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氨泄漏范围的危险分析和对策措施

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维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 第27卷第1期 江西理工大学学报 v。1.27,No.1 2 0 0 6年2月JOURNALOFJIANGXIUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY Feb.2006 文章编号:1007—1229(2006)01-0079—04 Analysis of Hazardous Range Leakage of Ammonia Storage Tanks and its Strategy CHEN Zu-yun ,YANG Sheng-qiang ,QIU Li-xiang2,WU Chang-fu2 (1.cshool of Energy Science&Engineering,China University of Mining and Technohgy,Xuzhou 221008,Chian; 2.FacuhyofEnvironmentalandArchitecturalEngineering,JiangxiUniversiytofScienceandTechnology,Ganzhou341000,China) Abstract:Based on related models,the damage area after ammonia leakage has been assessed.The calculation of severely hazardous radius and area of the leaky ammonia provides theoretically basis for working out emergency succor plna.Person mistake behaviors,equipment danger condiiton and mistake management 8l three major causes for the leakage of ammonia tank from the man-machine system.This paper provides not only important information to prevent ammonia leakage to control nad disposal accident,but also emergency succor plan. Key words:ammonia leakage;ammonia poison;hazardous characteristics;emergency Succor plan ClC llumber:x93 Document code:A 氨泄漏范围的危险分析和对策措施 陈祖云I I,杨胜强-,邱利祥:,邬长福 (1.中国矿业大学能源与安全工程学院,江苏徐州221008;2.江西理工大学环境与建筑工程学院.江西赣州341ooo) 摘要:根据有关模型,氨泄漏的危险范围可以计算出来.预测液氨泄漏的重度危险半径和面积, 为企业事故应急预案的制定提供理论依据.从人机系数来看,人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态 和管理缺陷是氨贮罐泄漏的3个主要原因,提出了防止氨泄漏和控制及处理氨泄漏事故的重要 信息,以及应急救援预案. 关键词:氨泄漏;氨气中毒;危险特性;应急救援预案 1 Introduction hTe quantity of ammonia consumption increases rapidly wiht the development of chemical industries.The pressure inside ammoma storage tank is stronger than outside.The ammoma which leaks from tanks if hte defensive measures don’t work correctly,will hurt people nad damage objects,pollute environment.Based on Gauss model, hte damage range raea,where leakage ammonia affects human,Can be calc ̄med in the paper.Further the other model is established in the paper.The two modds are correct by comparison wiht hte other models in journals.So, the leaky sequence of liquid ammonia is very serious.This paper puts forward to not only important ifnormation to preventammonialeakageandto controland disposlaaccident,butalso emergency succorplna. 2 Gauss Leakage Model (1)Leakage Mechanism.Theer are some ifre。explosion nad person toxic accidents in chemical industries due 收稿日期:2005一l0-08 基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(5 ̄74o66). 作者简介:陈祖云(1972一)。男.博士研究生,讲师. 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 江西理工大学学报 2006年2月 to person mistake behaviors,which include operation mistake,neglect danger nd awsxl'l,equipment danger condi— tion,which are unreliable equipment,inferiormaterial,no safety devices,and istmake managementin which man 。gementsaystemandsafeoperationregulationshavenotbeenconstituted,orworkersdonotcomplywiththem,tmmail— gersa do not tricfly administer superintendence system.Ammonia,for instance,probably happens to leak during the course of prducteion,storage,transportation,loading nd adischarging ammonia.Then,ammonia leakage nd adifu— sion which re aelatrd eto not only ammonia characteristic but also geometry shape ofleakage gape。的well嬲local weather nd alcaol environment,are so complexity hatt some hypothesis is put forward in uaqntity naalysis leakage mode1.This hypohetsis is as folows:(DLeakage distribution submits to Gauss mode1.②Damage area is deifned oipson concentration excess death concentration.③Leakage velocity is constant during hte course ofammonia leakage. (2)LeakageDamageAreaofCalculationMode1.There8relotsofmathematicsmodelswhichdepictleakagedif- fuseness.Based on diferent leakage erediator difuse characteristic,models al℃divided into imddle cloud model nad heavy cloud mode1.Middle cloud model depicts leakage gas whose densiyt is nearly hte same as htat ofatmosphere,while heavy cloud model depicts leakage gas whose densiyt is heavierthan htat ofatmosphere.Gauss model belongs to imddle cloudmode1.ThispaperintroducesGaussmodelbecauseammonialeakagemodelbelongstomiddlecloudmode1. Based on Gauss modeP],distribution ofammonia concentration is sa foilOWSl C(X,Y, )= e即[-0.5( :把 :)】÷(7rygxtxk ̄ ) (1) Where:C(x,Y,z)-concentration/g‘m ; Vg--evaopration volulne of ammonia]msi -wind ofvelociyt/m・s。 ;t-time ofleakage/s; ,Y,z-propiitous wind,crosswind,perpendiculariyt distance. Pervasionparametercanbe calculatedbyformula ̄、st. A Al=: (2) hWeer:ar, ,』曼r,/3,-relatedtoweAlhter stability.Gifordhadputfowrardtheirparmaeters. can eb determined sa folows:The uqality ofleakage anlmonia in hte tank is W(kg).The temperature ofam— monJain tank befoer hte tank broken is ℃).,I1le pressure ofammonia in tank before hte tank broken is P(MPa). The boiling opint ofammonia is幻( ;一33℃)H nad obilofhot ofammonia is Q(Q=i.37×103kj/kg)t ̄.The average speciifc heat ofammonia is c(c=4.6kj k -℃ )I.】. e molecluraweight ofammonia is M( 17).Vs can be cna eb calculated by ofrmulat% =[22.4xWxCx( )×(273+to)】÷[273×Mxq】 (3) Ammonia concentraiton oflevel ground cna be clacluated by formula(1)(z=O): C(x,y)=Vsxexp[-O.5×(), :)】÷(仃 ×zxA A ) (4) Basde on formula(2)and(4),it cna be calculatde byformula: C(x,y)=v,xexp[一0.5×( :)】÷(仃 £×后x矿) (5) where"k=a,xa ̄,n + . Ammonia concentration in damage raea excedes L according to hypohtesis.Namely C(x,Y)≥L AmmoniaconcentrationequalstoLC atpropitiouswinds.It canbe calculatedwihttheformula: x,=[V,+(TrgtkL ) (6) Based Oil formula(5)and(6),supposing C(x.,,) Cs0,it can be claculated by ofmrul:a (2,I) —柙n( )】垤 (7) Damage捌 aofammoniacanbe calculatedbytheformula: A=2 J,。鲜  Namely:A=(2 ̄rx,I)u2x ÷( 1)-j (8) hWere:A—tlledamagearea (3)DamageAreaCalculation.hTerearefiveammoniastorgaetankswhichisfullvolumeof60.9m ̄inametallurgy 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 第27 g-g 1期 CHENZu—yan etal:Aml ̄ofHmtdousRangeLeakageofAmmomia StorageTanh andits strategy 81 chemical limit company.Due to some lesson,ifall ofthe ammonia which is 9653 kg in he ttank,happens to leak on he tsunny day.how cgn the ammonia poison area be calculated?Ammonia is poison gas.When ammonia concentra- tion is 3500 ̄7000 ms/m 嘲in the atmosphere。human will imediately die wihoutt breathing apparatus.Let us suppose that wind velocity is lm/s( =lrds),time of leakage is 224(t=224 s),temperature of ammonia in tank before hte tank broken is 25"C(T=25 ̄C),L 3500 mCm .According to Giford putting forward difuse parameter,they Call be calculated with formulas ̄: AF |_O.2818xa9¨ Al=a,e=0.127 嗍 (9) The damage al'ea of 9653kg leaky ammonia can be calculated as follow: Vs=【22.4x WxCx( 岛)x(273+如) 73xMxQ]= 【22.4 x 9653 x 4.6 x(25+33)x(273—33)]/(273 x 17 x 1.37×10 )=2177.62 nl xc=【Vg÷(zfgtk LCsa)]t ̄=- [2177.62÷(3.14 x 1 x 224 x 0.2818 x 0.127 x 35O0 x 10 )】 虬““ )=218.36 m A=(2 ̄rxn),ax ÷ 1) j= (10) (11) [2 x 3.14 x(o.9I4+0.964)1 x 0.2818 x 218.360.914+I÷(0.914+I)也10964.92 m (12) hen Wall of the ammonia which is 9653 kg in the tank,happens to leak on he tsunny day,the perpendicularity distance is 218.36 m,nd adamage 8.t ̄a is 10964.92m2,where most ofpersons without protection facility wil die. 3 Toxic Estimation Model 111is hypothesis is hatt the leakage ammonia,which is in the tank,difuses on the ground by half-ball,then he ttoxic estimation radius Call be calculated wih tformula as followst'r. R=[Vs/(o.5 x 4/3×7r×G)】∞=【 /(2.0944 c|)】坊 herWe:R—ammonia gas radius/m; Vs--evaporation volume ofammonia/m ,by he tformula(14); (13) Ce-death of mmoniaa concentraiton(%);( =o.5%阁) Then the leakage ammonia difuses on the ground by half-bal1.the toxic estimation area can be calculated wih torfmulas follow: S= ̄rxR ̄cr x【Vs/(2.0944 Ce)严 herWe:S..hettoxic esitmation 8.1"ca (14) he daTmage radius and 8.I ̄a of 9653 kg ammonia can be calctdated respectively鹊follow:Based on formula (14), =2177。62 m’ 尺=【 /(2.0944 Ce)】坊=[2177.62÷(2.0944 x O.5%)】坊=59.24 m S= ̄rxR2=rr x【 /(2.0944 Ce)严=7r×59.2422=1 1021.26 m2 I’lle calculation damage rea(A)aof9653 kg leakage ammonia,which is 10964.92 m by Gauss leakage m0d— el,almost is equal to he ttoxic estimation area(S),which is l1021.26 m2on he batsis ofthe toxic estimation mode1. hiTs indicates hatt Gauss leakage model nd ahe ttoxic estimation model re anot only correct,but lso arationa1. 4 Comparisons with Other Models henammoniWawaschargedfromtheammoniastoragetankwhichwasfullvohmeof20m—totheotherammoniastora getankwhichwasvolumeof18.2m inachemicalfertilizerlimitcompanyinShandong,theammoniawasleakingfromthe lfexiblepiewhipchwasbrokent61.Foranotherexample,assumingtheleakytankhadliquefidammoniea50t,thepressure ndtahetemperaturewere2.5 Table 1 Comparlsens of Ammonia Leakage T=25 ̄ MPa and 25℃resectpively。 hertadiuswas ealcuhtd川by ediferentmodel鹊follow: From the TaJ)le 1.tlle 维普资讯 http://www.cqvip.com 82 江西理工大学学报 2006年2月 calculation number ofpoison radius and area,where most of person will die,by Gauss leakage mode and the toxic estimation model respectively,are nearly equal to htat by other models.The results once gaain indicate that these models arenotonly correct,butalso rationa1. 5 Emergency Succor Plan hTe calculation severe hazard radius nad area of hte leaky ammonia provide theoretically basis for working out emergency succor plna.Because of some erason all measures do not prevent accident.So,we should do our best to prevent accident from magniifcation,reduce human injury nad object damage by hte emergency help plan. It is very important to protect project safety by safe measures,which include the essence safety which is con— sidered the best method by technology and design measure,and management measure.Lots of ersponsibiliyt system and safe management organization should be constituted,and workers must comply wiht them.All level workers should take part in safe education nad rtaining.Management measure of dynamic embodiment is supervise and cx.. maination.As so do,they can ensure effectively mamonia not to leak.Not only hte ammonia tank but also loaded nad unloaded place should be inspected to find hidden trouble and be taken measures in order to prevent ammonia leakage. If it is misfortune to happen ammonia in tank leakage,the project wil send out sound nad light signal by in- speeted equipment,and turn on automation spray water.The corresponding technical measures are atken and pre— vented accident spread by emergency help plna. 6 Conclusion Leakage aiTlmonla from broken tnak or pipe is major danger diathesis in ammonia storage tanks.The damage area nad radius of leakage ammonia,in which persons will die when he breaths mamonia in 5—10 min.call be cal— culatde by Gauss leakage model and the toxic estimation model,which are not only correct,but also rationa1.The leaky consequence of liquid ammonia is very serious.It is necessary to take preventive measures during hte course of production,storage,trnasportation and using of ammonia.Person mistake behavior,equipment danger condition and mistake management rae major causes ofr ammonia tank of leakage and broken tank.Safety measures are put ofrward to preventing accidents.Emergency help plan is a system engineering,which need be sustained and coop— crated by all levels workers.All of hte employer and employees should understnad“safety primacy,prevention pri— oriyt”guideline nad execute it in employment. 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