同位语从句

一、概念

所谓同位语，是指跟在某些名词的后面，对前者做进一步的解释、说明、补充和概括，但不对前者起修饰作用的一种句子成分。

Step 1:找出下列句子中的同位语：

1. The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money．2. He has read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.

3. That’s her habit, reading in bed． 4. Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea．

5. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 6. I’m looking for a job driving cars．

7. Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends．8. He is interested in sports, especially ball games.

Step 2:划出下列句子中的同位语从句：

1.The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed．

2. We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting．

3. The question whether to confess or not troubled the girl．4. The news that our team has won the game was true.

5. I have no idea where I should go. 6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station.

7. The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.

[小结归纳]主语从句的引导词有：

Step 3.巩固练习：

1. The fact ___ _ she works hard is well known to us all．

2. I will find him he may be.

3. He often asked me the question _ ___ the work was worth doing．

4. wants to see this film can go with us tonight.

5. I have no idea ___ _ he will start．

6. I've come from the government with a message __ __ the meeting won't be held tomorrow．

7. You can take seat you want.

8. l have no idea he will be back．

9. He must answer the question he agrees to it or not.

10. Xiao Wang has solved the problem the TV was out of order .

11. You can eat you like.

12.I’ll find him, he is,. 13. None of us knows these new parts can be bought.

14. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that you had a few days off ?

Step 4:用主语从句翻译下列句子:

1. 我通过了考试这一消息是真的。

2. 我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。

3. 将军下达了战士们立即过河的命令。

4. 他们比赛获胜的消息很快传遍了整个学校。

5. 不论谁赢了都会获得金牌。

6．她所做的事情都是对的。

7.他没回答他为什么迟到这个问题。

8．这里有一个问题：我们该到哪里去？

9．他考试没及格这个事实使他的父母很生气。

10．我不知道他什么时候被害的。

11．他们没有回答他们在哪里出生这个问题。

12．我们不知道他是否活着。

答案解析

Step 1

1．用名词或代词作同位语。2．用形容词作同位语。5．用-ing形式作同位语。6．用不定式作同位语。

*1由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的<同位语>。

our new teacher是<主语>Mr. Smith的<同位语>,指同一人。

a friend of my brother's是<宾语>Tom的<同位语>,指同一人。

*2如<同位语>与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如<同位语>对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

himself和John都是单一的字作<同位语>,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。

*3<同位语>除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。

如<同位语>与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如<同位语>对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。

*4<同位语>除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。（11，12）

Step2:同位语的句子1，That 2, whether.3,whether,4, that, 5, where, 6, how, 7, that定语的句子

句的that she should stay in the room这个从句说明了建议的内容，同时，that只起连词作用，在从句中既不是主语，也不是宾语，但不能省略，所以它是同位语从句。

寻规找矩：

我们可用连词that, whether以及连接代词who, which, what和连接副词how, when, where,why等来引导从句作同位语，称为同位语从句。在同位语从句中that虽不作句子成分，且无意义，但不可省略。同位语从句常对一些抽象名词做进一步的解释和说明。这些名词常见的有：idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等。

step 3.巩固练习

1：that 2．wherever 3．whether 4.Whoever5 when 6 that 7．whichever 8 that

9. When 10. whether 11. whatever 12.Wherever 13. where 14. why

Step4 translation

1. The news that I have passed the exam is true．

2. We'll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time．

3. The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once．

4. The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school．

5. Whoever wins will get a golden medal.

6. Whatever she did was right.

7. He didn't give the answer the question why he was late.

8. There is a question where we should go.

9. The fact that he failed in the exam made his parents very angry.

10. I have no idea when he was killed.

11. They didn't answer the question where they were born.

12. We have no information whether he is alive.

补充：一、定语从句相当于一个形容词,它对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用。同位语从句相当于名词，属于名词性从句，它是对前面名词内容的具体表述，它们之间的关系是同位关系。

二、同位语从句常跟在 news, fact, promise, idea, word, message, hope, truth, answer, proposal, suggestion, order, information等少数名词之后，而一般名词之后都可跟定语从句。

三、that在定语从句中充当某一成分,是关系代词; that在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅把主句与从句连接在一起，是从属连词。

四、when, where, why, how, who, whom, which如果引导定语从句,它们分别指前面先行词所表示的时间、地点、原因、方式、人和物，否则引导的就是同位语从句。

五、whether, what可引导同位语从句，但通常不可引导定语从句。

阅读练习

When a group of children politely stop a conversation with you， saying： “We have to go to work now， ”you‘re left feeling surprised and certainly uneasy. After all， this is the 1990s and the idea of children working is just unthinkable. That is， until you are told that they are all pupils of stage schools， and that the “work”they go off to is to go on the stage in a theatre.

Stage schools often act as agencies（代理机构）to supply children for stage and television work. More worthy of the name“stage school”are those few places where children attend full time， with a training for the theatre and a general education.

A visit to such schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves. After all， what lively children wouldn‘t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work， and acting， singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day？

Then of course there are times for the children to make a name and make a little money in some big shows. Some stage schools give their children too much professional work at such a young age. But the law is very tight on the amount they can do. Those under 13 are limited to 40 days in the year； those over 13 do 80 days.

The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the profession for which they are being trained. So what happens to those who don‘t make it？ while all the leading schools say they place great importance on children getting good study results， the facts seem to suggest this is not always the case.

1. People would stop feeling uneasy when realizing that the children they‘re talking to _____.

A. attend a stage school B. are going to the theatreC. have got some work to do D. love singing and dancing

2. In the writer‘s opinion， a good stage school should ______.

A. produce star performers B. help pupils improve their study skills

C. train pupils in language and performing artsD. provide a general education and stage training

3. “Professional work”as used in the text means _______.

A. ordinary school work B. money-making performances

C. stage training at school D. acting， singing or dancing after class

4. Which of the following best describes how the writer feels about stage schools？ _______

A. He thinks highly of what they have to offer. B. He favours an early start in the training of performing arts.

C. He feels uncomfortable about children putting on night shows. D. He doubts the standard of ordinary education they have reached.

［译文］

当一帮孩子停止跟你谈话，很有礼貌地说：“我们要去工作了”的时候你会感到惊奇、不安，这毕竟是20世纪90年代，孩子们工作的想法还是不可思议的。确实不可思议，但当你听说他们是戏校的学生时，你就不再这样想了。他们要去干的“工作”就是要走上舞台。

戏校常常是一个代理机构，它给孩子们提供舞台和电视教学，更能配得上“戏校”这个称谓的是那些孩子们能够全天使用的一些地方，或者进行戏剧排练，或者上普通文化课程。

如果你到这些学校去参观，你就会毫不怀疑地发现孩子们在这里很快乐，毕竟，半天的时间上普通文化课，半天的时间表演、唱歌或者跳舞，还有什么样的活泼的孩子不会为此而安心呢？

当然有时孩子们也想在大型演出中出名或挣钱，某些戏校让孩子们在幼小的年龄阶段演太多的戏，法律对演戏的多少有严格控制，13岁以下的孩子一年中演戏的时间不能超过40天，13岁以下的孩子80天。

学校也承认并不是所有的孩子在他们的训练专业上都会成功，这样那些专业不成功的人怎么办呢？虽然所有重点戏校都说他们非常重视学生的学习质量，事实好象表明并不总是那样。

（二）

Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. He knows what he wants， and his purpose is to find it and buy it， the price is a less important consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it， the salesman immediately produces it， and the business of trying it on is done at once. All being well， the bargain（交易）can be and often is completed in less than five minutes， with hardly any chat and to everyone‘s satisfaction.

For a man， slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants. Then the salesman tries to sell the customer（顾客）something else-he offers the nearest he can to the thing required. He usually says， “I know this jacket is not the style（式样）you want， sir， but would you like to try it on for size？ It happens to be the color you wanted. ”Few men have patience with this treatment， and the usual reply is： “This is the right colour and may be the right size， but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on. ”

Now how does a woman go about buying clothes？ She does so in the opposite way. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants， and she is only “having a look round”。 She is always open to persuasion， indeed she considers of great importance what the saleswoman tells her， even what her friends tell her. She will try on any number of things. Highest in her mind is the thought of

finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Most women have an excellent sense（判断力）of value when they but clothes. They are always trying to find an unexpected bargain. Faced with a roomful of dresses， a woman may easily spend an hour going from one counter（柜台）to another before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It takes a great deal of time but gives great joy. Most dress shops supply chairs for the waiting husbands.

1. When a man is buying clothes， he ______.

A. puts price before qualityB. chooses things that others think suitable for him

C. does not mind much the price he has to pay for the right thingsD. buys good quality things， so long as they do not cost too much

2. From the passage， we know that in shopping for a jacket ______.

A. men like their jackets to be bigger than their sizeB. most men can tell whether it is the right size for them

C. men make sure it fits them before buying it D. men don‘t worry whether the clothes fit well or not so long as it is the right colour

3. When a man cannot get what he wants， he ______.

A. buys something of the same colour in a slightly different style B. usually does not buy anything

C. will try on some other clothes of the same style D. wastes no time in buying something else

4. What does the passage tell us about women shoppers for clothes？

A. They welcome suggestions from anyone.B. Women seldom consider buying cheap clothes.

C. Women often buy things without thinking.D. They listen to advice but never take it.

5. The most obvious difference between men and women shoppers is ______.

A. that men do not try clothes on in a shop while women doB. that women bargain for their clothes and men don‘t

C. that women do their shopping standing up but men do theirs sitting downD. the time they take over buying clothes

［译文］

男女对于选购衣物的体验绝对不同。男人去购物是因为需要。他的目的就是找到需要的东西并买下它。至于价格却是次要的。他们走进商店后就径直走向售货员询问他们所需要的东西。如果商店里有，售货员会立刻出示给他们，而他们也会毫不耽搁地试穿，如果合适，交易会马上结束。前后时间不会超过5分钟。绝没有额外的聊天而且皆大欢喜。

对一个男人来说，问题可能出在商店里没有他们需要的东西。此时，售货员会尽力推荐给他们一些另外的东西，一些最接近他们所需要的东西。他通常会说：“我明白这个夹克衫不是你想要的式样，但是你愿意试试大小吗？这件颜色正好是你喜欢的。”几乎没有一个男人会耐心应付这个提议，而通常的答案是：“这件衣服颜色合适，也许大小也合适，但是我不想浪费你我的时间来试穿这个。”

现在我们来看看女人们是如何买衣服的。答案正好相反。她从来没有下了决心的时候，她会说：“只是转转看看。”她总是广纳善言，事实上，她总认为售货员所说的话是非常重要的。尤其是她的朋友的意见对她更加重要。各种型号的衣服她都不放过试穿的机会。她的最高理想是找到一件大家都称好的衣服。多数妇女都能很好地判断所买衣服的价值。她们总是致力于找到一个意想不到的便宜价格。面对一屋子的衣服，她会轻易地花上一小时的时间一个柜台一个柜台地看，然后才想到要试穿她所选好的衣服。这个过程很费时间，但是却给

她们带来极大的乐趣。大多数商店设有专门的椅子供等待的丈夫们使用。

You are what you eat. This saying has provided scientists with clues（线索）about the diet of hominids－our early relatives of 3 million years ago.

Studying carbon atoms（碳原子）locked up in tooth enamel（珐琅质）， two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves. Sponheimer and Julia Lee－Thorp of the University of Cape Town， south Africa， report their findings in Friday‘s Science.

There aren‘t many clues for us to know the life of early hominids. The shape of hominids’ teeth offered the first clues. Large and flat-edged with thick enamel， they looked perfect for eating nuts and fruits， different from the sharp teeth one would want to tear into meat with. The first stone tools， which would help in eating meat， didn‘t appear until about half a million years later.

Scientists have also found marks on hominids‘ teeth with patterns very similar to those on the teeth of modernday fruit eaters. Sponheimer and Lee-Thorp tried a new method， looking at the chemical composition of the tooth enamel. They studied the enamel for the carbon-13. Animals that eat grasses have higher carbon-13 levels than those eating fruits and other plants.

What they found was that the teeth of the hominids had an in-between amount of carbon-13， which meant not only they were eating fruits， they were eating a lot of grass， or animals eating grasses. The lower carbon-13 levels could also come from eating certain types of insects（昆虫）。

But there are people who understand differently. Porf. Ungar of the University of Arkansas agrees the study offers new suggestions of hominid diet， but disagrees about the suggestion that meat could explain the lower carbon-13 levels.

One suggestion might be true though-take good care of your teeth. In 3 million years， a scientist

might be using them to figure out what you ate for dinner.

1. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？

A. Protect Your Teeth. B. What the Hominid Ate. C. Where the Hominid lived.D. The Formation of Tooth Enamel.

2. Before the two scientists‘ findings， most people thought that hominids ______.

A. lived half a million years ago B. ate mainly fruits and leaves C. used tools to dig grass D. had sharp teeth

3. The two scientists‘ findings were mainly based on the study about ______.

A. the shape of hominids‘ teeth B. the teeth marks of early fruit eatersC. the grasses of 3 million years agoD. the make-up of the tooth enamel

4. What is it that Prot. Ungar finds doubtful？

A. Hominids possibly ate grass-eating animals.B. Hominids probably had different diets.C. Hominids were basically fruit-and grasseaters

D. Hominids had lower level of carbon-13 in their teeth.

［译文］

你的饮食习惯影响着你。这一说法给科学家提供了三百万年前早期人类的饮食线索。

通过研究牙齿珐琅质中的碳原子，两位研究人员反驳了被广泛认同的观点：hominids人只吃水果和树叶。

南非，开普顿城Thorp大学的Sponheimer和Julia Lee在Friday‘s Science上报道了他们的发现。

没有很多的线索供我们了解早期人类的生活。他们牙齿的形状提供了第一线索。大而扁平边缘带有厚的珐琅质的牙齿非常适合他们吃坚果和水果，他们不同于我们撕咬肉用的尖利牙齿。第一批帮助人们吃肉的石器工具，直到大约五十万年前出现。

科学家也发现了Hominids人牙齿上的斑痕和现代吃水果人的相似。Sponheimert Julia Lee，尝试了一个新方法，观察了牙齿珐琅质的化学成分，他们研究了珐琅质中的碳原子十三。食草动物中碳原子十三含量高于吃水果和别的植物的动物。

他们发现hominids的牙齿的碳原子数量介于这两者之间，那意味着他们不仅吃水果，他们也吃许多草或者食草动物。碳原子数量低可能因为他们吃某些昆虫。

但有些人有不同的理解。Arkansas大学的Ungar教授同意研究提供了hominid饮食的新说法，但是他不同意肉能解释碳原子十三水平低这一说法。

一种建议是正确的：保护好你的牙齿。三百万年之后，某一科学家可能会使用它们推断出你吃什么食物。

[试题答案]

（一）答案及分析

1. A文章第一段谈到当年龄如此小的孩子要去工作时，你会感到不安，但当听说他们是戏校的学生，他们说的“工作”也就是排戏时，你就放心了。选项A与之符合。

2. D作者的观点是一个好的戏校既要学普通文化课又要说戏剧表演。选项D与之一致。

3. C此处的professional work指职业性工作，也就是指孩子们的专业，即舞台表演，故选C.选项D中的acting， singing or dancing虽然也是舞台表演，但after class使这些舞台表演成为业余的，而非专业的，

与文章不符。

4. D文章的最后一段表明作者对孩子的普通文化课教育有所担心，故选D.

（二）答案及分析：

1. C这是一道细节题。男人只是想买到他所需要的东西，而价格是其次的。“He knows what he wants， and his purpose is to find it and buy it， the price is a less important consideration. ”

2. C从文章第二自然段的例子中可看出，男人买夹克衫时在买之前就确定了颜色式样，如果式样不符合他的想法，即使颜色合适，他都不肯花时间试穿一下。

3. B这是一道寓意题。从第二段可看出，如果男人买不到自己需要的东西，很少人会有耐心响应售货员的提议去看其他商品。

4. A最后一段有这样的句子：“She is always open to persuasion， indeed she considers of great importance what the salewoman tells her， even what her friends tell her. ”这一句说明了女性购物时的心态和特点。

5. A这是一道综合推理题。此题要求说出男女购物者最明显的差别。男人如果找到需要的衣服，连试穿带交易不会超过5分钟。而他们对于式样或颜色不适合的衣服连试穿都会委婉地拒绝。女人正相反。她们在试穿衣服时绝不吝啬时间，而丈夫们只好在椅子上坐等。

（三）答案及分析：

1. B通过研究他们的牙齿推断他们的饮食。

2. B第二段“two researchers argue against the widely held belief that hominids ate little more than fruits and leaves”。

3. D第四段和第五段论述他们的发现基于牙齿珐琅质的组成。

4. A第六段“disagrees about the suggestion that meat could explain the lower Carbon－13 Level”第五段“Animals that eat grasses have higher Cabon-13 levels.”