作文通则 —— TDC理论
高中生作文一般遵循 TOC 理论 , 同学们可以按以下结构列写作提纲 :
1 The Topic Sentence ( 主题句 )
2. Paragraph Development ( 段落发展 )
a. ______________________________
b. ______________________________
c. ______________________________
3. The Concluding Sentence ( 结论句 )
高中生作文可采用五段法
第一段 : 写明话题、亮出个人观点。
第二段 : 过渡段 ( 一个句子 ) 。
第三段 : reason A + supporting details (developing sentences) 。
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第四段 : reason B + supporting details (developing sentences) 。
第五段 : 结尾 ( conclusion) 。
T: 主题句:
主题句是一个段落中最重要的句子 , 它必须告诉读者这个段落的主旨是什么。通常每个段落的第一句就是主题句。
主题句由两部分构成 : 主题 ( the topic) 和中心论点 ( the controll-
ing idea) 。主题便是你要谈论和描述的对象 ( 人、事、物 ) , 中心论点则将
主题句的特点是 : 开门见山、简短有力、立场明确。
D： 段落发展:
段落发展就是整个段落的论述部分 , 这个部分所有的句子都是用来支持主题句的 , 因此要避免与主题句不相干的句子以及同样语意的冗词赘句。段落发展有两种写法 :
其一 : 提出支持主题句的论点 , 再依各点分别解释或举例。
其二 : 根据时间和空间描述事物。
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C: 结论句:
结论句有三种写法 :
一、重述法 : 用不同的话来重述主题句的概念。
二、摘要法 : 将文章内容作一个摘要。
三、衍生法 : 由文章内容衍生 , 提出呼应主旨的信息、评论、建议等。
范文一： 我最喜欢的一本书
向大家介绍你最喜欢的一本书 , 简单介绍它的内容 , 谈谈你为什么喜欢它。I. 下笔方式
1. 主题句 : 我最喜欢的一本书是《真正的美》。
2. 发展句 : 介绍这本书 ; 说明为什么喜欢它 。
a. 结构好、措词简单 , 适合练习英文写作 ;
b. 概述这本书的内容。
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3. 结论句 : 这本书很有启示性 , 值得一读。
II． 范文
My favorite book is a short story called True Beauty. I can't remember the name of the author, but in terms of structure , this book can be called a masterpiece. The wording is simple and easy. For those who want to practice English writing, True Beauty is highly recommended.
Basically, this is a true story about a young girl who was brought up in a poor family. She was born with a big birthmark on her face. In the beginning, she was self-conscious and afraid to deal with people. Thanks to her loving parents' encouragement , however, she finally decided to approach the outside world. Her kindness and helpfulness made her popular with her friends. She even won the love of a handsome young man who thought that she was the most beautiful girl he had ever met. I find the story inspiring and worth reading.
III 译文： 我最喜欢的书是一本叫做《真正的美》的短篇小说。我不记得作者的名字了 ,
但就布局而言 , 这本书称得上是杰作。此书措辞简单易懂 , 对于那些想练习英文写作的人来说 ,《真正的美》非常值得推荐。
简单说来 , 这本书描写一段真实的故事 , 内容是关于一个成长在贫寒家庭的年 轻女孩 她
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生脸上就有一块大胎记。起初 , 她很自卑 , 害怕与人交往。但幸好在她慈爱父母的鼓励之下 , 她最终决定接触外面的世界。她的善良和乐于助人使得她 很受朋友们的欢迎。她甚至赢得了一位英俊年轻人的爱 , 他觉得她是他所见过最美 丽的女孩。我认为这个故事很有启示性 , 值得一读。
阅读范文二： “一位难忘的老师”
Of all the teachers that have taught me over the years, Ms. Yuan is the one that sticks out most in my mind. She will stay in my memory until my dying day because of the valuable lessons that she taught me not only about history but about life as well.
Ms. Yuan was my history teacher in my second year of junior high school. In her class, she continually told us stories about some of the greats in history and what they had accomplished. By far the most valuable lesson I learned from her is that if we don't learn from the mistakes of the past, we're bound to repeat them in the future. A few years have passed since Ms. Yuan taught me, but her teachings about life and history will stay with me forever.
作文----有志者事竟成
题目： 古人云 : 有志者事竟成。 ( Where there is a will, there is a way. ) 通过描述你生活中的一件事 , 说明只要有决心 , 无论困难有多大都能克服去完成目标。
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I. 下笔方式 （列提纲）
全文分两段 :
第一段 : 引述谚语 \" 有志者事竟成 \作为本文的主题句 ; 解释这句话的内涵。
第二段 : 以自己减肥的经历为例 , 说明只要有毅力并持之以恒 , 就能达成目标。
结论句 : 鼓励大家坚定信念 , 克服困难 , 达成目标。
II. 范文
As the saying goes, \"Where there is a will, there is a way.\" This simply means that we're bound to run into setbacks on life's journey. As long as we remain strong-willed, there is no difficulty we can't overcome.
I used to be very fat, but I didn't care about it until one day I found it difficult to breathe. I knew I had to do something before it's too late. The next day, I started jogging and going on a diet. In the beginning, things went smoothly and I lost a few pounds in less than two weeks. Somehow, though, my weight remained unchanged in the following months. I was so disappointed and depressed that I almost gave up. But I persuaded myself to carry on. Two years have passed, and I have lost 40 pounds. I have regained my health, thanks to my belief in the saying, \"Where there is a will, there is a
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way.\"
III. 译文
谚语有云 “ 有志者事竟成。” 这表示我们在人生的旅途中注定会遭遇挫折 , 但只要我们保持坚强的毅力 , 什么困难都能克服。
我曾经很胖 , 但我并不介意 , 直到有一天我发觉自己呼吸有了困难。我意识到我得有点作为以免为时晚矣。第二天 , 我开始慢跑并节食。起初 , 一切进展顺利 , 我两个星期不到就减了几磅。然而不知怎么地 , 我的体重在接下来的几个月里却一直没变过。我非常失望和沮丧 , 因此差点儿就放弃了。但是我说服了自己坚持下 去。两年过去了 , 我减了 40 磅。多亏了我信奉的格言 \" 有志者事竟成 \" 我重新 获得了健康。
主题句通常放在段落的开头。
常用主题句的句型：
1. When asked about... , most people think (say/believe/ claim/ argue) that..., but other people think of ( consider/regard) . .. as... ( or: differently).
2. There is a discussion on ( about/ over/ as to)... Those who object to ... argue
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that... But...
3. Now, it is widely believed that... They think... , but I wonder whether.. .
4. For years, ... has been regarded as ... , but things are quite different.
5. Any visitor to the country ( city) .
6. Is it likely that ... ? The answer may depend.
7. In spite of ... I believe .
8. Contrary to ... , I believe that ...
9. They may be right about ... , but they seem to fail to mention the fact that ..
10. It is true that ... , but it doesn't mean that ...
11. Some ... Others..., Still others .
12. Why are ... ? For one thing For another (Thing) ... Perhaps ...
13. The reason why ... is that ...
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14. It will have a useful effect on ...
15. As is known to all,
第二节发展句
发展句 ( 或称为扩展句、支持句 ) , 顾名思义 , 就是被用来发展( 扩展、支持 ) 主题句的句子。
主题句确定以后 , 接着就该写发展句了。发展句不是一个句子 , 而是几个句子。这些句子可以通过举例、说明、描写、对比、比较、定义、分类、等方法来论证和阐述中心思想 。
发展句必须紧扣主题句 , 逻辑性强 , 与主题句意思紧密相连 ,不能插入与主题句无关的内容 , 否则就破坏了文章的统一性 。
发展句使读者 ( 或阅卷教师 ) 能够正确地理解和获取写作者所要表达的信息 。 如果说主题句是文章的 “ 骨架 ” 的话 , 那么发展句就是文章的 “ 血 ” 和 “ 肉 了 ”。
一、 三种常用的扩展主题句的方法：
1. 举例法
运用事实举例说明中心思想。举例能使主题更明了 , 内容更丰富。反之 , 在一个抽象的话
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题和作者的观点之后 , 仍然单调、笼 统地重复主题句 , 不用举例的方法来增加主题句的说服力 , 也不增 加细节来证明作者的观点 , 这样的段落无论如何是不会令人满意 的 。 例如 :
Time is valuable. As is known to all, time is precious. It is wrong to waste our time because we can't study without time. So we should use our time wisely.
不难发现 , 以上段落中作者基本上没有写好发展句 , 而只是单 调地重复主题句。 以下文章则有 \" 血 \" 有 \" 肉 \"
For some people life seems to flow like a song, but for others, life seems hard indeed.
Tom was born into a poor peasant family that already had too many mouths to feed. As the family moved from one place to another, he la- bored long hours in the fields and missed a great deal of schooling. He joined the army at eighteen. Later he was seriously wounded...
2. 因果法
论述性的文章 , 可用此方法来说明事物发展的原因和结果。既可以根据结果分析原因 , 也可以由原因推论结果 。 例如 :
Though there are many causes for the changing of women's social positions, the
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main cause is that the economic position has changed since 1949. On the one hand, more and more women left their kitchen and became part of labor force. Now some women' s income is higher than that of men. On the other hand. modern women have more chances to go to college. As a result, we have more and more women managers, women doctors and women scientists.
3. 比较、对照法
将两种或更多的事物进行比较、对照来说明事物的性质、形态
等特点的方法 , 称为比较、对照法。 通过比较 , 研究不同事物的相 似点 , 用同学们熟悉的简单事物与不熟悉的陌生事物类比 , 使其变 得简单易懂。例如 :
Compared with city life, country life has its own advantages. Al- though peasants can't enjoy some of the modern entertainments that the city can provide, they can enjoy the fresh air, fresh vegetables and fresh water as well. Contrary to heavy traffic in the city, life in the countryside is gentle. You don't have to get into the crowded bus every weekday...
请写出下列话题的发展句：
第三节 结尾句
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精心构思的文章最后一步便是结尾了 如何以既有意义、又很优美的方式来结束全文呢 ?
文章的结尾段 ( 句 ) 是对文章的归纳和总结 , 它可再次吸引读 者并给读者留下深刻的印象 , 起到画龙点睛的作用 。
结尾应避免 4 种常见的问题
1. 画蛇添足。 结尾段又冒出第二个主题句 , 犯了前后不一致的毛病。
2. 空喊口号。 用了几句口号式的祈使句加感叹号结尾 , 体现不出作者创造性的思维 , 不能很好地为中心思想服务。
3. 大表决心。常常用 I decide to study harder. 或 I am determined to... 或 I'll try my best... 这类句子结尾 。
4. 用总结式的句子收尾。如： So , I think ... 应避免这种太一般化的表达方式。
请判断下列结尾段是用什么方法写成的：P 33
“欲速则不达” 范文
Well goes the old saying, \"Haste makes waste.\" Quite often we are so eager to achieve a goal that we don't take the time to prepare for it properly. As a result, we fail to
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reach the goal as expected.
I can easily remember being in this situation several years ago. I had an important test to study for, but I felt that spending time with my friends was much more fun. I ended up cramming for the test by staying up all night long. The next day, I was so tired that I fell asleep during the test. As you can tell, I failed the test. Ever since then, I have learned that doing things slowly but cautiously is much more important than doing things in haste but carelessly.
译文
俗话说得好 \" 欲速则不达 \" 。我们往往太急于达成某个目标 , 而没有花时间好好做准备。结果是 , 我们未能达成预期的目标。
我清楚地记得几年前我也曾这样。当时我有个重要的考试要准备 , 但我觉得和朋友一起玩更加有趣。结果我不得不通宵学习 , 把那些考试要准备的东西统统塞进脑子里。第二天 , 由于太劳累 , 我在考试时睡着了。你可以想象得到 , 我没有通过那场考试。从此 , 我认识到 , 缓慢但谨慎地去做某件事 , 远比匆忙草率地做事重要。
1）． 课内训练题：每个人都有自己的理想 , 那你的理想是什么呢 ? 请你写一篇短文谈谈你的理想。120-150字。
A. 阅读下列短文， 1。看看范文的题纲是如何列就的；
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2。重点理解黑体字在文中的用法。
Many friends of mine like to dream big. They hope they can be scientists, doctors, or lawyers in the future. As for me, I have long wanted to be an elementary school teacher.
For one thing, being around children always brings me joy. They are naive and I can stay with them all day without feeling tired. For another, they are the backbone of my country. If I can teach them something useful when they are young, they can contribute a lot to our society when they grow up. Of course, children tend to be naughty and playful, which can make it hard to teach them. However, I can identify with them and put up with their mischievous behavior because I was also a naughty girl when I was their age.
This is my dream, simple but noble, and I believe I can make it come true
someday.
译文： 我的许多朋友都有远大的梦想。他们希望有朝一日成为科学家、医生或律师。
至于我 , 我却一直希望成为一名小学教师。
其一 , 与孩子相处总是带给我乐趣。他们天真无邪 , 和他们在一起我从不感到厌倦。其二 , 孩子是祖国的栋梁。如果我可以在他们还小时教给他们一些有用的东 西 , 他们长大之后就可以
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为社会做出很大的贡献。当然 , 孩子都会调皮贪玩 , 这也 会使得教育他们有些困难。但我理解他们 , 能够容忍他们的顽皮行为 , 因为当我和 他们一般大的时候 , 我也是个顽皮的小女孩。
这就是我的理想 , 简单却崇高 , 我相信有一天它终会实现。
议论文讲学稿（一）
手机的利弊
(现在越来越多的学生有了手机 , 请你简单分析手机对学生的益处和害处。)
These days, it is not uncommon to see students carrying a mobile phone around. It seems that owning a mobile phone has become a fad. In fact, such a device does have some advantages. It may come in handy in case of emergency. You can also use it to send a message to your friend. Most mobile phones today provide us with information for educational and entertaining purposes. Some even serve as digital cameras!
But mobile phones are costly. Owning one can mean a heavy burden on your parents. Besides, some students enjoy talking on the phone so often that it will certainly affect their studies. A lot of research has confirmed that mobile phones have radiation, which can do harm to our health if we use them on a constant basis. I do not object to having a mobile phone, but students should be taught to use it properly.
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译文
在当今 , 看见学生持有手机已是件很平常的事情。似乎拥有一部手机已成了一 种时尚。的确 , 这个东西有其优点。万一有紧急情况时 , 它可以派上用场。你也可以用它发短信给朋友。现在的大多数手机还可以为我们提供教学及娱乐信息。某些 手机还能作为数码相机使用呢 !
然而手机的花费也很大。拥有手机就表示为父母增添沉重的负担。此外 , 有些学生非常喜欢用手机聊天, 这样势必影响他们的学业。许多研究证实了手机具有辐射, 经常使用手机会危害我们的健康。我并不反对持有手机, 但学生们应该被教导正确使用它。
以下句型可作为英语作文时的参考：
Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern.
最近,…问题已引起人们的关注.
Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题.
It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that…
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人们一般认为…
Many people insist that…
很多人坚持认为…
With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that…
随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…
A lot of people seem to think that…
很多人似乎认为…
引出不同观点:
People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that….
人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为．．．
People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解.
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Attitudes towards students’using mobile phone vary from person to person. 人们对待学生用手机的态度因人而异.
There are different opinions among people as to…
关于…. 人们的观点大不相同.
Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure).
对(失败)人们的态度各不相同.
结尾
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…
把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that…
考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…
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Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that…
因此,我们最好得出这样的结论…
There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.
毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点.
提出建议:
It is high time that we put an end to the (trend).
该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.
Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that…
显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…
Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能…
It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到…
预示后果:
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Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger.
很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险.
No doubt, unless we take effective measures…
毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施…
It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展.
论证
From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.
在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.
I cannot entirely agree with the idea that…
我无法完全同意这一观点….
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Personally, I am standing on the side of …
就个人而言,我站在…的一边.
I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信…
In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do….
在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智.
Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why…
给出原因:
This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, …
Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is…
为什么会…? 一个原因是… 另一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是….
I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows.
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我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下:
列出解决办法:
Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议.
The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…
People have figured out many ways to solve this problem.
人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.
批判错误观点和做法:
As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,…
It was obvious that… 很显然,….
It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that…
可能…是对的,但这并不意味着…
It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that…
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认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视….
我最喜欢的节日
题目： 在中国传统节日中 , 你最喜欢的节日是什乞 ? 请说明理由。
| 下笔方式
1. 主提句 : 在中国传统节日中 , 我最喜欢中秋节 , 因为可以做很多有趣的事情。 2. 发展句 : 简述喜欢中秋节的理由 :
a. 妈妈会做很多美昧的菜肴给我们吃 ;
b. 我们晚上去公园野餐、吃月饼、赏月 ;
c. 爸爸讲笑话给我们昕 , 大家唱歌、聊天 , 玩得很愉快。
3. 结论句 : 中秋节是我们全家人同乐的时刻 , 所以它是我最喜欢的节日。
范文
Of all the traditional Chinese festivals we celebrate, the Mid-Autumn Festival is my favorite. I like it because on this holiday we can do many interesting things like going on
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picnics and looking at the beauti 臼 1 full moon.
Usually Mom cooks a lot of delicious food for Dad and me to eat on the Mid-Autumn Festival. At night, like many other people, we go to a nearby park, where we have dinner and then eat moon cakes for dessert. Dad tells us a lot of 如 nny jokes. We sing and chat and have a wonderful time. The Mid-Autumn Festival is a time for our whole family to have 臼 n together, so it is the holiday I like best.
所有的中国传统节日中 , 我最喜欢中秋节。我之所以喜欢它是因为在这一天我 们可以做很多有趣的事 , 比如去野餐和欣赏美丽的满月。
中秋节这天 , 妈妈通常会做许多美昧的菜肴给我和爸爸吃。和许多人一样 , 我们晚上会去附近的公园 , 在那里吃晚餐 , 然后吃月饼当甜点。爸爸会讲许多笑话给 我们昕。我们唱歌、聊天 , 玩得很愉快。中秋节是我们全家人同乐的时刻 , 所以它 是我最喜欢的节日。
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