issues such as the influence of resource supplies or factor endowment supplies on international specialization and the influence of trade on the distribution of income. （2）To put it in a simple way, unlike Ricardian trade theory which takes factor productivity difference as the main basis for trade, the H-O theory, in explaining the main reason for trade, delegates primary importance to the factor endowments nations enjoy. 6．产品生命周期理论（What is the product life cycle theory？）

The Product Life Cycle Theory：（1）One of the influential theories attempting to explain is the product life-cycle worked out by American economist Raymond Vernon and further developed by L.T. Wells. （2）The product life-cycle theory is primarily concerned with the role of technological innovation as key determinant of trade patterns in manufactured products. （3）According to the product life-cycle concept, many manufactured goods such as electronic products and office machinery undergo a trade cycle- the course of a product’s sales and profitability over its lifetime. （4）During this course, the home country initially is an exporter then loses its competitive advantage vis-a-vis its trading partners of the commodity. The states that many manufactured goods go through include the following 5 phases：Introduction stage、Growth stage、Maturity stage、Decline stage、Losing to foreign competitors。

7．FOB贸易术语的的责任（What does the FOB term require the seller and buyer to do ?）

（1）Under FOB, the seller must obtain at his own risk and expense any export license or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable, all customs formalities necessary for the export of the goods.

（2）The buyer must obtain at his own risk and expense any import license or other official authorization and carry out, where applicable, all customs formalities necessary for the import of the goods and, where necessary, for their transit through any country。

8．做网站需要注意的要点

The Ten Commandments of Business Website Design：（1）Navigation is everything （2）Planning Outline （3）Be Familiar （4）Less is More （5）Consider Different languages（6）Get to the Point （7）Avoid too Many Colors （8）Consider Download Times

（9）Keep it Simple （10）10. Avoid “Brochureware”

三、 翻译题

（一）英译汉：Translate the following passage into Chinese.

1、Economic“globalization”is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people ( labor ) and knowledge ( technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here. At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions — both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity — village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.

答案：经济“全球化”是一个历史过程、是人类创新和技术进步的结果。它是指全世界各 国经 济之间, 特别是通过贸易和金融活动, 实现的不断加强的一体化。有时候, 这个词汇也指人 员( 劳动力) 和知识( 技术) 的境流动。更广泛的讲, 也存在着文化、政治和环境的方面 全球化, 这里就不予讨论了。 从根本上说, 全球化并没有什么神秘的。自从20 世纪 80 年代以来, 这个词汇就已经被 经常使用了, 反映了技术的进步使国际交易 — 贸易和金融活动 — 更快更容易地完成。它 是指几个世纪以来一直活跃于各层次人类经济活动( 乡村市场、城市工业或金融中心) 中的 同样的市场力量超过了国境。

2、U. S. foreign trade and global economic policies have changed direction dramatically during the more than two centuries that the United States has been a country. The early days of the nation’ s history, government and business mostly concentrated on developing the domestic economy irrespective of what went on abroad. But since the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II, the country generally has sought to reduce trade barriers and coordinate the world economic system. This commitment to free trade has both economic and political roots; the United States increasingly has come to see open trade as a means not only of advancing its own economic interests but also as a key to building peaceful relations among nations.

答案：在建国后的两个多世纪里, 美国的对外贸易和全球经济的导向发生了巨大的变化。 在建国之初, 美国及企业主要致力于发展国内经济, 而不管美国之外发生了什么。然而, 自从20 世纪 30 年代的大萧条以及第二次世界大战以来, 美国把主要精力放在了寻求降低贸 易壁垒和调整世界贸易上。美国致力于推动 自由贸易, 有其经济和政治根源: 美国越来 越清楚地看到, 开放贸易不仅是发展其经济利益的途径, 而且是各国建立和平关系的关键。

3、In its 1999 annual report , South Africa‘s Reserve Bank said that “foreign direct investment inflows will be a prerequisite for faster economic growth and development .”Why does the South African government want FDI ?Jobs are the main reason. Estimates on 1999 South African unemployment ranged from 24 to 37 percent. Growth is another reason. South Africa‘s domestic saving and in- vestment rates are too low to generate sufficient economic growth, particularly because the population rate has been growing at over 2 percent a year .

答案：在 1999 年度报告中, 南非储备银行表示: “吸收外国直接投资是加快经济增

长和发展 的先决条件”。为什么南非需要外国直接投资? 增加就业是主要的原因。据估计, 1999 年 南非的失业率在24% 到 37% 之间。经济增长是另一个原因。因为南非的国内储蓄和投资 率都很低, 不足以带动经济增长, 尤其是其每年的人口增长率在2% 以上。

4、The study of international monetary economics begins with the balance-of-payment accounts . the current account adds up all credits and debits arising from trade in goods and services and from transfer , the private capital account covers the purchase and sale of assets , and the official reserve transaction account consist of changes in international reserve holdings by central banks .

5、Many economists argue that free trade increases the standard of living and economic efficiency through the theory of comparative advantage and economies of scale . Others argue that free trade allows developed nations to exploit developing nations and to destroy local industry in addition to circumventing social and labor standards . Conversely it has also been argued that free trade

hurts developed nations because it causes jobs from those nations to move to other countries as well as producing a race to the bottom which causes a general lowering of health and safety standards.

6、While the WTO, like GATT, represents a multilateral approach to trade liberalization, regional trade agreements ( RTAs) have grown in importance in the post-war period. These are formed between countries in a broad geographic area, such as the continents of Europe and North America. They are designed to bring down trade barriers among their member states, thus opening up regional markets for national producers. However, their impact can be much broader, as strong regional markets can have a significant impact on world trade patterns. Political considerations also play a key role, as economic integration is inseparable from the political power balance within any region, and regional trading blocks are influential in global politics.

答案：虽然世界贸易组织像关贸总协定一样代表了贸易自由化的多边解决办法, 但是地区贸 易协议的重要性在战后变得越来越显著。在更广泛的地理区域中, 例如欧洲和北美, 国家间达成了地区贸易协议。他们的目的是在成员国之间减少贸易壁垒, 以便 向国内生产 者开放地区市场。但是, 他们的影响要深远得多, 因为强大的地区市场能够对世界贸易格 局产生重大影响。政治成分也起着关键作用, 因为任何地区内的经济融合都是与政治力量 的平衡不可分的, 而且地区贸易障碍对全球的政治也产生影响。

7、The danger for low-income countries is that the measures transnational corporations want them to implement could be quite expensive and could reduce the transparency of global trade .amongst other things ,reduced trade

transparency could reduce the ability of low-income countries to control transnational corporation transfer pricing—which has a huge influence on where transnational corporations report their profits ( and therefore where they pay their taxes ) . high-income countries are demanding that the transfer price valuations supplied by transnational corporations be simply accepted without question by host governments even though this policy was rejected in both the Tokyo and Uruguay rounds .

8、Those who do business only domestically avoid many of the problems that beset

the international trader. In addition to other cultural conflicts, those who trade entirely

within their own borders are free from the complications that arise from differing legalsystems, languages, and business practices. The international business forum is a fertile place for contractual misunderstandings and an expensive place to resolve them

through litigation.

答案：那些只在国内做生意的人避免了许多困扰 国际贸易商人的问题。那些完全从事国内贸易的人除避免了文化冲突之外, 还免除了由法律、语言和商业惯例不同引起 的麻烦。国际商务法庭是一个通过诉讼解决大量误解合同的纠纷而且代价颇高的地方。

9、It has been the author’s experience, however, that joint ventures are like marriages Blissful when they work, but a special form of hell when they don’t. Many come apart due to conflicting economic interests, management disagreements, and misunderstandings caused by cultural conflicts. Joint ventures with U. S. companies were quite popular in Latin America in the 1970s, but fell out of favor by the end of the decade under a cascade of the problems already enumerated, and also because of the adopt ion of severe legal restrictions against foreign ownership of companies in many Latin American countries. As a result , capital and technology fled the area. The author believes that the economic crisis that Latin America experienced in the 1980 s was precipitated or aggravated by such restrictions and their consequences

答案：而作者的经验是: 合资公司就好比婚姻: 一切正常时很幸福美满, 一旦出问题就成为一 种特殊形式的地狱。由于经济利益的冲突、管理层的不同意见、以及文化冲突引起 的误解 等等, 许多合作公司都解体了。在二十世纪七十年代, 拉丁美洲很时兴和美国成立合资公 司, 但在七十年代末, 由于出现了已经列举 的一系列问题 以及在许多拉美 国家实行 了 外资在拉美拥有公司的法律, 这种合作方式不再流行, 因而导致资金和技术的流失。作者相信正是此种及其影响, 骤然加剧了二十世纪八十年代拉美的经济危机。

10、Export costing calculations are used to assist exporters in ascertaining how competitive the company s products will be in the target market once all the additional charges and fees have been taken into consideration. Also called‘ landed costs’, they provide the exporter with a breakdown of how the total cost of the product has beenreached, which may then identify areas where savings can be made in order to improve competitiveness. Export costing should be seen

as a key part of the company s financial planning activities, especially in conjunction with the cash flow forecast, as an accurate costing sheet will allow the company to take all the costs associated with market entry into account.

答案：出口成本计算被应用来帮助出口商在考虑了所有的附加费用之后明确他们公司的产 品在 目标市场上的竞争力。出口成本也叫“着陆成本”, 他们提供给出口商商品的总成本的 目录分类, 这样他们可以找出可以节省成本的地方来提高竞争力。出口成本应该被看作是 这个公司财务计划活动的一个主要部分, 尤其是在现金流预测方面, 因为一个准确的成本 计算会使公司考虑与打入市场相关的所有成本。

11、Payment in foreign trade is complicated. The method of payment is to be agreed upon between the two trading parties at the time of placing an order. The most often adopted mode of payment in foreign trade is payment by letter of credit. If the credit period extended to a customer is shorter what the competitors are offering or if the method of payment is more demanding, business may easily fail .

答案：在国际贸易中, 付款是一个复杂的问题。在下订单的时候, 交易双方对支付方式达成 协议。国际贸易中最常用的支付方式是信用证付款。如果给予顾客的信用期限比竞争者 给予的短, 或者支付条件比较苛刻, 那样很容易做不成生意。

12、The letter of credit can be extremely useful for successfully completing

international trade transactions. The buyer requests his bank to open a letter of credit in favor of the seller. Assuming that the credit risk is acceptable to the

bank, it issues its letter of credit. The bank thus has substituted its credit for that of the buyer, which may also be good but probably not as well known. The letter of credit also protects the buyer , for he knows that he will be not called upon by his bank until the evidence shows that the shipment has actually been effected.

答案：信用证在有助于完成国际贸易交易方面起到了极其重要的作用。买方请求银行开出 以卖方为受益人的信用证。假定信用风险可 以接受, 银行则开出信用证。这样, 银行信用 替代了买方信用, 虽然买方信用也可能很好, 但可能不如银行信用广为人知。信用证也给 买方提供了保障, 因为买方知道, 只有证明了货物已实际发出以后, 银行才会要求其付款。

13、The transport of goods in containers not only reduces shipping times and loading /

unloading costs, but also reduces the risk of theft and damage as the goods should be

appropriately packaged and stowed in secure containers. Containerization can also re-

duce the amount of packaging required for the consignment, as the metal container it-

self becomes a part of the packaging. From the ship owner’s perspective, containers

permit better utilization of space, and therefore capacity, through their ability to be

loaded and stacked in uniform rows.

答案：集装箱运输不仅减少了装船时间和装卸费用, 而且降低了盗抢风险, 因为货物必须包装、配载在安全的集装箱中。集装箱运输还可以降低包装工作量, 因为金属制的集装箱本身就是包装的一部分。在船东看来, 集装箱由于装载、堆放整齐, 因而能更好地利用空间, 从而加大运力。

（二）汉译英：Translate the following sentences into English with the phrases given.

1 . 通过国际贸易, 可以使消费者和贸易国获取本国没有的商品和服务。( get access to / be exposed to )

2 . 通过国际贸易, 富裕国家可以更高效地使用其劳动力、 技术或资本等资源。( allow / enable)

3 . 与当地企业不同, 企业都是在全球范围内从事经营活动。( as opposed to)

4 . 近年来, 中国的对外贸易呈现高速、 稳定的增长。( register)

5 . 在全球化的市场条件下, 企业面临着与国内外企业的激烈的竞争。( given)

答案：1.Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be

exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.

2.International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor ,technology ,or capital-more efficiently.

3.Multinational firms,as opposed to local ones ,undertake their business operations on a global basis.

4.For recent years ,China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.

5.Give a globalized world market ,firms find themselves in fierce competition with domestic and foreign players.

1 . 进口的目的在于获得发展中国经济所需要的具有现代技术的资本货物。( be directed at)

2 . 很多经济学家认为, 自由贸易能推动经济增长和提高生活水平。( argue)

3 . 发达的工业化国家仍居国际贸易的主导地位, 其贸易额占世界贸易总量的一半以上。( account for )

4 . 自从实行改革开放以后, 特别是加入世界贸易组织以后, 中国的对外贸易取得了引人注目的增长。( achieve)

5 . 经济学家一直在研究由于国际商务的扩展所引起的各种理论和实际问题。

( engage in)

答案：1.The import policy is directed at the acquisition of capital goods that embody the modern technology needed to develop China’s economy.

2.Many economist argue that free trade will enhance the economic growth and increase the living standard.

3.International trade continues to be dominated by advanced industrialized countries the trade volume of which accounts for over half of the world’s total.

4.Since the implementation of reforms and opening up policy ,especially after its accession to the WTO ,China has achieved remarkable growth in foreign trade.

5.Economists have been engaged in the research on the theoretical and practical issues arising from the expansion of international business.

1 . 第二次世界大战以后,出现了各种经营活动,比如商品和劳务贸易、 对外直接投资和技术转让等。(Such as)

2 . 如果一个国家没有外汇储备,没有贷款,也不能通过谈判达成其他协定,那么唯

一的选择就是易货贸易。( in the absence of )

3 . 在签订许可证协议之前,许可方应全面了解被许可方国家有关知识产权的法

律、 法规。(enter into )

4 . 在逐步实现际应全球化的同时,企业日益通过向海外和国内市场引进产品的手段来获得更高利润。(move toward)

5 . 毋庸置疑,海外投资的高利润是公司致力于对外直接投资的主要动力。

(there is no question)

答案：1.After the Second World War ,there emerged various forms of cross business activities such as trade in goods and services,foreign direct investment and technology transfer ,etc.

2.In the absence of exchange reserves or credit ,or the possiblisity of negotiating another type of agreement ,the only alternative is barter.

3.Before entering into a licensing agreement ,the licensor should have a thorough knowledge of the laws and regulations concerning the intellectual property rights in the licensee’s country.

4.Increasingly ,firms are obtaining more profits by introducing products in foreign and their domestic markets as they move toward greater globalization of their operations.

5.There is no question that high returns on overseas investments are a major motive for multinational companies to engage in foreign direct investment.

1.克莱斯勒汽车公司应宣告破产，而不应去向求援。（rather than ）

2.这个项目对本场的生存与发展都起着关键作用。(key ``````for )

3.这个协议可以看作是美国对俄罗斯经济充满信心的一票。(a vote of confidence )

4.那位值急诊班的外科医生非常忙碌，他仅有时间狼吞虎咽地吃了一份三明治。(bolt down )

5.更具体地说，他们提出，美国是否真正出口资本密集型商品来换取劳动密集型产品。(in exchange for )

答案：1.Chrysler auto company should declare bankruptcy rather than ask the government for help.

2.The project is the key to the factory for its survival and development.

3.The agreement can be considered by America a vote of confidence for Russia's economy.

4.The surgeon of emergency room was so busy that he had only time to bolt down a sandwich.

5.More specifically,they questioned whether the United States really exported capital-intensive items in exchange for laber-intensive products.

1 . 多年来各国间已经达成反对单方面地实施商品配额的协议。( impose on)

2 . 保护性关税旨在人为地提高进口商品的价格,以保护国内产业不受国外竞争的

损害。(be intended to)

3 . 采购也是贸易壁垒,因为这些通常对国内厂商有利,而严格

机构采购进口商品。( favor)

4 . 自由贸易是一个经济概念,指国家之间销售产品无关税的征收或其他贸易壁

垒。( refer to)

5 . 海关及其他行政手续包含各种和程序,不是对进口加以歧视,就是对

出口加以支持。(discriminate against)

答案：1.For many years there has been an agreement among nations against imposing quotas unilaterally on goods.

2.A projective tarrif is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and “project” domestic industries from foreign competition.

3.Government procurement policies are also trade barriers because they usually favor domestic manufactures and severely restrict purchases of imported

goods gy government agencies.

4.Free trade is an economic concept referring to the selling of products between countries without tariffs or other trade barries.

5.Customs and other administrative formalities involve a variety of government policities and procedures that either discriminate against imports or favor exports

1. 环保主义者认为如果全球变暖和雨林保护等问题不同等考虑的话, 商业目的将胜出, 环境就会遭殃。( win out)

2. 无条件最惠国待遇始于 2000 年,它为加入 WTO 铺平了道路。( pave the way for )

3. 令美国沮丧的事,评审团裁决日本没有违反 WTO 规则,因为在行为和日本的市场结构之间没有联系。( to the dismay of )

4. 所有国家都享有公认的保护国家利益的权力, 但是这个原则以及他们对 WTO规则的理解都可能存在很大的差异。( be subject to)

5. 一个被审讯团裁定违反贸易规则的国家可以向审理上诉的机构进行上诉。( appeal to)

答案：1.Environmentalists argue that if issues such as global warming and protection of the rain forests are not brought into the equation , commercial goals

will win out and environment will suffer.

2.Unconditional MFN status came in 2000 ,paying the way for WTO membership.

3.To the dismay of the US ,the panel decided that Japan had not violated WTO rules ,as there had been no connection between government action and Japan’s market sructure.

4.All countries enjiy a recognized right to safeguard national interests ,but this principle ,as well as the interpretation of WTO rules themselves ,is subject to considerable latitude in interpretation.

5.A country found to be in breach of trade rules by a panel may appeal to the Appellate Body.

1.低收入国家普遍不愿意增加新议题，而这次会议只就成立解决这些问题的工作组达成了一致。( take on )

2.他们在坎昆成立了一个联盟，这个联盟第一次与欧盟轴心国对着干。( take the fight to )

3.令高收入国家烦恼的是，印度，中国，古巴，巴基斯坦和津巴布韦试图把这些问题和外国投资者的义务而不是权力联系起来。( on the chagrin of )

4.环境条款允许一个国家另一个无明确环境标准国家的进口，在这方面，环境条

款有些像劳工条款。( is as much as )

5.在坎昆，欧盟面临来自低收入国家的G22新联盟的强烈反对，提出取消投资和竞争条款。( in the face of )

答案：1.Low- income countries generaly did not want to add new topics ,and this conference just reached an agreement for estalishing a working group to take on these issues.

2. They formed an alliance in Cancun,the alliance took the fight to the Axis powers in Europe and America for the first time.

3. To the chagrin of high-income coutries , India ,China ,Cuba,Pakistan and Zimbabwe try to link these issues with the obligations of rather than rights of foreign invenstors.

4. Environmental provisions allow a country to restrict imports from other countries without a clear environmental standards,then in this regard,the environmental provisions are in as much as the labor provisions.

5. In Cancun, the EU is in the face of strong opposition from G22 , a new alliance of low-income countries, for EU's proposal of cancellation of the terms of investment and competition.

1 . 买方会预测所有成本和风险并安排货物运输事宜, 而且必须根据合同条款支付货

款。( assume)

2 . 如果还有其他运输方式, 这些条款就不适用, 即使有一部分运输是海运。( be

involved)

3 . 根据 CFR 合同, 卖方的义务和 FOB 的一般条款相同, 而且在装船之后, 卖方就不承担货物损失的责任。( be absolved from)

4 . 通常买方会安排以后的装运事宜, 尽管合同可能规定应该卖方去安排。( make

arrangements for)

5 . 当货物装上火车或卡车之后, 或者如果是海运或空运时货物交付承运人时, 卖方就不对损失承担责任。( in the case of)

答案：1 The buyer will assume all costs and risks and make arrangements associated with the transport of the goods,and must make payment according to the contract terms.

2 If ther modes of transport are involved ,these terms do not apply,even if one of the legs of the journey is by ship.

3 In a CFR contract , ,the sellers has the usual FOB obligations,and after the vessel is loaded the seller is absolved from liability for damage to the cargo.

4 The seller’s responsibility for costs and risks of loss will end when the rail car or truck trailer is loaded , or in the case of sea or air transport,when the goods are delivered to the carrier for loading.

5 Normally the buyer will make arrangements for further transportation , though the contract might specify that the seller will make such arrangements.

1 . 要想对许许多多给我们提供过帮助和建议的人分别表示谢意, 恐怕有点不切实际。( individually)

2 .国家发行的货币总是胜过非国家发行的。( the advantage over)

3 . 这家工厂因缺乏资金而倒闭。( shut down)

4 . 错在资方而不是在劳方。( rather than)

5 . 此种行为可能导致经理人员被辞退。( result in)

答案：1 It would be impractical to attempt to acknowledge individually those many who have given us aid and advice.

2 National currencies always have advantage over private currencies

3 The factory was shut down for lack of funds.

4 It’s management that’s at fault rather than the workforce.

5 Such behavior may result in the executive being asked to leave.

1 .公司可能更愿意以形式的形式报价,因其内容由于订货时可以转成商业而更便于管理。( in the form of)

2 .一旦报价提交给买方,如果买方根据此报价订货,出口商就有责任履行所有报价上的条款。( be committed to)

3 .可以理解的是买方指出合同已签署,出口商有义务履行其条款。( be bound to)

4 .当买方公司也在合同中加入自己的条款并试图占上风时就会出现问题。( gain the upper hand)

5 .除了合同的具体条款之外,出口商还应该准备一些能够写进合同的销售标准条款。( in addition to)

答案：1 The company may prefer to submit quotes in the form of a pro-forma invoice ease of administration as the pro-forma details can be simply

transferred to a commercial invoice when the order is placed.

2 Once the quotation has been submitted to the buyer ,the exporter is committed to fulling all the terms contained within the documen t should an order be placed on the strength of it.

3 The buyer ,understandably, pointed out that the contract had been agreed

and that the exporter was bound to its terms.

4 Difficulities may arise when the purchasing company also includes its standard terms and conditions and tries to the gain the upper hand.

5.The exporter is advised to prepare some standard terms and conditions of sale that can be in corporated into the documentation in addition to the specific terms of the contract.

1 .信用证是一种银行票据,保证售货人在完成所商定的交货任务后,能及时收汇。

(assure of )

2 .凭信用证开具汇票,向议付银行提示单证后90天内付款,利息为年利8 .5%,由买

方负担。(draw under, together with)

3 .凭一流银行开立的以卖方为受益人,不可撤销、 可转让、 由主要货币国家一流银行保兑、 含全部货款的即期信用证, 连同下列单据支付。( covering, accompany with)

4 .我们今天已通知我方银行,开立以你方为抬头的保兑的、 不可撤销的、 允许分运和转船的信用证,凭即期汇票并附全套装运交易所向议付行议付。( ins truct, partial shipment and transshipment, surrender)

5 .该方法是卖方在付款交单的基础上向买方开具汇票收取货款。(draw on, on . . .

basis)

6 .当进口商想开信用证用以支付外国货物的货款时,他可以向其所在地银行申请开立任何金额的信用证。(apply for)

7 .你方订单已于 3 月 15 日传真确认, 以确认之日起 15 天内信用证开到为条件。(subject to)

答案：1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes the agreed upon shipment.

2.Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% per annum for buyer’s account.

3.Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.

4.We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.

5.This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.

6.The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.

7.Your order No.123 was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.

1 . 布朗银行可以凭我们的销售确认书或合同开立人民币信用证。( in a posit ion

to)

2 . 你必须意识到不可撤销信用证为出口商提供了银行担保。( be aware)

3 . 跟单信用证是银行根据卖方的请求开立的该银行承诺凭提交有关货运单据向

受益人付款的书面文书。( against presentation of, relate to)

4 . 买方在给银行的开证申请书中列明所要求的单证。( designate)

5 . 对 6 月 6 日第 450 号信用证, 我公司已开出面额为 90, 000 元的汇票,该汇票以东京银行为受益人, 付款日期为见票后 60 天。( draw on; in favour of)

6 . 因信用证的有效期为 5 月31 日, 希望将其有效期延长至6 月 10 日, 并请将此情况通知你方的银行。( extend; amend)

7 . 银行支付卖方提示的即期信用证后通知买方, 所有单据已按章议付, 请按开证申请向银行付款。( in accordance with)

答案：1.The letter of credit is the bank instrument that assures the seller of payment if he makes the agreed upon shipment.

2.Payment shall be available by draft drawn under L/C payable not longer than 90 days after presentation of documents to the negotiating bank of the L/C, together with an interest of 8.5% per annum for buyer’s account.

3.Payment by a prime banker’s irrevocable, transferable L/C, confirmed by a first-class bank in the key currency country, covering full value of the contracted goods, in favor of seller, available by draft at sight for 100% invoice value, accompanied with the following documents.

4.We have today instructed our bank to open in your favor a confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit with partial shipment and transshipment allowed, available by draft at sight, against surrendering the full set of shipping documents to the negotiating bank.

5.This method is for the seller to draw on the buyer for the purchase price on D/P basis.

6.The importer, when he wants to open an L/C to cover the purchase from abroad, may apply to his banker for a letter of credit for any amount.

7.Your order No.123 was confirmed by our fax of March 15, subject to arrival of credit within 15 days from the date.

1. 尽管货运代理人收取服务费, 但他们至少拥有良好的经济、 高效、 牵扯进口商、出口商极少精力的国际运输网络。( with minimum involvement from)

2. 在很多方面企业会发现丢失或损坏的货物蚕食了他们的利润。( erode the profitability)

3. 企业利用保险经纪人为船只在运输途中保险, 利用报关行在货物到达时报关。

( clear the goods through Customs)

4. 只要能证明货物的性质和价值没有变化, 就会退回保证金。( providing that)

5. 货运代理人的职责是确保货物包装、 标记恰当,单据完备, 以方便运输。( remit)

答案：1. Although freight forwarders charge for their services ,they do at least have well-established internatioanal distribution networks that can be utilized cost-effectively, efficiently and with minimum involement from the improter or exporter.

2.There are many numbers of ways in which business can see their profitablity eroded by lost or damaged gooods.

3.Companies make use of insurance brokers to insure the shipment during

transport and customs brokers to chear the goods through customs on

arrial.

4.The deposit was refunded on leaving the country provieing that it could be proven that the nature and value of the consignment remained unchanged.

5.It is within the forwarder’s remit to ensure that the goods are properly packed and maked for transport and that appropriate documentation is prepared to facilitate shipment.

四、 分析论述题

1． 贸易的分类（根据国际贸易回答目前我国的贸易）

Principal Types of International Trade Policies：（1）Free trade policy （2）Protective Trade Policy

2． 贸易壁垒----知识产权（如何理解知识产权协定的基本内容），根据中国现实来回答问题