Chapter One 文章开头句型
1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题.
例如(e.g)
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but (I tend to the latter ...)
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g
[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.
[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ... has been brought into focus. ( has been braught to public attention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of thenew and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g:
[1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as ... Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. been more visible/popular than...
[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
[3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessityto...... Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/ideathat.......
1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g:
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[1]. \"Knowledge is power.\" such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . \"Education is not complete with graduation.\" Such is the opinion of a
great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. [2].\".........\" How often we hear such statements/words like theses/this .
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains asthis \"......\".
1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g:
[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a freshlook now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people nowshare this new .
1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g:
[1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenomenon of... has aroused public concern.
[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g:
Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ... But in my opinion , ...... .
Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型 <一> 原因结果分析
3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. e.g: [1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another ...
[2]. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...
[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect
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.... /both individual and social contribute to ....
3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
e.g: [1]. Another important factor is ....
[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
e.g: [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. In involves some serious consequence for ........
< 二 > 比较对照句型
3-2-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !
e.g: [1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.
3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! e.g: [1]. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some striking resemblances to B.
Chapter Three 文章结尾形式
2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g: [1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word, it is more valuable .......
2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
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e.g: [1]. We must call for an immediate method, because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously, if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger .
2-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.
e.g: [1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of ......
[2]. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency .
2-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
e.g: [1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
2-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景.
e.g: [1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/beneficial.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty ,but ........
2--6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
e.g: [1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ...... 英语写作常见错误与分析
下面我们对一些在英语写作中典型的病句实例逐一加以剖析．
一． 不一致（Disagreements）
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所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致 时态不一致及代词不一 致等．
例１． When one have money ,he can do what he want to . (人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)
剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．
改为： Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
二． 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers） 英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末．
三． 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）
在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生． 例１． There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．
改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四． 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了． 改为：
When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例１． To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚． 改为：
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五． 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等． 例１． None can negative the importance of money.
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剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。 改为：
None can deny the importance of money.
六． 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns) 指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例1. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself. 剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为： We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
七． 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)
什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
例１． There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。 改为：
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：
There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world
八． 措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)
Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。 例１． The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。 改为：
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The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.
九． 累赘(Redundancy)
言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：
In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.
本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him. 例１． For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need. 剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。 改为：
Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.
十． 不连贯(Incoherence)
不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。 例１． The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。 改为：
Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
十一． 综合性语言错误(Comprehensive Misusage)
所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。
例1．Today, Money to everybody is very importance, our’s eat, cloth, live, go etc.
务必熟记的英语作文重点句式
1. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.
2. It is (has been) estimated that the world's population could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.
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3. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.
4. It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we can overcome.
5. As is known man is the product of labour.
6. It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose will surely succeed.
7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.
8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.
9. It's hard to say whether the plan is practicable.
10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.
11. It seems certain that they have made a series of experiments.
12. It is said that bats have been using radar for millions of years.
13. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could have been avoided.
14. As we know, it was not until recently that the problem was solved.
15. It must be admitted that you haven't done what you promised to do.
16. In my opinion, this computer is different from that one you saw.
17. It is certain that we have a long way to go.
18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.
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19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.
20. It has been proved that every substance, no matter what it is, is made up of atoms.
21. It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within this year.
22. It is obvious (evident) that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.
23. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.
24. It is natural that one may have trouble expressing complicated ideas in simple English.
25. What is more important, the agreement they have negotiated is being carried out.
26. We will be successful as long as we persevere.
27. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply to things happening here.
28. It is true that we must redouble our efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.
29. I take it for granted that they will support this idea.
I regard it as natural that they will agree to this idea.
30. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.
31. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.
32. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
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33. There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production.
34. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't utter a word.
35. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.
36. Our goal must be attained. Our goal can unquestionably be attained.
37. Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations.
38. Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders.
39. No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.
40. It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.
写作中常出现的错误
一. 不一致(Disagreements)
所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等.
例1. When one have money ,he can do what he want to .
(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么.)
剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致.
改为：Once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do)
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二. 修饰语错位(Misplaced Modifiers)
英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化.对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解.例1. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.
剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末.
三. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)
在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生.
例1. There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
剖析：本句后半部分\"for example by TV ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句.
改为：There are many ways to know society ,for example ,by TV ,radio ,and newspaper.
四. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中\"at the age of ten\"只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了.
改为：
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When I was ten, my grandfather died.
例1. To do well in college, good grades are essential.
剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚.
改为：
To do well in college, a student needs good grades.
五. 词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)
“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等.
例1. None can negative the importance of money.
剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。
改为：
None can deny the importance of money.
托福作文引语和句套
作文中常用句套：
下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), \"sb\"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.
开头：
When it comes to ..., some think ... There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出观点：
Now there is a growing awareness that...
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It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点：
... but that is only part of the history. Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式： Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if... It is reasonable to expect... It is not surprising that...
举普通例子：
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
引用：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
\"Knowledge is power\ \"......\". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). \"......\". How often we hear such words like there.
讲故事
（先说故事主体），this story is not rare. ..., such delimma we often meet in daily life. ..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因：
There are many reasons for ... Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ... The first reason can be obiviously seen. Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ... Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比：
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned. A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下：
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear
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让步：
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... I do not deny that A has its own merits. 结尾：
>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ... In summary, it is wiser ... In short...
在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中， 常见的使用形式如下：
One of the greatest early writers said ...
\"Knowledge is power\ \"......\". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). \"......\". How often we hear such words like there.
Useful quotations 逆境
by Robert Collier
In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time. 努力与成功 by Ann Landers
Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them. 坚持
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.
Confucius 孔子
Our greatest glory is not in never falling... but in rising every time we fall.
坚持
Mother Teresa
To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.
Henry Ford
Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.
Winston Churchill
Never, never, never, never give up.
Albert Einstein
In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.
努力与成功 by Crassus
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Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly. Thomas Edison
There is no substitute for hard work.
Leo Tolstoi
The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.
Thomas Jefferson
I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work... the more I have of it. Robert Collier
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.
Ray A. Croc
Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.
实际经验与间接经验
You'll learn more about a road by traveling it... than by consulting all the maps in the world. 动机与结果 Vince Lombardi
Winning isn't everything... but wanting to win is.
John F. Kennedy
We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.
Thucydides
The strong do what they will. The weak do what they must.
为人态度： John Wooden
Talent is God given--Be Humble. Fame is man given-- Be Thankful. Conceit is self given --Be Careful.
行动：
Theodore Roosevelt
Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.
Publilius Syrus Maxim
No one knows what he can do till he tries.
Terence
There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.
Thomas Fuller
A wise man turns chance into good fortune.
William Hazlitt
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Prosperity is a great teacher; adversity is a greater.
William Penn
No pains, no palm; no thorns, no throne; no gall , no glory; no cross, no crown.
Will Rogers
Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.
Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.
Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.
成功与失败 Vince Lombardi
It's not whether you get knocked down. ...It's whether you get up again.
Winston Churchill
An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.
热情（年轻/年老） Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.
信心
James Allen
The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.
Samuel Johnson
Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.
Aughey
Lost time is never found again.
Voltaire
No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.
Napoleon
Victory belongs to the most persevering.
细心 Euipides
Leave no stone unturned.
计划与工作
Norman Vincent Peale
Plan your work for today and every day;
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then work your plan.
Henry Ford
Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.
Thomas Edison
I start where the last man left off.
理想与现实
What the mind of man can conceive and believe, the mind of a man can achieve.
勤奋
Benjamin Franklin
Plough deep while sluggards sleep.
目标
Henry David Thoreau
In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.
幸运
Emily Dickinson Luck is not chance... It's toil...
Fortune's expensive smile is earned.
勤奋
Thomas Edison
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Useful Quotations
想象力
Albert Einstein
Imagination is more important than knowledge.
挑战：
Walter Begehot
The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.
机会与准备
Abraham Lincoln
I will prepare and some day my chance will come.
信心与事实 Henry Ford
Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.
English Proverb
Where there's a will there's a way.
There is no failure excepting no longer trying.
Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.
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