跨文化交际

跨文化交际

一、教学大纲

第五周: 汉英修辞对比

第六—七周: 颜色词跨文化对比研究

第八周: 模糊语言跨文化对比研究

二、教学课件 （另附） 三、电子教案

1、汉英修辞对比

比喻

比喻的翻译问题及翻译方法：

保留原文意象；

转换原文意象；

舍弃原文意象。

翻译原则：尽量传递原文意象，传译喻义，达到顺利交际的目的。

例：方鸿渐看唐小姐不笑的时候，脸上还依恋着笑意，像音乐停止后袅袅空中的余音。许多女人会笑得这样甜；但她们的笑容只是面部肌肉软操，仿佛有所教练在喊口令:“一！”忽然满脸堆笑，“二！”忽然笑不知去向，只余个空脸，像电影开映前的布幕。（钱钟书《围城》）

Fang Hung-chien noticed that the trace of a smile lingered on Miss Tang’s face when she was not smiling, like the last few notes that float in the air after the music has ceased. Many women can smile just as sweetly, but their smile is only facial muscle calisthenics, as if a drillmaster were barking the order, “One!”and suddenly the whole face would be wreathed in smiles, then“Two !”and just as suddenly the smile would vanish, leaving a face as blank as the screen in a movie theater before the movie starts. (Kelly, 1979:52)

委婉语

委婉语的翻译问题：不同语言中的委婉语承载着不同的民族文化和民族思维，因此不同语言的委婉语在形式、内容、效果上存在较大的差异。

委婉语的翻译原则：保持指称义跟原文一致，不偏离原文所指义的轨道。

例：见他生的聪明俊秀，也欲使他识几个字，不过假充养子，聊解膝下荒凉之叹。（曹雪芹《红楼梦》）

And because she was as intelligent as she was pretty, they decided to give her a good education to make up for their lack of a son and help them forget their loss. （杨宪益、戴乃迭译）

排比

委婉语的翻译问题：借助平行铺排的结构增强语势，突显节奏感、形式美、音律美的特点。

排比的翻译原则：直译或意译。保留原文的形式美和音律美。

例：湖边离水几英尺的地方有一座凉亭，周围绿树成荫，树枝交错，在小路上形成了一条拱道，树梢一直俯垂到水面。

There was a summerhouse near the shore of the lake, only a few feet away from the water’s edge, surrounded and shaded by trees, whose branches arched over the path and drooped down to the surface of the water.

2、颜色词跨文化对比研究

颜色是我们认知世界的重要组成部分。基本颜色范畴：红、白、黑、绿、黄、蓝、棕、紫等。

颜色是一种自然现象，是由物体发射、反射或透过的光波通过视觉所产生的印象，是存在于自然现象中的一个连续体。把存在于自然现象中作为连续体的颜色加以切分，并表现为语言，从而使之概念化、符号化。换言之，颜色是“自然的符号”，颜色词是“人为的

符号”。毫无疑问，颜色词既关联着语言现象，又关联着自然现象和人的心理世界。同时，人类有相同的视觉器官，因此对光谱有共同或相似的感受，可以说不同语言的焦点颜色基本相同，且感受的认知意义也基本相似，或者说各种颜色范畴或意象是基本相同的。但历史、文化、政治、自然环境等方面的差异，以及不同民族的信仰、风俗、价值观念等方面的不同，都会导致各民族颜色范畴在内涵、应用等方面的不同。

“赤”

首先，“赤”或“红”可表达愤怒的强烈情感，“面红耳赤”、“脸红头胀”、“脸胀通红”、“脸红脖子粗”等，均显示出血液使面部皮肤变色并肿胀的现象，这些原本表示人体生理变化的词汇被直接用来代表人类的情感，如：

例：倘有不达时务的，捉空摘了一花一蕊，那老便要面红颈赤，大发喉急。下次就打．．．．．．．．．骂他，也不容进去看了。（《醒世恒言·第四卷·灌园叟晚逢仙女》）

…he would make a terrible scene, reddening to the tips of his ears, and would never admit that person again. (杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

…the old man would flush with anger and never admit him again….（杨宪益，戴乃迭）

…he became quite ferocious if he caught one of his visitors breaking his promise. (Chi-Chen Wang)

其次，“赤”或“红”范畴可涵盖“害羞”之情：

例：王窥其意，戏之曰：“以娘子才貌，得配若人，庶可无恨。”女晕红上颊，脉脉不．．．．作一语。（《聊斋志异·胭脂》）

…Yanzhi blushed and said nothing.（黄友义）

...Yen-chih blushed and could not say a word. (Amy Ling)

…A tinge of red spread over the girl’s cheeks. She said nothing. (Denis C. &Victor H. Mair)

再次，“赤”或“红”可指代“惊恐”、“窘迫”之情：

例：刘妈妈走将进去，便道：“为甚青天白日，把门闭上，在内搂抱啼哭？”二人被问，惊得满面通红，无言可答。（《醒世恒言·第八卷·乔太守乱点鸳鸯谱》） ．．．．．．

…Their faces aflame, Jade Boy and Huiniang were at a loss for an answer, which further convinced Mrs. Liu of their guilt.（杨曙辉，杨韵琴）

…Their faces flushed with alarm, but they had no reply, which only confirmed Mrs. Liu in her suspicions. (Patrick Hanan)

另外，“红”或“赤”范畴也包含了嫉妒之情，这是中文的独特用法，具有东方情感色彩，在英文短篇小说中未见有此用法：

例：那徐言、徐召虽也挣起些田产，比着颜氏，尚有天渊之隔，终日眼红颈赤。那老．．．．

儿揣知二人意思，劝颜氏各助百金之物。（《醒世恒言·第三十五卷·徐老仆义愤成家》）

…Knowing how consumed they were with jealousy, the old man advised Yan-shi to give them each a gift of a hundred taels of silver.（杨曙辉，杨韵琴）

…They always openly showed their jealousy…. ( Susan Arnold Zonana)

“青”

“青”包含“绿”、“蓝”和“黑”三种意象。

例：夏扶，血勇之人，怒而面赤；宋意，脉勇之人，怒而面青；武阳，骨勇之人，怒．．．．．．．．．而面白。光所知荊轲，神勇之人，怒而色不变。（《汉魏六朝小说选·燕丹子》） ．．．．．．．．

Xia Fu has courage in his blood: when he is angry his face turns red. Song Yi has courage in his veins: when he is angry his face turns green. Wu Yang has courage in his bones: when he is angry his face turns white. But I know a man named Jing Ke who has superhuman courage. When he is angry he does not change color at all. (杨宪益，戴乃迭)

Hsia Fu is a man whose daring is in his blood; when aroused his face turns red. Sung Yi’s boldness is in his veins; when angered his face turns blue. Wu Yang’s courage lies in his bones; when stirred his countenance grows pale. I know of one Ching K’o, a man of divine valor. When he is provoked, his visage remains unchanged, and he has wide learning and a strong memory. (Peter Rushton)

例：那员外眼中不见如花似玉体态，只见房中蟠着一条吊桶来粗大白蛇，两眼一似灯盏，放出金光来。惊得半死，回身便走，一绊一跤。众养娘扶起看时，面青口白。（《警世．．通言·第二十八卷·白娘子永镇雷锋塔》）

…they saw that his face was green and his lips were white. (杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

…they saw that his face was pale and his lips had lost all colors. (Diana Yu)

例：一拿到时，已是胆战心惊，如今听说把潘寿儿杀人的事，坐在他身上，就是青天．．里打下一个霹雳，吓得半个字也说不出。（《醒世恒言·第十六卷·陆五汉硬留合色鞋》） ．．．．．．．

…And now, the accusation that he was the murderer struck him like a thunder bolt from a clear sky. (杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

…he felt as if he had been struck by a thunderbolt-he was scared speechless. (Diana Yu)

“白”

例：寿儿被太守句句道着心事，不觉面上一回红，一回白，口内如吃子一般，半个字．也说不清洁。（《醒世恒言·第十六卷·陆五汉硬留合色鞋》）

The prefect’s words touched a raw nerve. Shou’er’s face blushed and paled by turns and the words failed on her lips as she stammered and stuttered.

(杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

As each accusation hit home, Shou’er first flushed, then blanched, and finally began to stammer, unable to get a word out properly. (Diana Yu)

例：又想一回道：“我闻得做老鸨的，专要钱钞。就是个乞儿，有了银子，他也就肯接了，何况我做生意的，青青白白之人？若有了银子，怕他不接！只是哪里来这几两银子？”．．．．（《醒世恒言·第三卷·卖油郎独占花魁》）

“...They’ll even accept a beggar if he can pay. I am a man with an honest business.” (杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

“...They would admit even a beggar if he could pay, so why not a respectable tradesman...”（杨宪益，戴乃迭）

“...Moreover, I’m in a respectable trade, so why shouldn’t she receive me if I have the money...” (Lorraine S. Y. Lieu)

“...so surely she’d see a businessman like me with a spotless reputation...” (Patrick Hanan)

例：“……我是清清白白的人家，决不要这样败坏门风的好东西。快还了我昔年聘礼，．．．．另自去对亲，不要误我孩儿的大事。”（《醒世恒言·第八卷·乔太守乱点鸳鸯谱》）

“…We are a family of stainless reputation. We don’t want one who would

only bring disgrace to us.”（杨曙辉，杨韵琴）

“…We are good, honest folk in my family, and we certainly don’t want such a disreputable creature as that.” (Patrick Hanan)

例：女笑曰：“君虑亦过。妾不过离魂之倩女，偶为情动耳。此事宜要慎秘，恐是非之口捏造黑白，君不能生翼，妾不能乘风，则祸离更惨于好别矣。”（《聊斋志异·葛巾》） ．．．．

“…But our affair must be secret. There are those who would make our love difficult….”（黄友义）

“…The main thing is for our affair to remain a carefully guarded secret, or judgmental tongues will color things to suit themselves….”(Denis C. &Victor H. Mair)

例：又对李甲道：“妾风尘数年，私有所积，本为终身之计。自遇郎君，山盟海誓，白．首不渝。(《警世通言·第三十二卷·杜十娘怒沉百宝箱》） ．．．

“…After we met, you and I took many a vow of lifelong love and fidelity….” (杨曙辉，杨韵琴)

“…But after I met you, we swore to love each other all our lives….” (杨宪益，戴乃迭)

“…Since we met we’ve sworn a love everlasting….” (Richard M. W. Ho)

“…Then, when I met you, we swore together an oath of fidelity, vowing never to change unto our lives’ end.…” (E. Butts Howell)

颜色范畴的加入使语言不再是枯燥乏味的符号。它是语言的调味品，借助此类词汇，人们可以更好地表达喜怒哀惧，使言谈增色，并彰显其民族心理文化特色。

3、模糊语言跨文化对比研究

模糊语言的美学价值。模糊，是美学意义的模糊。

汉语的模糊性作为文学作品的多层次结构,为读者进行再创造提供了审美空间。

英、汉两种语言的模糊性在表现形式和美感功能方面均存在显著差异。

四种基本的翻译手法:

以精确译精确、以精确译模糊、以模糊译精确和以模糊译模糊。

例：“飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天”。

数词的组合所产生的模糊更为明显,它创造的意境更让读者回味无穷。

例：一去二三里,烟村四五家,楼台六七座,八九十枝花。

例：他大约未必姓赵,即使真姓赵,有赵太爷在这里,也不该如此胡说的。

例：枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。

四、教学设计

以翻译硕士翻译实践活动为基础，本课程第五周至第八周在语言层面讨论跨文化交际问题。课程内容主要包括修辞对比研究、颜色词跨文化对比研究以及模糊语言跨文化对比研究，深入探讨语言所蕴含的民族文化及认知思维，以提高跨文化交际的能力。

五、实验实践

以翻译训练活动为具体操作内容，主要分析以下问题：

1.修辞对比方面，分析英汉两种语言的修辞方式及其异同，探讨其民族文化及认知思维动因，分析归纳其翻译原则及翻译方法。

2.颜色词跨文化对比研究方面，探讨各种颜色范畴的历史、文化、政治等方面的内涵及应用，掌握在文学翻译中的具体翻译策略与翻译方法。

3. 模糊语言跨文化对比研究方面，分析模糊语言的美学价值、模糊语言的具体表现及其认知动因，探讨相应的翻译方法及翻译技巧。

六、例题习题

1. 这所房子之所以叫做大公馆，是由于它是独立的，周围有广大的田野，还有一条林荫路从大路上通着它，西边还可以望得见一个漂亮的小湖，湖边有些斜度不大的山坡，长

着枝叶低垂的树林。

2. 这是一个环形小岛,中间围着一个咸水湖,岛上长满了灌木,从来没有人居住过。他的老婆是个很勇敢的女人,他就带着自己的老婆和几个土人登上了这个小岛。他们首先着手盖房子，清理灌木丛，准备种植椰子。这是在我遇到他二十年以前的事，现在这个荒岛已经成了一座种植园。

3. 这是个初冬的好天气，日头很暖和。河槽里结了一层薄冰的小河，有些地方冰化了，河水轻轻流着，声音像敲小铜锣。道儿上，赶集去的人不多不少，他们都赶到前面去了。我跟栓柱走得很慢，边走边谈，栓柱连牲口也不管了。他那小毛驴很懂事，在我们面前慢慢走着。

4. 最令人怵目惊心的一件事，是看着钟表上的秒针一下一下的移动，每移动一下就是表示我们的寿命已经缩短了一部分。再看看墙上挂着的可以一张张撕下的日历，每天撕下一张就是表示我们寿命又缩短了一天，因为时间即生命，没有人不爱惜他的生命，但很少人珍视他时间。

七、教学资源

1. Communication Between Cultures. Larry A. Samovar. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

2. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach. Ron Scollon. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.

3. Intercultural Interaction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Intercultural Communication. Helen Spencer-Oatey, Perter Franklin. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2010.