Background Information Translation

Lesson 4

1、Leanita McClain (1952-984)

Leanita McClain was an African American journalist, who was famous for honest, if sometimes bitter, reporting on racism in America. She was born in Chicago and grew up in a housing project there. She went to Chicago State University and the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University. After graduation, she worked for The Chicago Tribune, and over the next decade, she served as the first African American member of the paper's editorial board. In 1983, she published an essay \"How Chicago Taught Me to Hate Whites,\" expressing her anguish over a racially divisive election in Chicago. The essay caused a furious controversy, which probably undermined McClain's fragile psychological condition. She committed suicide in the following year for suffering from depression.

麦克莱恩是一个非裔美国籍的记者，以诚实出名，有时尖刻的报道美国的种族歧视。她出生在芝加哥，成长在那里的安居工程。她去了芝加哥州立大学和西北大学梅迪尔新闻学院。在毕业之后，她工作在芝加哥论坛报，在接下来的十年，她成了报纸编辑部第一位非裔美国人。在1983年，她出版了散文《芝加哥教会了我如何恨白人》，去表达她的痛苦对于芝加哥的种族分裂的选举。这篇散文引起了激烈的论战，基本破坏了麦克莱无奈脆弱的心理状态。她在接下来的一年忍受了沮丧最终选择自杀。

2、Disneyland

Disneyland is a very large park near the US city of Los Angeles with many amusements, rides, shops, restaurants, and hotels. Many of the shows and rides are based on Walt Disney’s film characters, such as Mickey Mouse, and several imaginary worlds have been made, such as Adventureland. Now we can see more Disneyland in other places.

迪斯尼是一个非常大的公园在美国洛杉矶市附近，周围有许多娱乐设施，商店，饭店和旅馆。许多表演和娱乐设施是基于华特迪斯尼的电影人物比如米老鼠的，几个想像的世界在这里也被构建起比如探险世界。现在我们可以看到更多的迪斯尼公园在其他地方。

3、Oreo

Oreo is a trademark of a popular type of US cookie. It is made of two small chocolate cookies with white cream between them. It becomes an offensive name for a black person who has completely accepted the values of white society. The word is usually used by one black person to another.

奥利奥是一种流行的美国饼干的商标。它有两片巧克力饼干和中间的白奶油构成。它变成了一个攻击性的名字去描述一个黑人已经接受了白人社会的价值观。这个词常被黑人用于他人。

4、Trailways: Transport Trailways, a big transportation company in the US. 交通旅途，一个很大的美国交通运输公司。

5、The Deep South

The Deep South is an area of the southeastern US including Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and Mississippi. The stereotype of people living in these states is that they are

more traditional, conservative, and racist than people in other parts of the US.

美国的南方腹地是美国东南部的一片区域包括阿拉巴马州、路易斯安那州、乔治亚州、南卡莱罗那州和密西西比州。生活在这些州的老套的人们比其他美国地区的人们更加传统保守和具有种族歧视。

6、cross burning

Cross burning or cross lighting is a practice widely associated with the Ku Klux Klan (3k 党), although the historical practice long predates the Klan's inception. In the early 20th century, the Klan burnt crosses on hillsides or near the homes of those they wished to intimidate。 十字架上燃烧和交叉步光是被广泛的与3k党联系起来，尽管这些历史实践远早于3k当的早期。在20世纪初期，3k党烧那些在山坡上或者临近他们想恐吓家庭的十字架。

7、Racism

Racism, also called racialism, refers to the theory or idea that there is a causal link between inherited physical traits and certain traits of personality, intellect, or culture. Combined with it is the notion that some races are inherently superior to others. Bearing this idea in mind, many whites in the U.S. and the Republic of Africa (南非) consider colored people, especially the black, inferior and thus should be discriminated against.

种族主义，指的是一种认为在遗传的躯体状况和人格智力文化上的特征有因果关系。和这个概念还有联系的是在某些竞赛上他们在内在优势上比其他人好。在心里有这个想法，许多美国白人和南非共和国认为有色人种，尤其是黑人，是低下的应该被歧视。

8、white guilt

White guilt refers to the concept of individual or collective guilt often said to be felt by some white people for the racist treatment of people of color by whites both historically and presently

白人内疚是指个人或集体对于在白人历史和目前对于有色人种的种族歧视待遇的一些白人产生的内疚感的概念。

9、Affirmative Action

\"Affirmative action\" refers to policies that take factors including \"race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation or national origin\" into consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group \"in areas of employment, education, and business\usually justified as countering the effects of a history of discrimination.

平权法案是把包括种族 肤色 宗教 性别 性取向 国家出身等因素考虑进去使 弱势群体能在区域就业，受教育和商业上受益的政策，经常用来调整去减少历史上歧视造成的影响。

Lesson 8

1、Ian Frazier (1951--)

Upon graduation from Harvard, Frazier worked briefly as a writer for a magazine owned by Playboy in Chicago. The following year, he moved to New York City and joined the staff of the New Yorker magazine, where he wrote feature articles, humorous sketches, and pieces for \"The Talk of the Town\" section. His stories are collected in

在哈佛毕业之后，弗雷泽在芝加哥的《花花公子》下的一个杂志做了短暂的撰稿人。在接下来的一年，他搬去了纽约，加入纽约人杂志，在这里，他写专题文章，幽默的草图，热

门话题部分。他的故事被收集到Dating Your Mom (1986) and Nobody Better, Better Than Nobody (1987).中。

2、Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai is located in Sinai Peninsular, Egypt. It is renowned as the site where Moses received Ten Commandments. It is regarded as sacred in Jewish, Christian and Islamic traditions. It is also an important pilgrimage site.

Mount Sinai School of Medicine ranks among the top 20 medical schools in receipt of National Institute of Health grants. U.S. News & World Report ranks Mount Sinai School of Medicine 22nd out of 126 medical schools in its 2009-2010 \"America’s Best Graduate Schools\" issue.

In 1999, Mount Sinai School of Medicine switched its affiliation from The City University of New York to that of New York University. Its formal name is Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University.

Commitment to excellence in research, education, and patient care forms the foundation that makes Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM) in Manhattan one of the world’s foremost centers for medical and scientific training.

Mount Sinai’s educational philosophy reflects the ever-changing face of contemporary science — the most important thing a medical or science student can learn is how to continue learning. The educational experience at Mount Sinai is designed to help each student reach his or her maximum potential. We graduate well-rounded individuals who are highly skilled in medicine as well as compassionate caregivers.

西奈山座落于埃及西奈半岛。它因为这里是摩西接受摩西十诫的地点而出名。这里被犹太人基督徒传统伊斯兰教认为是神圣的。这里也是一个重要的朝拜地点。

西奈山医学院是受到美国国立卫生研究院的资助的医学院排名前二十的。 美国新闻与世界报道将它排在126所医学院中的第22位在它的2009~2010美国最佳研究生院项目里面。

在1999年，西奈山医学院从纽约城市大学加入到了纽约大学中。它的正式名称是纽约大学西奈山医学院。

在研究教育中追求卓越，病人护理的基础形式，是在曼哈顿岛的西奈山医学院成为世界上最重要 的医学和科学训练中心的原因。

西奈山的教育哲学反映了不断变化的现代科学——对于医学或科学学生最重要的是学习如何一直学习。在西奈山的教育训练是被设计去帮助每个学生达到他们最大的潜能。我们让具有高水平医术和富有同情心的人毕业。

3、Princeton

Princeton is located in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. Princeton University has been sited in the town since 1756. Although Princeton is a \"college townhere are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS) and etc.

The town is roughly equidistant between New York and Philadelphia. It is close to many major highways that can take residents to both cities. New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945.

Princeton was named No.15 of the top 100 towns in the United States to Live and Work In by Money Magazine in 2005.

普林斯顿座落于美国新泽西州美世县。普林斯顿大学从1756年就在这里建立。尽管普林斯顿是一个大学镇，这里还有很多重要机构包括高等研究院和教育与考试服务中心等。

这个镇子离纽约和费城等距。它离很多主要的高速公路很近以致居民能够从这里去那两个城市。新泽西州的首府是特伦顿市，但是政府的办公机构从1945年就坐落于普林斯顿。

普林斯顿被《财富》杂志在2005年选为美国最宜居和工作的100个城镇中的第十五位。

4、Archimedes (287-212BC)

Archimedes was the legendary Greek inventor and mathematician. He invented the Archimedes screw, a device for raising water, and discovered the hydrostatic principle. His main interests were optics, mechanics, pure mathematics, and astronomy. His mathematical proofs were known for the rigor and met the highest standards of contemporary geometry.

阿基米德是一位传奇的希腊发明家和数学家。他发明了阿基米德螺旋抽水机，一个用来抬升水的装置，发现了流体静力学原理。他主要的兴趣在于光学，力学，纯数学和天文学。他的数学证明以严谨出名，达到了现代几何学研究的最高标准。

5、Renaissance

The Renaissance refers to the humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. It originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. During that period of time, new continents were discovered and explored; Copernican system of astronomy was accepted; paper, printing, the mariner’s compass and gunpowder were invented; feudal system declined while commerce began to grow. The revival marked the transition from medieval to modern times.

文艺复兴值得是人本主义的古典艺术，建筑学，文学的复兴，和在长时间的文化衰竭和停滞之后的学习。它起始于14世纪的意大利，然后迅速在欧洲传播。在这个期间，新大陆被发现和探索，哥白尼的天文体系被接受，纸，印刷术，船用罗盘，火药被发明，封建制度衰退而商业开始发展。文艺复兴式中世纪向现代转换的标志。 Florence, the center of Renaissance 佛罗伦萨，文艺复兴的中心。

6、Dark Ages

Roughly speaking, the Dark Ages refers to the early medieval period of western European history (476-800, or 500-1000), when there was no Roman emperor in the west. At that time, war frequented Europe while no virtual urban life ever existed. Later historians consider that period one of intellectual darkness and barbarity.

大体上说，欧洲中世纪指的是西欧中世纪早期历史（478-800或者500-1000），当时在西方没有罗马皇帝。在那个时候，战争经常光顾欧洲，没有都市生活长久存在。后来，历史学家认为那个世代是无知与残暴的。

Petrarch, who conceived the idea of a European \"Dark Age\".彼特拉克，提出中世纪这个词的人；

7、Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

Newton was an English physicist and mathematician. He discovered three laws of motion now known as Newton’s laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force), universal gravitation, calculus, and binomial theorem. He also formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics. Besides, he presented a set of four rules for scientific reasoning.

牛顿是英国物理学家和数学家。他发现了现代成为牛顿定律（万有引力定律，作用力与反作用力，加速度与力成正比）的三条定理，万有引力，微积分学，二项式定理。他表述经典的力学和光学体系。除了这些，他还提出了科学推理的四条规则。

8、Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)

Gauss was a German mathematician. He developed the concept of complex numbers and proved the fundamental theorem of algebra in his doctoral thesis. He was the pioneer to apply mathematics to gravitation, electricity, and magnetism.

高斯是德国数学家。他发明了复数的概念，证明了代数基本定理在博士论文里。他是将数学应用到万有引力，电学和磁学中德先驱。

9、Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Einstein was the physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity, the equivalence of mass and energy, and the photon theory of light. In 1921, he was awarded Nobel Prize for his photoelectric law and work in theoretical physics.

爱因斯坦是发明狭义和广义相对论的物理学家，质量和能量等效，光子理论。在1921年他以他在光电效应在理论物理中的研究获得了诺贝尔奖。

10、New Jersey Meadowlands Entertainment Complex

Meadowlands is the name of a city in the state of New Jersey. The Meadowlands Entertainment Complex is a famous place for musicians to give performances. It has a big stadium called Giants Stadium, many other facilities, and a huge parking lot.

新泽西草地娱乐中心是以新泽西州命名的。它是一个很有名的地方对于音乐家来表演。它有一个大的叫做巨人体育馆的体育馆，许多其他的设施，和一个巨大的停车场。

11、Munich

Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg. There are approximately 1.35 million people living within city limits, while the Munich Metropolitan Area is home to over 5 million people. The city's motto is \"Munich Loves You\". Its native name, München, is derived from the Old German word Mönche, meaning \"Monks\".

慕尼黑是德国在第三大城市，在柏林和汉堡之后。这里大概有135万人居住在城市范围内，尽管慕尼黑市区拥有500万人口。城市的格言是“慕尼黑喜欢你”。它的原来的名字München来源于古德语单词Mönche，意思是修道士。

12、gray stuff

This phrase is used to remind the reader of the “gray matter” of the brain. The gray matter refers to the cortex, which covers the outer surface of the brain. Although the cortex is delicate and powerful, it cannot guarantee that no mistakes will be made. To err is human, because human beings have their limits and they are made to make mistakes. In the same way, computers, as man-made things, are more likely to err.

这个短语是用来使读者想起大脑灰质的。大脑灰质指的是覆盖在大脑外表面的皮质。尽管皮质是纤细而有力的，它不能保它不出错。人非圣贤孰能无过，因为人类有他们的极限，而他们是用来犯错的。在某种程度上说，电脑也是人做的东西，更容易犯错。

Lesson 11

1、Howard Gardner (1943-)

Born in 1943, Howard Gardner is the son of the refugees of Nazi Germany. He is Adjunct Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, Adjunct Professor of Neurology at the Boston University, and Chairman of the Steering Committee of Harvard Project Zero. His famous theory of multiple intelligences has great influences on education and human development. The theory is depicted in Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1985).

出生在1943年的霍华德加德纳德国纳粹时期的难民的孩子。他是哈佛大学心理学的副教授，波士顿大学神经学的副教授，哈佛零方案指导委员会的主席。他最有名的多元智能理论大大影响了教育和人类的发展。这个理论在《智能的结构：关于多元智能的理论》中被描述。

2、Multiple Intelligences

The theory is a pluralized way of understanding the intellect. Recent advances in cognitive science, developmental psychology and neuroscience suggest that each person's level of intelligence, as it has been traditionally considered, is actually made up of autonomous faculties that can work individually or in concert with other faculties. Howard Gardner originally identified seven such faculties, which he labeled as \"intelligences\": musical, spatial, linguistic, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligences. Recently, he added an eighth intelligence to the list: the naturalist intelligence. There's also been some consideration of a ninth intelligence: existential intelligence. The theory has great influences in the worlds of education, cognitive sciences and developmental psychology.

When we measure a person’s intelligence, we often note his or her ability to solve problems, utilize logic, and think critically. These typical traits of intelligence are sometimes lumped together under the label of \"raw intelligence.\" A person's intelligence, traditionally speaking, is contained in his or her general intellect—in other words, how each and every one of us comprehend, examine, and respond to outside stimuli, whether it be to solve a math problem correctly or to anticipate an opponent's next move in a game of tennis. Our intelligence, therefore, is our singular, collective ability to act and react in an ever-changing world. According to Howard Gardner, intelligence is not singular yet multiple.

这个理论是一个多元的方式去理解智力。在认知科学的研究进展中，发展心理学和神经系统科学表明人的智力水平，像被传统认为的一样，是有自主独立工作或者能和其他能力练习的能力构成的。霍华德加德纳最初指出七种能力，被他称为智能：音乐，空间，语言，逻辑数学，身体协调，人际关系和自我认识智能。近来，他把自然只能加入到第八个智能，当然还有第九智能的考虑：存在智能。这个理论在世界教育，认知科学，发展心理学都有很大的影响。

当我们评估一个人的智力是，我们经常注意他的解决问题，逻辑，批判性思考的能力。这些智能突出的特点有时会集中的存在于原始只能的标签中。一个人的智力，传统的来说，由他的综合智商构成，换句话说，我们对外界刺激理解，检查和反映的多少，不管他是否能正确解决数学问题或者在网球比赛中在对手下一步行动中占得先机。我们的智力因此是我们单一的收集对外界变化的行为和反映的能力。根据霍华德加德纳的理论，智力不是单一的而是多元的。

3、IQ

It’s the abbreviation of “intelligence quotient”, referring to a number used to express the relative intelligence of a person. The IQ is determined by dividing a person's mental age as reported on a standardized test by his chronological age and then multiplying the resulting figure by 100. Intelligence tests and aptitude tests are often adopted to measure a person’s ability to solve problems.

它是智商的缩写，指的是用数字来表示人的智力的。iq等于他的在测试中显示的心理年龄除以他的真实年龄乘以一百。iq测试总是被人去衡量一个人解决问题的能力。

4、The Iliad

The Iliad is epic poem on the Trojan War traditionally attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer, about whom nothing is known except his name. The war is fought by the Akhaians against the Trojans for the recovery of Helen, the wife of the Akhaian chieftain Menelaos; the combatants are heroes who in their chariots engage in individual duels before the supporting lines of infantry and archers. The Iliad describes the events of a few weeks in the ten-year siege of Troy. The particular subject of the poem is the anger of Akhilleus, the bravest of the Akhaian chieftains encamped outside the city. The poem is composed around 850 BC and intended not for reading but for oral recitation. Of the two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, the former is considered greater

《伊利亚特》是一部写特洛伊战争的史诗，由除了名字剩下什么都不知道的古希腊诗人荷马所写。这场战争是亚该亚人反对特洛伊恢复海伦，亚该亚首领的妻子麦内达斯。战士在战车里面进行个人决斗在志愿步兵和弓箭手被认为是英雄。《伊利亚特》描述了十年包围特洛伊过程汇总的几个星期的事情。这首诗最特殊的主体是阿喀琉斯的愤怒，最勇敢的亚该亚酋长们在城外扎营。这首史诗成于公元前850年，但不是写下来而是口头传述的，在《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两部史诗中，前者被认为更伟大一些。

5、Shinichi Suzuki and Suzuki Method

Shinichi Suzuki (1898-1998) was a Japanese violinist, educator, philosopher, and humanitarian. Over the past fifty years he had a profound influence on music education in his own country and throughout the world. Suzuki based his approach on the belief that, “Musical ability is not an inborn talent but an ability which can be developed. Any child who is properly trained can develop musical ability, just as all children develop the ability to speak their mother tongue. The potential of every child is unlimited.” He realized the implications of the fact that children over the world learn to speak their native language with ease and began to apply the basic principles of language acquisition to the learning of music. His method is also called the Mother-Tongue Approach or Talent Education. In teaching music, he put emphasis on an early beginning, loving encouragement, and constant repetition. Besides, Suzuki students develop basic competence on their instruments before being taught to read music. This sequence of instruction enables both teacher and student to focus on the development of good posture, beautiful tone, accurate intonation, and musical phrasing.

铃木真一是人本小提琴家，教育家，哲学家，人道主义者。在过去五十年里他对日本乃至全世界的音乐教育都有巨大影响。他的方法基于他的信念“. 音乐能力并不是天生的天赋,而是一个可开发的能力。任何孩子都是可以由良好的训练培养音乐能力的,就像所有的孩子发展讲母语的能力。每个孩子的潜力是无限的。”他意识到全世界的孩子学习母语都很轻松，

然后开始把这些原理应用与音乐学习中。他的方法被称为母语的方法或者天赋教育。在教音乐的过程中，他把重点放在开始，爱的鼓励和不断重复练习。此外铃木在教读乐谱之前先发展他们在乐器上的能力。这一系列的教导使学生和老师都关注与良好姿势，美的音调，精确的语调，音乐措辞上的发展。

Lesson 14

1、Robert Frost

One of America's greatest poets in the twentieth century and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Essentially, he was a pastoral poet often associated with rural New England. Although his verse forms are traditional, he was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is thus both traditional and experimental, regional and universal. Frost's importance as a poet derives from the power of particular poems. According to critics, \"Mending Wall\" demonstrates Frost's simultaneous command of lyrical verse, dramatic conversation, and ironic commentary. \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\" exemplifies Frost's ability to join the pastoral and philosophical modes in lyrics of unforgettable beauty.

一个美国20世纪最伟大的诗人获得了四次普利策奖。他是一个田园诗人经常联系新英格兰的田园景色。尽管他诗的形式还是传统的，他还是节奏与韵律相互影响的开拓者，诗化的运用每天都用的词汇和屈折变化。他的诗因此是传统，实验性的，局部的，普遍的。弗罗斯特的作为诗人的重要性源自他特别的诗集。根据批判者，“修墙”论证了弗罗斯特同时控制抒情诗，戏剧化的对话，讽刺的解说的能力。“雪夜林边小驻”例证了弗罗斯特将田园与哲学方式加入抒情诗造成不能忘记的美的能力。

MENDING WALL [from North of Boston (1914)]

Robert Frost

Something there is that doesn't love a wall, That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it, And spills the upper boulders in the sun; And makes gaps even two can pass abreast. The work of hunters is another thing: I have come after them and made repair Where they have left not one stone on stone, But they would have the rabbit out of hiding, To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean, No one has seen them made or heard them made, But at spring mending-time we find them there.

I let my neighbor know beyond the hill; And on a day we meet to walk the line And set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each. And some are loaves and some so nearly balls We have to use a spell to make them balance: \"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!\"

We wear our fingers rough with handling them.

Oh, just another kind of outdoor game, One on a side. It comes to little more: There where it is we do not need the wall: He is all pine and I am apple orchard. My apple trees will never get across And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him. He only says, \"Good fences make good neighbors.\"

Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder

If I could put a notion in his head: \"Why do they make good neighbors? Isn't it Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.

Before I built a wall I'd ask to know What I was walling in or walling out, And to whom I was like to give offence. Something there is that doesn't love a wall, That wants it down.\" I could say \"Elves\" to him,

But it's not elves exactly, and I'd rather He said it for himself. I see him there Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed. He moves in darkness as it seems to me, Not of woods only and the shade of trees. He will not go behind his father's saying, And he likes having thought of it so well He says again, \"Good fences make good neighbors.\"

有一样东西它不喜欢墙， 冻胀了墙下的基础土壤， 太阳一晒，墙上石块跌落在两旁 墙体开裂，双人并肩而过像穿堂。 猎人的行为则是另一番景象： 我要紧随其后修补不停的忙 他们拆掉石块却不放回原位上， 而是把兔子赶出让它们难躲藏， 惹得猎狗叫汪汪。我所说的裂缝 没有谁见过其开裂听过其声响， 但到春天来修补，眼前已是百孔千疮。

我通知了山那边的邻居街坊 约好了一天沿着墙巡查一趟， 重新垒起我们之间的这堵墙。 我们沿着墙各自走在各一方， 将各自一侧的石块收拾妥当。 有些石块成块状，有些近乎于球状， 我们不得不口念咒语确保其稳当：

“请呆在那儿不要晃，等我们折回来查访！” 我们搬弄石块，手指被磨得粗糙无光。 啊，这种户外游戏只不过别于它样， 玩家各站各一方。这让我若有所想： 我们在这里并不需要修建这堵墙： 那边种松木这边种苹果树隔墙相望。 我的苹果树永远不会越过这一屏障： 跑到他松树下去把松果尝，我对他讲。 他只好说，“好篱笆会促成好街坊。” 春天让我好心伤，我想知道 我是否能让他这样去思量： 好篱笆何以能促成好街坊？难道说 这是养牛的地方？但这纯粹是说谎。 以前修建这堵墙，我就该好好想一想

我要把什么东西来设防， 我是否有冒犯谁的地方。 有样东西它的确不喜欢墙， 就像妖鬼想让它倒塌一样，我这样讲。

但准确地说这不是妖鬼，我宁愿 他自己说出来是啥名堂。我见他 用双手将石块上端牢牢抓住不放， 就像石器时代武装的野蛮人一样。 我认为他似乎已坠入黑暗感到迷茫， 这黑暗不只是来自树林和树的影像。 他不去琢磨父辈曾如何对他讲， 倒是认为父辈所说的话非常棒， 他接着又说，“好篱笆会促成好街坊。”

2、Maine

A state of the northeast United States. It was admitted as the 23rd state in 1820. Augusta is the capital and Portland the largest city. Population: 1,320,000.

缅因州，美国东北部的一个州，是1820年第23个加入的州。奥古斯塔是其州会，波特兰市最大的城市，人口：1320000.

3、Bowdoin College

A college in Maine, founded in 1794, named after James Bowdoin, the former governor of Massachusetts.

鲍登学院，在缅因州的一所大学，1794年建立，根据原来马萨诸塞州前州长詹姆斯鲍登命名。

Lesson 17

1、Ross Wetzsteon (1932-1998)

Wetzsteon was born in Montana and graduated from Cornell. As writer and theatre editor of the Voice, he wrote many articles on theatre, tennis and changing sexual mores. He was a

prominent figure in Off Broadway theatre, having helped create the Obie Awards and served as the chairman and host of the event for 28 years. Apart from editing two anthologies, he was the author of Republic of Dreams: An Intellectual History of Greenwich Village.

Wetzsteon出生在蒙大纳州，毕业于康奈尔。作为美国之声的撰稿者和戏剧编辑，他写了很多文章在戏剧、网球和性观念改变上。算进非百老汇戏剧，他也是一个杰出的人物，他还帮助建立了奥比奖，并担任主席和主持28年。除了编辑了两部选集，他还是共和国的梦想：一个格林威治村的思想史的作者。

2、Rummy

Rummy is a popular card game appearing in the early 20th century. It is generally played by 2people. Either a fixed number of deals are played or the game is played to a target score with the number of deals or the target score agreed beforehand. The object of the game is to dispose the cards either through melding (i.e. making three or four of your cards of the same suit in a sequence or putting the three or four cards of the same rank together), laying off (i.e. adding one or more of your cards to a melding), or discarding (i.e. putting a card on top of the discard pile at the end of each turn). The game ends when one of the players gets rid of his/her last card. Then, players begin to score by adding up the value of all the cards still remaining in their hands according to the following rules: each of the face cards (K, Q, J) is equal to 10 points, Ace is equal to 1 point and number cards are worth their spot value. The total value of all the cards in the hands of the other players is added to the winner's cumulative score.

拉米纸牌游戏是一个出现在20世纪早期的流行的纸牌游戏。它通常是两个人一起玩的。无论是固定次数的交易还是这个游戏需要去用这些次数的交易去完成一个视线预定好的目标分数。这个游戏的目的是安排卡片通过融合（也就是让三张或四张同花顺或三张或四张同点牌放在一起）放牌（将一张或更多牌加入融合）弃牌（将一张牌在自己 回合的结束放在弃牌堆顶端）。游戏结束是当有一个玩家打完他手里的牌。然后，玩家们去根据下列规则算他们手里仍剩下的牌的大小来算收益：每一个人头牌相当于10分，ace相当于1分，数字拍相当于自身数字。其他玩家手里剩下所有牌的大小计入赢家的累计分数中。

3、The New York Mets

A professional baseball team based in the borough of Queens in New York City, New York.

一个职业棒球队在纽约州纽约城的皇后区。

4、George Thomas Seaver (1944- )

George Thomas Seaver is a famous baseball pitcher. He helped The New York Mets win its fame. During his service, he won 311 games over 20 seasons and his 3,272 strikeouts set a National League Career Record. He was the National League Rookie of the Year in 1967 and a three-time winner of Cy Young Award.

乔治托马斯西维尔是一个有名的棒球投手。他帮助纽约大都会队获得了名声。在他的生涯，他在超过20个赛季里面赢得了311场比赛，他的3272次三振出局也是全国棒球联赛的赛事记录。他是1967年全国棒球联赛的最佳新手，也是赛扬奖三次的获得者。

5、World Series

The World Series has been the most exciting annual event of baseball game since 1905, which is played by the pennant winners of the National League and the American League.

National League refers to National League of Professional Baseball Clubs founded in 1876, while the American League is an organization established in 1901 to take in those clubs which were excluded from the National League.

世界职业棒球大赛是从1905年以来最让人兴奋额年度棒球赛事，是由全国棒球联盟和美国棒球联赛的冠军参加的。全国棒球联盟指的是1876建立的nlb，美国棒球联赛是1901建立的收纳被拒不能参加全国棒球联盟的俱乐部的组织。

6、Three Mile Harbor

A port in East Hampton, New York. 纽约东汉普顿的一个港口。

7、John McEnroe (1959-)

John McEnroe is a famous U.S. tennis player. In his prime, he held the No. 1 ranking in singles for 170 weeks, captured seven Grand Slam singles championships and reigned as the world's No. 1 doubles player for a record 257 straight weeks. He also holds the U.S. record for most total Davis Cup victories as a player and led the team to five Davis Cup championships.

约翰•麦肯罗是一个著名的美国网球选手。在他的职业生涯,他在单打排名世界排名第一连续了170周,摘得了7个大满贯单打冠军，也作为世界第一双打球员连续257周。作为球员，他还是美国获得戴维斯杯胜利最多的球员，带领自团队获得了五个戴维斯杯冠军。

8、Death in the Afternoon

Death in the Afternoon is a non-fiction book by Ernest Hemingway about the ceremony and traditions of Spanish bullfighting. It was originally published in 1932. The book provides a look at the history and what Hemingway considers the magnificence of bullfighting. It also contains a deeper contemplation on the nature of fear and courage.

死在午后是一本欧内斯特·海明威写的非小说类的关于西班牙斗牛的仪式和传统的书。这是最早出版于1932年。这本书提供了一个历史的视角和海明威认为富丽堂皇的斗牛。它还包含一个更深层次的对恐惧和勇气的本质思考。

Lesson 20

1、Walter Cronkite (1916-2009)

Walter Cronkite, a long-time CBS-TV news anchorman, was born in St. Joseph, Missouri in 1916. When he studied at the University of Texas, he worked at both his college newspaper, The Texan, and the State Capitol. At Midwestern radio stations, Cronkite got his training in broadcast journalism. During World War II he covered the European theater for United Press. After the war, he served as chief United Press correspondent at the Nuremberg trials. Cronkite joined CBS News in 1950, worked on a variety of programs, and covered national political conventions and elections from 1952 to 1981. He was one of the original creators of the CBS Evening News in 1962 and anchored that broadcast until he retired in 1981. He was considered “the most trusted man in America” because of his honest and objective reports.

沃尔特•克朗凯特,一个长期的cbs电视台新闻节目主持人，1916年出生在密苏里州的圣约瑟夫。当他在德克萨斯大学学习的时候，他也在他大学的校报，《德克萨斯人》，州议会大厦工作。在中西部的电台，克朗凯特得到了广播新闻的训练。在第二次世界大战期间，他为合众社（united press）报道欧洲战场。在战争之后，他在纽伦堡审判中当合众社的首席记者。克朗凯特在1950年加入cbs，在很多节目中工作，报道国家政治会议和选举从1952年到1981

年。他是cbs晚间新闻的最初的创造者之一在1962年，主持这个节目直到他1981年退休。他被认为是美国最受信任的人，因为他的诚实和客观的报道。

2、60 Minutes

60 Minutes is an American television news magazine, which has run on CBS since 1968. The program was created by long-time producer Don Hewitt who set it apart by using a unique style of reporter-centered investigation. The show pioneered many of the most important investigative journalism techniques, including re-editing interviews, hidden cameras, and \"gotcha\" visits to the home or office of an investigative subject. The program is the most successful broadcast in U.S. television history. By 2007, 60 Minutes had won a total of 78 Emmy Awards, a record unsurpassed by any primetime show on any network.

六十分钟是一个美国电视新闻杂志，它从1968年开始在cbs上开播。这个节目是被长期制作人休伊特制作的，休伊特用一个独特的风格把它分成以记者为中心的调查。这个节目是许多新闻调查技术的先驱，包括再编辑采访，隐形摄像头，“陷阱”访问调查家里或办公室。这个节目是美国电视史上最成功的节目。到2007年，六十分钟赢得了总共78次艾美奖，这是任何广播网中黄金时间段节目都无法超越的记录。

3、April Fool

April Fool refers to the one who has been fooled on April Fool’s Day (also called All Fools’ Day), which is celebrated on the first day of April in the western countries. On April Fool’s Day, all people are given an excuse to play practical jokes or send friends on fools’ errands. Although such custom has been practiced for many centuries, its origin is unknown.

愚人节被愚弄者是指在西方国家用来庆祝四月第一天的愚人节那天被愚弄的人在愚人节所有人都有了借口去和朋友玩恶作剧或者给朋友愚弄的差事。尽管这个习俗已经被实行了几个世纪，但是它的起源却尚未可知。

4、chocolate-chip cookies

The Chocolate Chip Cookie is America's most famous cookie. It was invented in 1930 by Ruth Wakefield, the owner of the Toll House Inn in Massachusetts. Thechocolate chip cookies were an instant hit with her customers. The Chocolate Chip Cookie were made with unsalted butter and a combination of white and brown sugars.

碎巧克力饼干是美国最有名的饼干。它被在马萨诸塞州一家通行税征税所得主人露丝·韦克菲尔德在1930年发明。碎巧克力饼干瞬间吸引住了它的顾客们。碎巧克力饼干是用不加盐的奶油和白糖与棕糖混合制成的。

5、Salvation Army

The Salvation Army is an evangelical Christian church known for charitable work. It is an international movement that currently works in 121 countries. It was founded in 1865 in the United Kingdom by William and Catherine Booth as the East London Christian Mission. The Salvation Army’s stated mission is to perform evangelical, social and charitable work and bring the Christian message to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their physical and spiritual needs. In the US, the Salvation Army is devoted to disaster relief. Currently, the Salvation Army is one of the world’s largest providers of social aid. It also works in refugee camps, especially among displaced people in Africa.

The Salvation Army Family Thrift Stores provide gently used clothing and household items that are donated through pick-up service, drop-off bins, community centers and family stores. And the proceeds are used to fund the Adult Rehabilitation Centers, allowing them to be self-sustaining.

救世军是一个福音派基督教会以慈善工作出名的教派。它是一个在121个国家工作的国际性组织。它在1865年被同为伦敦东区基督徒差会教徒的威廉和布思凯瑟琳在英国建立。

救世军规定的教义是执行福音派、社会和慈善工作，使基督教的信息传给穷苦饥饿的民众通过了解他们心理和身体上的需求。在美国，救世军致力于救灾。目前，救世军是世界上最大的社会援助供应者之一。它也在难民营工作尤其是非洲的难民。

救世军家庭旧货店提供通过代答服务，下降垃圾箱，社区中心，家庭商店捐赠的二手衣物和家具用品，用于资助承认康复中心，使他们能够自立。