考研英语-试卷238_真题无答案

考研英语-试卷238

(总分142, 做题时间90分钟) 1. Use of English

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text.

Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.

With the Met Office predicting a summer heatwave, Macmillan Cancer Relief this week (1)_____ its customary warning about the sun\"s ultraviolet rays: (2)_____, it says, for the huge rise in skin cancers affecting 70,000 people a year. (3)_____ a hat and long-sleeved shirt, it advises, keep in the (4)_____ in the middle of the day, and slap (5)_____ suncream with a protection factor of 15 or above. We all know it (6)_____; it\"s the message that\"s been

drummed into us for the past 20 years. Too much sun (7)_____. But now there\"s a fly in the suntan lotion, complicating the message\"s clarity. It comes (8)_____ a thin, quietly-spoken and officially retired NASA scientist, Professor William Grant, who says that sun doesn\"t kill; in {act, it does us the world of (9)_____. What\"s

killing us, he says, is our (10)_____ with protecting ourselves from skin cancer. Grant is trying to turn the scientific world (11)_____ down. Talking to me on a trip to Britain this week, he (12)_____ his startling—and at first appearance off-the-wall new calculation that (13)_____ excessive exposure to the sun is costing 1,600 deaths a year in the UK from melanoma skin cancers, (14)_____ exposure to the sun is the cause of 25,000 deaths a year from cancer generally. In other words, one sixth of all cancer deaths could be prevented (15)_____ we sunned ourselves a little more; in comparison, the melanoma (16)_____ is insignificant. The reason is vitamin D. Grant, the director of the Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Centre (SUNARC) he (17)_____ in California a year ago, says that he and other scientists have (18)_____ vitamin D deficiency as a key cause (19)_____ 17 different types of cancer including melanoma, osteoporosis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis and other neurological (20)_____. SSS_SINGLE_SEL 1. A issued B claimed C declared D announced SSS_SINGLE_SEL 2.

A quailifled B relating C responsible D resulting SSS_SINGLE_SEL 3. A Put on B Take to C Turn to D Put off SSS_SINGLE_SEL 4. A darkness B ray C shade D sunlight SSS_SINGLE_SEL 5. A with B on C in D onto SSS_SINGLE_SEL 6. A stands water B reasonable C sound D makes sense SSS_SINGLE_SEL 7. A devastates B kills C hurts D injures SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.

A on the basis of B in the light of C by means of D in the form of SSS_SINGLE_SEL 9. A good B goodness C benefits D profits SSS_SINGLE_SEL 10. A obesity B obsession C obscurity D obscenity SSS_SINGLE_SEL 11. A downside B inside C upside D outside SSS_SINGLE_SEL 12. A undermined B uncovered C disclosed D revealed SSS_SINGLE_SEL 13. A because B as C while D when SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.

A efficient B proficient C ample D insufficient SSS_SINGLE_SEL 15. A if B unless C lest D since SSS_SINGLE_SEL 16. A haphazard B risk C hazard D danger SSS_SINGLE_SEL 17. A invented B founded C renovated D produced SSS_SINGLE_SEL 18. A established B convinced C convicted D witnessed SSS_SINGLE_SEL 19. A for B from C by D behind SSS_SINGLE_SEL20.

A sickness B symptoms C disorders

D syndrome

2. Reading Comprehension

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.

Blues is a genre of Afro-American folk and popular song. It is

generally 12 bars long, falling into three phrases of four bars each (one phrase for each line of text). The most typical chord pattern for these phrases is based on the first, fourth, and fifth notes of the scale: phrase 1-III; phrase 2-IV II; phrase 3-VV (or V) II. Each phrase of sung text is normally followed by instrumental

improvisation, creating a call-and-response pattern. Blues music uses a scale in which the third, fifth, and seventh notes are freely \"bent\" or microtonally flattened in comparison with the standard major scale. Blues tends to deal with the hardships of life and the sadness of love. Blues singing, rooted in various forms of black American slave song, was widespread in the southern U.S. by the late 19th century. \"Archaic\" and \"country\" blues differed widely in their lyric and musical form; singers typically accompanied themselves on guitar or harmonica. Later singers in this style include Blind Lemon Jefferson and Leadbelly. In 1912, with the publication of \"Memphis Blues\" by W.C. Handy, blues entered the range of popular song.

Classic \"city\" blues evolved in the 1920s and 1930s in the singing of Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, the others. Lyric and musical forms became largely standardized, and singers often worked with jazz band or piano. Adapted to solo piano, blues gave rise to boogie-woogie piano playing. Blues and jazz overlapped, sometimes almost

indistinguishably, and blues was considered a nurturing form for early jazz, but blues also developed independently. In the 1940s singers such as T-Bone Walker and Louis Jordan performed with big bands or with ensembles based on electric guitar, acoustic string bass, drums, and saxophones; the electric organ also came into use about this time. After 1950 B.B. King, Ray Charles, and others used improved electric guitars and louder, electric basses; brass instruments often replaced saxophones. SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. In the fourth sentence in paragraph one, the \"call-and-response pattern\" refers to the pattern in which______

A a person calls and another person responds

B one phrase of the sung text responds to another C one note responds to another D one musical instrument responds to another SSS_SINGLE_SEL 2. Which of the following is the usual theme of blues?______

A Love B History C Pain D Peace SSS_SINGLE_SEL3. It can be inferred that blues really became a musical pattern of its own right______

A in the 1920s and 1930s when it evolved into classic \"city\" blues

B in 1912 when it entered the range of popular song C in 1940s when some modem musical instruments were used D in the 19th century when black American songs were widespread SSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.

By saying that \"blues and jazz overlapped\" (the first sentence of the last paragraph), the author means______

A blues developed in the same pattern as jazz did\" B the two music forms shared some features C people can never tell one from the other D jazz is the source from which blues evolved SSS_SINGLE_SEL5. It seems that_____ is the musical instrument used throughout the history of blues.

A saxophones B brasses C guitars

D drums

In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility

for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems, and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world\"s rapidly increasing

population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities\" efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and

interpretation of knowledge—the imparting of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one hand, there is the **mitment, entered into especially since World War II, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of **mitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing

limitations on the resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great \"growth industry\simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of the nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorities away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capita outlay for their students. One crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in turn, to a declining standard of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with **peting claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions\"

organization and functioning to conform to the demands of research rather thorn those of teaching. SSS_SINGLE_SEL 6. According to the author, ______ is the most important function of institutions of higher education.

A creating new knowledge

B providing solutions to social problems

C making experts on sophisticated industries out of their students D preparing their students to transmit inherited knowledge SSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.

According to the passage, one cause for the difficulties of American higher education is that_____

A the government has stopped giving public institutions as much financial support as it used to

B America has always been encouraging young people to go to college

C many public institutions have replaced private ones D the government only finances such researches as that or placing man on the moon SSS_SINGLE_SEL8. The phrase \"impinge on\" in Paragraph 1 most probably means______

A promote B rely on

C have an impact on D block SSS_SINGLE_SEL 9. A serious outcome brought out by the shortage of resources is that______

A many public institutions have to cut down enrollments of students

B teachers are not qualified enough for satisfactory performance in classes

C some institutions have to reduce the expenses on research

D there is **petition for resources and attention of faculty between public and private SSS_SINGLE_SEL 10. Which of the following statements is not true?______

A American society has failed to provide these institutions with adequate resources to meet their needs

B Though in difficulty, these institutions are determined to fulfill both research and teaching functions

C American society has relied too much on their institutions of higher education to allow them for easy adjustment to all their functions

D More resources and efforts of faculty are needed for research work than teaching work

Why aren\"t the University Colleges and Institutes just called

\"University\"? The simpler answer is that, with a few exceptions, the University Colleges and Institutes do not usually award all their own degrees. At least some of the degrees, especially at postgraduate level, are likely to be awarded by a large university with which the college or institute is associated. University Colleges and Institutes tend to be much smaller than typical British

universities.But it is not only a matter of size, but their origins that make them somewhat different from British Universities, old or new. Typically, the present University Colleges and Institutes have developed and grown from Teachers\" Colleges. Until about 20 years ago in most cases, they would have been exclusively concerned with the professional training of teachers. Then they started to offer other courses and degrees, **parable to any university, the only difference being that these institutions do not normally provide degrees in such subjects as Law, Engineering, and Medicine. The particular strengths of the University Colleges and Institutes lie in their somewhat particular origins. In terms of the courses and subjects offered, there is likely to be an emphasis on those subjects that are closely associated with the School curriculum—Arts or Humanities subjects. Teacher education itself, of course, almost certainly remains as a **ponent of the whole array of courses taught by a University College or Institute. Professional training for the classroom is something that these institutions have specialized in since their foundation, and no University is likely to do it better. Also associated with the smaller institutions\" origins is their strong continuing pastoral(田园式的) tradition and care for the

individual student. Perhaps, there is virtue and merit in what is small: sheer size, especially if it means a loss of what is most human and personal, is not something to be sought of its own sake. The relatively small University Colleges and Institutes have all the facilities and equipment of the bigger Universities. Lecturers and tutors have to be well qualified because they teach degree courses that are in every way equal in standard to those taught at

Universities. So, parents, students, and sponsors need have no doubt about the quality or standing of the degrees that the Colleges award. Quality assurance is guaranteed. International recognition

**parability with all other British degrees are not, in question. So what else should students, parents, and sponsors worry? SSS_SINGLE_SEL 11. In which aspect are the Universities superior to the University Colleges and Institutes?______

A They offer degree-level courses

B They are more famous C They can award more degrees D They have larger size SSS_SINGLE_SEL 12. What similarities do the University Colleges and Institutes have with the Universities?______

A They have similar origins

B They both offer a variety of courses and degrees

C They both provide degrees in Law, Engineering and Medicine D They have similar campus sites SSS_SINGLE_SEL 13. In what respects are the University Colleges and Institutes superior to the Universities?______

A In offering the students better school curriculum B In Arts and Humanities subjects C In classroom instructions

D In providing professional training for teachers SSS_SINGLE_SEL 14.

What can we infer from paragraph five in this passage?______

A Small size often means lack of virtue and merit

B The University Colleges and Institutes are not human and personal

C Some doubts exist among students, parents and sponsor about the quality of the degrees awarded by the University Colleges and Institutes

D Most University Colleges and Institutes have attractive campuses SSS_SINGLE_SEL 15.

The authors main purpose in writing this article is______ A to show that uniyersities are better than the University Colleges and Institutes

B to explain the differences between universities and the University Colleges and Institutes

C to assure students, parents and sponsors that the degrees awarded by the university Colleges and Institutes have equal international recognition **parability with other British degrees

D to show the merits and advantages of the University Colleges and Institutes

In 1967, in response to widespread public concern aroused by medical reports of asbestos(石棉) related deaths, the National Medical

Research Council organized a committee of inquiry to investigate the health threats associated with the use of asbestos in the building industry. After examining evidences provided by medical researchers and building workers and management, the Council

published a report which included advice for dealing with asbestos. The report confirming the findings of similar research in the United States and Canada. Exposure to relatively small quantities of

asbestosis fibers, they concluded, was directly responsible for\" the development of cancers, asbestosis(石棉沉滞症) and related \"diseases. Taking into account evidence provided by economists and building industry management, however, the report assumed that despite the availability of other materials, asbestos would continue to play a major role in the British building industry for many years to come because of its availability and low cost. As a result, the council gave a series of recommendations which were intended to reduce the risks to those who might be exposed to asbestos in working

environments. They recommended that, where possible, asbestos-free materials should be employed. In cases where asbestos was employed, it was recommended that it should be used in such a way that loose fibers were less likely to enter the air. The report recommended that special care should be taken during working in environments which contain asbestos. Workers should wear protective equipment and take special care to remove dust from the environment and clothing with the use of vacuum cleaner. The report identified five factors which determine the level of risk involved. The state and type of asbestos is critical to determining the risk factors. In addition, dust formation was found to be limited where the asbestos was used when wet rather than dry. The choice of tools was also found to affect the quantities of asbestos particles that enter the air. Machine tools produce greater quantifies of dust than hand tools and, where possible, the use of the latter was recommended. A critical factor that takes place in risk reduction is the adequate ventilation of the working environment. When work takes place in an enclosed space, more asbestos particles circulate and it was therefore recommended that natural or machine ventilation should be used. By closely following this advice, it was claimed that exposure could be reduced to a reasonably practical minimum.

SSS_SINGLE_SEL 16. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause cancer_____

A only when asbestos is used in building industry B only when it is used in large quantities C even if it is used in small quantities D if they are used when wet rather than dry SSS_SINGLE_SEL17. Exposure to asbestos fibers is harmful to people\"s health,______

A so the use of asbestos is limited

B but asbestos will continue to be used for a long time to come C so other new kinds of materials are under development D but they will not be so when ventilation devices are used SSS_SINGLE_SEL 18. It can be inferred from the passage that the real **es from______

A the asbestos dust that people take in

B the contact of the workers skin with asbestos particles C the inferior quality of the asbestos itself D the excessive use of man-made asbestos material SSS_SINGLE_SEL19. Evidence from. the economists and the building industries shows that______

A exposure to asbestos fibers is cancer-causing B asbestos is in extensive use in building industry C use of asbestos is being reduced gradually

D exposure to asbestos fibers can he reduced significantly SSS_SINGLE_SEL 20. In order to reduce the asbestos risk, the report gives the following suggestions except______

A selecting appropriate type and state of asbestos B using wet asbestos instead of dry one C using hand tools instead of machine tools D working in an open place Part B

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For

Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Globalization was the buzzword of the 1990s, in the last two decades, the mount of money and goods moving between countries has been rising steadily. At the same time, trade barriers across the world have been lowered. So how close are we to a true global economy and what effect is it likely to have? Anyone who doubts that

global financial markets control national economies need only look at the crisis facing the \"tigers\" of the Far East. Last year, the value of their currencies plummeted, after investors decided their economic policies were no tough enough. Now the region is suffering slower growth, lower living standards and rising unemployment. The situation in Asia shows how power has shifted from individual governments to the markets. In theory, governments are free to set their own

economic policies; (41)______. The trend towards globalization began in earnest in the early 1970s when the system of fixed exchange rates, set up after World War Ⅱ, was dismantled. This meant that the value of currencies would now be determined by the markets instead of individual governments. Over the next two decades, countries slowly began to remove their exchange controls. (42)______. Other factors contributing to the rise of globalization are **munications

technologies, and better transportation systems, these have **panies to grow into multinational producing goods on one side of the planet and selling them on the other. Lower costs have also helped the price of telephone calls, for instance, is cheaper now than at anytime in history. But adjusting to this new \"economic order\" is proving difficult. In the developed world, and in particular the European Union, globalization is facing widespread public resistance. **plain that, without the protection of trade barriers, jobs are being lost to workers in poorer countries, and wages for employees in rich countries are falling. Opponents in the European Union point to the effects that globalization has had in the US and Britain. In those countries, wages are stagnant except for a privileged few and taxes and welfare benefits have been reduced to ****pete with industries in the developing world. (43)______. Those in favor of globalization accuse their critics of being short-sighted

protectionists. They claim a more integrated global economy will ultimately benefit everyone because it will enable countries to specialize in those areas where they perform best. Developing countries, with their higher populations and lower wages, will concentrate on labor-intensive industries, such as raw materials manufacturing, in much the same way as western countries did during

the industrial revolution. (44)______. The effect of this, say supporters, will be to improve productivity in all countries, leading to higher living standards. The free movement of capital will also help poorer countries develop so they can play a full and active role in the world economy. (45)______. But how close are we to a truly global economy? For the losers, probably too close. But in terms of real economic integration, there is still a long way to go.A. Even supporters of globalization acknowledge, however, that there will be losers. At present, those suffering most are people working in labor-intensive industries in the developed world.

Already, they are facing rising unemployment and falling wages, as companies struggle to compete with manufacturers in developing

countries. They argue that, without the protection of trade barriers and the welfare state, their chances of improving their skills and living standards will disappear, resulting in a growing divide

between rich and poor.B. Foreign investment is also extremely small, amounting to little more than five percent of the developed world\"s domestic investments.C. A global economy would **plete freedom of movement of goods and services, capital, and labor. Yet, even

ignoring the tariffs and other restrictions still in place, cross-border trade remains **pared to the volume of goods and services

traded within countries.D. In practice, they must conform to a global economic model or risk being penalized by the markets.E. The richer countries, on the other hand, will diversify into hi-tech industries, where high productivity and specialist knowledge are paramount.F. Opponents of globalization also point to its effects on workers in poorer countries. They agree that multinationals may be helping to reduce unemployment in the developing world, but they argue that jobs are hardly worth having since they are low-paid and exploitative.G. By 1990, nearly all world\"s major economics had got rid of

restrictions on how much money could be moved in and out of their countries. SSS_FILL 21. SSS_FILL 22. SSS_FILL23.

SSS_FILL 24. Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground clearing way to start. (46) Actually, it isn\"t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. (47) Some philosophers argue that fights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people for instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says \"I don\"t like this contract\"? The point is that: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless. (48) It leads the

discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all? Many deny it. (49)

Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans. This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely \"logical\". In fact it is simply shallow: the

confused center is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoning—-the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl—is to weigh others\" interests against one\"s own. This in mm requires

sympathy and imagination: without them there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to engage sympathy. (50) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is

mankind\"s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI

25. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI 26. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI27. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI28. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI29. 3. Writing Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. 1.

You are required to write a job application. Your letter should be based on the following points: 1. apply for the position of

production coordinator; 2. describe your education background; 3. state your relevant work experience. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use \"Li Ming\" instead. You do not need to write the address. SSS_TEXT_QUSTI Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. 2.

There has been a discussion recently on the issue of tradition in a newspaper. Write an essay of about 200 words to the newspaper to 1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below. 2) give a specific **ment, and 3) give your suggestion as to the best way to treat tradition.

SSS_TEXT_QUSTI

1