跟事实相反的语法现象,就叫做虚拟语气。
一.虚拟语气 + if 从句 01.跟事实相反的3种情况
今天这节课,虫子不打算直接给出语法规则,而是让大家自行从例句中总结规律。小 Tips:建议每组例句思考1分钟,再往下看答案;此外,观察例句时,主要留意时态,无需纠结肯定还是否定。 > > 跟现在事实相反
注意事项:1)should 在此处没有“应该”的意思,而是 shall 的过去式,通常用于第一人称 I,we 作主语时;
2) 如果 if 从句中有 be 动词,不必考虑人称和单复数的问题,I,you,he,she,we 统统都用 were。虽然歪果仁在口语中会用 If I was… 或 If he was… ,但在正经的场合,最好还是遵循语法规则:be 动词 → were。 > > 跟过去事实相反
> > 跟将来事实相反
02.if 从句倒装
如果虚拟语气只是上面3种情况,我们还不至于被高考、考研摁在地上摩擦,更难缠的是 —— 虚拟语气的倒装结构!
首先,我们要知道,既然有“倒装”,就有“原装”。“原装”的说法是虫子取的(非正式术语),相当于我们原先学的句式结构,也就是最普通的“主 + 谓 + 宾”结构。“倒装”,就是“倒过来,重新装”;倒什么?把 “我梳头”were,should,had 倒到句首就对了。
注:实际上,现在大家比较少用“were I you”(旧时用得多)。有人认为这个用法过时了;也有人觉得,只要符合语言规则,爱谁谁理谁谁,“were I you”不过时,反而是一种十分正式的用法。在平日交流中,人们更多用 “If I were you” 或者 “in your shoes” 的表达。
* 倒装三步走: 1)去掉 if 2)had 提前
3)其它部分照搬(从句的 not 不缩写)
* 倒装三步走: 1)去掉 if 2)should 提前
3)其它部分照搬(从句的 not 不缩写)
1)If I were at his wedding, I might cry like a baby.
2)If Tony had followed my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job. 3)If you should require anything, you could just let me know.
二. 虚拟语气结构以 should do 为主;大多数情况下,should 可以省略 01.几个动词
1)当表示要求、建议、命令等的动词作谓语时,跟在后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气(should)do:
2)被动:It is suggested that…
我们之前讲过,被动句不强调“谁做”,而是强调什么被怎样了。对于这类结构,可以这样理解:
It is suggested that…(有人)建议…… It is proposed that…(有人)提议…… It is desired that… 希望……
3)值得注意 wish 的用法,它跟我们在攻略一学的 if 从句虚拟语气相似。至于 wish 后的宾语从句,如果: >> 跟现在事实相反,从句谓语用 did: I wish I knew how to quit you.
>> 跟过去事实相反,用 had done: I wish we hadn’t met before. 我希望我们从未相遇。
注:实际上,我们在过去的某天遇见了,无奈两人越活越冷清。因此说,我的愿望与过去事实相反。
4)需要注意的,还有两个“多义词” :
当 insist 作“坚持认为”、suggest 作“表明”解释时,不使用虚拟语气。 02.几个名词
当下列名词在句子中作主语,可用虚拟语气 (should) do。
除了名词形式的表达,我们还能使用在 01 Part 学习的宾语从句: 3)I suggest that we (should) start making holiday purchases. 03.几个形容词
当以下形容词出现在“It is adj. + that 从句”的句式中时,从句常用虚拟语气 (should) do,用来表达惋惜、震惊、理所当然等情感。
04.几个介词(短语)
05.几个常用结构
>> as if/ though 就像……
用法与 if 从句虚拟语气相似:与现在事实相反, as if/ though 从句用 did;与过去事实相反,从句用 had done.
>> if only 要是……就好了
表达一种愿望,与 01 Part 讲的 wish 的用法相似,一般过去时 did 表示现在的愿望,过去完成时 had done 表示过去的愿望。 If only I were rich!
要是我有钱就好了!(实际上我很穷) If only I had kept my temper!
当时忍住就好了!(实际上当时炸了) >> would rather 宁愿……
用法同上,也是表达愿望,分为对现在/将来的愿望,还是对过去的愿望。 I would rather you stayed.
我宁愿你留下。(然而你不在) I would rather we hadn’t met before. 我希望我们未曾遇见。(实际上遇见了) >> It’s (high/ about) time… 该……了 常用一般过去时 did。 It is high time I went to bed. = It is high time I should go to bed. 我该睡觉了。 课后巩固
1) Our idea is that the match ______. A. would put off B. should put off C. be put off
2) The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. A. didn’t water B. wasn’t watered C. hadn’t been watered
3) I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and go to work. A. could have slept B. slept C. would sleep
4) — Did you make it at last?
— Yes! But for your help, it ______ a serious loss. A. would cause B. would have caused C. caused
5) My uncle insists ______ in this hotel.
A. staying not
B. that he would not stay C. that he not stay
6) It is vital that enough money ______ to fund the project. A. was collected B. can be collected C. be collected
7) I’d rather you ______ make any comment on the issue for the time being. A. didn’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t
8) While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they ______ by wild animals. A. would be attacked B. should be attacked C. was attacked
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